A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.
31-908: ABH , or abh , may refer to: Abh, a Latin-script trigraph used in Irish to write the sound /əu̯/, or in Donegal, /oː/, between broad consonants. ABH, the IATA code for Alpha Airport , Queensland, Australia abh, the ISO 639-3 code for the Central Asian Arabic language ABH, the National Rail code for Abererch railway station , Wales, UK Assault occasioning actual bodily harm , an offence in English law Aviation boatswain's mate , handling,
62-570: A "her" and a "their", which cause h-prothesis and eclipsis respectively. Lenition caused stops and *m to become fricatives, *s to debuccalise to [h] , *f to elide , and the liquids *l , *n , *r to split into fortis and lenis variants. Though by the end of the Middle Irish period lenited *m largely lost its nasal quality, lenited *t debuccalised to [h] , and lenited *d lost its coronal articulation. Lenition did not only occur word initially, though non-initial lenition
93-404: A causes lenition when used as "his" ( a bhád ), causes eclipsis when used as "their" ( a mbád ), and neither when used as "her" ( a bád ). The numbers that trigger eclipsis (the noun being in the singular) are: Before a vowel in is written instead of i n- . The genitive plural article na eclipses a following noun: In western and southern dialects, nouns beginning with
124-419: A US Navy occupational rating A Barbadian's Head on the flag of pirate Bartholomew Roberts See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing ABH All pages with titles beginning with ABH Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ABH . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
155-444: A following word initial *s was lenited to [h] which (combined with the loss of the *-ā , *-ī ) devoiced the preceding *-d to *-t . The prothetic ⟨h⟩ of vowel initial words has two origins, the first being epenthetic to avoid vowel hiatus, and the second being the fossilised remnant of a historic consonant. For example, the *s of Proto-Celtic *esyās "her" was lenited between vowels to [h] . Overtime *esyās
186-447: A noncoronal consonant are eclipsed after combinations of preposition + article in the singular (except den , don , and sa(n) , which trigger lenition) In environments where lenition occurs a vowel initial word remains unchanged: However, In environments where neither eclipsis nor lenition is expected, an initial vowel may acquire a prothetic consonant. For example, a vowel-initial masculine singular nominative noun requires
217-520: A voiced stop into nasal stops, nasal stops followed by a voiceless stop into voiced plosives, nasal stops followed by a voiceless labial fricative into a voiced fricative, and words which have lost their final nasal add an ⟨n-⟩ to vowel initial words. These cluster reductions did not only occur word initially, though non-initial coalescence was never grammaticised. For example, Proto-Celtic *lindos → lind → linn "pool", and *kʷenkʷe → cóic → cúig "five". This table shows
248-416: A word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. Today, these former final vowels are usually elided, but the lenition of following consonants remains and has been grammaticised . For example, Proto-Celtic *esyo "his" caused the lenition of a following consonant due to its final vowel and its modern form a now causes lenition, keeping it distinct from
279-463: Is an ⟨a⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath.) ⟨ bhf ⟩ is used for /w/ and /vʲ/ in Irish. It is used for the eclipsis of ⟨f⟩ . ⟨ cʼh ⟩ is used for /x/ (a voiceless velar fricative ) in Breton . It should not be confused with ch , which represents /ʃ/ (a voiceless postalveolar fricative ). ⟨ ccs ⟩
310-483: Is blocked in these constructions if two coronals are adjacent. The singular form is used after numbers and is lenited in the following cases: Constructions of adjective + noun are written as compounds. In these constructions coronals are lenited even following other The possessive pronouns that trigger eclipsis are ár "our", bhur "your (pl.)", a "their" a can mean "his", "her" or "their", but these different uses can still be distinguished, since
