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74-739: Antigonia may refer to: Places [ edit ] Antigonia (Chaonia) , near Saraqinisht, southern Albania Archaeological National park of Antigonea Antigonia (Paeonia) , in Paeonia, Macedon Antigonia Psaphara , in Crucis, Chalcidice, Greece Antigonia (Syria) , in Seleucis, Syria, now near Antakya, Hatay Province, Turkey Alexandria Troas or Antigonia, in Troas, Asia Minor, now Eski Stambul, Çanakkale Province, Turkey Diocese of Antigonia ,

148-464: A "foot-bond" (ποσίδεσμον), or he "knew many things" (πολλά εἰδότος or πολλά εἰδῶν). Beekes suggests that the word has probably a Pre-Greek origin. The original form was probably the Mycenean Greek Ποτ(σ)ειδάϝων ( Pot(s)eidawōn ). "The inervocalic aspiration suggests a Pre Greek (Pelasgian) origin rather than an Indoeuropean one". If surviving Linear B clay tablets can be trusted,

222-600: A National Archaeological Park by the Albanian Government . The ruins are accessible from Gjirokastër by car or by nature trail. The Archaeological Park is also known for having organized since 2007 a yearly Festival of the Pagan Rites and the Popular Games ( Albanian : Festivali i Riteve Pagane dhe Lojrave Popullore ). Recently, the village has hosted an annual culinary exhibition showcasing

296-416: A bull. In Greece the river god Acheloos is represented like a bull or a man-bull. Many people when sacrificed to Demeter should make a premilinary sacrifice to Acheloos At Phigalia Demeter had a sanctuary in a cavern and she was given the surname Melaina (black). The goddess was related to the black undeworld. In a similar myth Poseidon appears as horse and Demeter gives birth to a daughter whose name

370-575: A competition with Poseidon, though he remained on the Acropolis in the form of his surrogate, Erechtheus . After the fight, Poseidon sent a monstrous flood to the Attic plain to punish the Athenians for not choosing him. In similar competitions with other deities in different cities, he causes devastating floods when he loses. Poseidon is a horrifying and avenging god and must be honoured even when he

444-598: A force of Illyrians under Scerdilaidas passed the city to join an invading army further south. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War , the Romans marched against the Macedonian armies of Philip V . His general, Athenagoras , was able to occupy one of the nearby passes, leading to the Romans being held back. Initially the Romans were going to negotiate peace, however, several treasonous shepherds led

518-489: A former see in the Roman province Hellespontus Nicaea or Antigonia, Bithynia, now İznik, Bursa Province, Turkey Mantinea or Antigonia, Arcadia, Greece Other uses [ edit ] Antigonia (fish) , a genus of fish Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Antigonia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

592-529: A horse and mating with Demeter was not localized in Arcadia. At Haliartos in Boeotia near Thebes Poseidon appears as stallion. He mates with Erinys near the spring of Tilpousa and she gives birth to the faboulous horse Arion . At Tilpusa we have a very old cult of the chthonic deities Erinys and Poseidon. The water-god Poseidon appears as a horse which seems to represent the water-spirit and Erinys

666-569: A horse, and gave him a foal to swallow instead of the child. In the Homeric Hymn Demeter puts a dark mourning robe around her shoulders as a sign of her sorrow. Demeter's mare-form was worshipped into historical times. The xoanon of Melaina at Phigalia shows how the local cult interpreted her, as goddess of nature. A Medusa type with a horse's head with snaky hair, holding a dove and a dolphin, probably representing her power over air and water. The myth of Poseidon appearing as

740-399: A magnificent temple upon a hill, Pontomedon ( Ποντομέδων ), " lord of the sea" ( Pindar , Aeschylus ) and Kymothales ( Κυμοθαλής ), "abounding with waves", indicate that Poseidon was regarded as holding sway over the sea. Other epithets that relate him with the sea are, Porthmios ( Πόρθμιος ), "of strait, narrow sea" at Karpathos , Epactaeus ( Ἐπακταῖος ) "god worshipped on

814-478: A mare to avoid Poseidon. Poseidon took the form of a stallion and after their mating she gave birth to a daughter whose name was not allowed to be told to the unitiated and a horse called Arion (very swift). Her daughter obviously had the shape of a mare too. At first Demeter became angry and she was given the surname Erinys (fury) by the Thelpusians. The Erinyes were deities of vangeance, and Erinys had

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888-622: A sacrifice; in this way, according to a fragmentary papyrus , Alexander the Great paused at the Syrian seashore before the climactic battle of Issus , and resorted to prayers, "invoking Poseidon the sea-god, for whom he ordered a four-horse chariot to be cast into the waves". According to Pausanias , Poseidon was one of the caretakers of the oracle at Delphi before Olympian Apollo took it over. Apollo and Poseidon worked closely in many realms: in colonization, for example, Delphic Apollo provided

962-407: A similar function with the goddess Dike (Justice). In the very old myth of Thelpusa Demeter-Erinys and Poseidon are divinities of the underworld in a pre-mythic period. Poseidon appears as a horse. In Greek folklore the horses had chthonic associations and it was believed that they could create springs. In European folklore the water-creatures or water-spirits appear with the shape of a horse or

1036-492: A temple at Tainaron . Pausanias describes a sanctuary of Poseidon near Sparta beside the shrine of Alcon, where he had the surname Domatites ( Δωματίτης ), "of the house" Homer uses for Poseidon the title Kyanochaites ( Κυανοχαίτης ), "dark-haired, dark blue of the sea". Epithets like Pelagios ( Πελάγιος ) "of the open sea", Aegeus ( Αἰγαίος ), "of the high sea" in the town of Aegae in Euboea , where he had

1110-630: Is a separate deity from the oldest Greek god of the sea Pontus . In Athens his name is superimposed οn the name of the non-Greek god Erechtheus Ἑρεχθεύς ( Poseidon Erechtheus ). In the Iliad , he is the lord of the sea and his golden palace is built in Aegai, in the depth of the sea. His significance is indicated by his titles Eurykreion ( Εὐρυκρείων ) "wide-ruling", an epithet also applied to Agamemnon and Helikonios anax ( Ἑλικώνιος ἂναξ ), "lord of Helicon or Helike " In Helike of Achaia he

1184-773: Is an epithet of Demeter . It is possible that Demeter appears as Da-ma-te in a Linear B inscription (PN EN 609), however the interpretation is still under dispute. Si-to Po-tini-ja is probably related with Demeter as goddess of grain. Tablets from Pylos record sacrificial goods destined for "the Two ladies and the Lord" (or "to the Two Queens and the King": wa-na-soi , wa-na-ka-te ). Wa-na-ssoi may be related with Demeter and Persephone , or their precursors, goddesses who were not associated with Poseidon in later periods. During