341-716: Is characterised by its initial consonant mutations . These mutations affect the initial consonant of a word under specific morphological and syntactic conditions. The mutations are an important tool in understanding the relationship between two words and can differentiate various meanings. Irish, like Scottish Gaelic and Manx , features two initial consonant mutations: lenition ( Irish : séimhiú [ˈʃeːvʲuː] ) and eclipsis ( urú [ˈʊɾˠuː] ) (the alternative names, aspiration for lenition and nasalisation for eclipsis, are also used, but those terms are misleading). Originally these mutations were phonologically governed external sandhi effects: lenition
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#1732776030767372-672: Is used for /aːi̯/ in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations. ⟨ abh ⟩ is used for /əu̯/ ( /oː/ in Ulster ) in Irish. ⟨ adh ⟩ is used for /əi̯/ ( /eː/ in Ulster) in Irish, when stressed or for /ə/ ( /uː/ in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally. ⟨ aei ⟩ is used for /eː/ in Irish. ⟨ agh ⟩ is used for /əi̯/ ( /eː/ in Ulster) in Irish. ⟨ aim ⟩
403-668: Is used for /iːu/ in Afrikaans . ⟨ geü ⟩ is used for /ʒy/ in French words such as vergeüre . ⟨ ggi ⟩ is used for /dʒː/ before ⟨a⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ in Italian. ⟨ ggj ⟩ is used for /ʝː/ in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g., leggja "lay". Irish initial mutations Irish , like all modern Celtic languages ,
434-619: Is used for /tʃʰ/ in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages ⟨ chj ⟩ is used in for /c/ in Corsican . ⟨ chw ⟩ is used for /w/ in southern dialects of Welsh ⟨ cci ⟩ is used for /tʃː/ before ⟨a⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨u⟩ in Italian. ⟨ dch ⟩ is used for the prevoiced aspirated affricate /d͡tʃʰ/ in Juǀʼhoan . ⟨ ddh ⟩
465-571: Is used for /ɐʏ/ in Lancashire dialect . ⟨ ein ⟩ is used for /ɛ̃/ ( /ɛn/ before a vowel) in French. ⟨ eoi ⟩ is used for /oː/ in Irish, between slender consonants. ⟨ eqh ⟩ is used for the strident vowel /e᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an ⟨e⟩ with a double tilde ⟨≈⟩ underneath). ⟨ eeu ⟩
496-493: Is used for /əu̯/ in Irish. ⟨ aoi ⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ aon ⟩ is used for /ɑ̃/ ( /ɑn/ before a vowel) in French. ⟨ aou ⟩ is used for /u/ in French. ⟨ aoû ⟩ is used in a few words in French for /u/ . ⟨ aqh ⟩ is used for the strident vowel /a᷽/ in Taa (If IPA does not display properly, it
527-527: Is used for /ɛ̃/ ( /ɛm/ before a vowel) in French . ⟨ ain ⟩ is used for /ɛ̃/ ( /ɛn/ before a vowel) in French. It also represents /ɛ̃/ in Tibetan Pinyin , where it is alternatively written ⟨ än ⟩ . ⟨ air ⟩ is used for /ɛː/ in RP , as in chair . ⟨ aío ⟩ is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants. ⟨ amh ⟩
558-613: Is used for [tʃː] in Hungarian for germinated ⟨cs⟩ . It is collated as ⟨cs⟩ rather than as ⟨c⟩ . It is only used within roots; when two ⟨cs⟩ are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence ⟨cscs⟩ . ⟨ chd ⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in Eskayan romanised orthography and /xk/ in Scottish Gaelic . ⟨ chh ⟩
589-465: Is used for the whistled sibilant affricate /dz͎/ in Shona . ⟨ eai ⟩ is used for /a/ in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in French for /e/ after ⟨g⟩ . ⟨ eái ⟩ is used for /aː/ in Irish, between slender consonants. ⟨ eau ⟩ is used for /o/ in French and is a word itself meaning "water". ⟨ eaw ⟩
620-545: Is used for the dental affricate /tθ/ in Chipewyan . ⟨ ddz ⟩ is a long Hungarian ⟨dz⟩ , [dːz] . It is collated as ⟨dz⟩ rather than as ⟨d⟩ . It is not used within roots, where ⟨dz⟩ may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence * ⟨dzdz⟩ . Examples are eddze, lopóddzon . ⟨ djx ⟩
651-655: Is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tʃᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan. ⟨ dlh ⟩ is used for /tˡʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet of Hmong . ⟨ drz ⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the Polish digraph ⟨ dż ⟩ . ⟨ dsh ⟩ is used for the foreign sound /dʒ/ in German. A common variant is the tetragraph ⟨ dsch ⟩ . It
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#1732776030767682-556: Is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate /d͡tsʰ/ . ⟨ dsj ⟩ is used for foreign loan words with /dʒ/ Norwegian . Sometimes the digraph dj is used. ⟨ dtc ⟩ is used for the voiced palatal click /ᶢǂ/ in Naro . ⟨ dzh ⟩ is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the Russian digraph ⟨ дж ⟩ . In the practical orthography of Taa , where it represents
713-610: The orthographical and phonological effects of lenition, eclipsis, h-prothesis, and t-prothesis. Vowels are represented by ⟨v⟩ and /V/ . Consonants are broad before ⟨a, á, o, ó, u, ú⟩ and slender before ⟨e, é, i, í⟩ . See also Irish orthography which has a table showing non-initial lenited consonants which elided or vocalised to form diphthongs or long vowels. * Not all dialects contrast lenited ⟨l⟩ and ⟨n⟩ from their unlenited forms. See Irish Phonology#Fortis and lenis sonorants . The definite article triggers
744-515: The Proto-Celtic masculine definite article *sindos . Before vowels, the *s of the ending *-os was lenited to [h] , which (combined with the loss of the *-o- ) devoiced the preceding *-d- to *-t . The prosthetic ⟨t⟩ of ⟨s⟩ initial words is a fossilised fragment of the d of Proto-Celtic nominative feminine definite article *sindā and masculine genitive definite article *sindī . Since they ended in vowels,
775-468: The former final nasals have been elided, but still have an effect on the pronunciation of a following consonant, which has been grammaticised . For example, the Proto-Celtic genitive plural of the definite article *sindoisom has lost its final nasal and been reduced to na but it now causes the eclipsis of a following consonant or the prothesis of ⟨n-⟩ to a vowel. The cluster reductions involved in eclipsis turned nasal stops followed by
806-467: The lenition of: Lenition is blocked when a coronal consonant is preceded by an . Instead of leniting to /h/ , after the definite article, /sˠ, ʃ/ become /t̪ˠ, tʲ/ (written ⟨ts⟩ ): The possessive pronouns that trigger lenition are mo "my", do "your (sg.)", a "his" These were originally preceded by the particle do and often still are in Munster. Lenition
837-401: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABH&oldid=1163838875 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages List of Latin-script trigraphs ⟨ aai ⟩
868-495: The prevoiced affricate /dtsʰ/ . ⟨ dzi ⟩ is used for /dʑ/ when it precedes a vowel and /dʑi/ otherwise in Polish , and is considered a variant of the digraph dź appearing in other situations. ⟨ dzs ⟩ is used for the voiced palato-alveolar affricate /dʒ/ in Hungarian ⟨ dzx ⟩ is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tsᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan. ⟨ dzv ⟩
899-501: Was caused by a consonant being between two vowels, and eclipsis when a nasal preceded an obstruent , including at the beginning of a word. Irish also features t- prothesis and h-prothesis, related phenomena which affect vowel-initial words. See Irish phonology for a discussion of the symbols used on this page. Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historical allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if
930-402: Was never grammaticised. For example Proto-Celtic *knāmis → cnáim → cnáimh "bone", and *abalnā → aball → abhaill "apple tree". While it is not initially apparent, the prothesis of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨h⟩ stems from historical lenition combined with vowel reduction. The prosthetic ⟨t⟩ - of vowel initial words is a fossilised fragment of
961-420: Was reduced to a but the [h] remains when it is followed by a vowel initial word but is now written as part of the following word. Eclipsis originally stems from the historical coalescence of consonant clusters beginning with a nasal, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a nasal and the next word began with a stop or labial fricative, they would coalesce. Today, many of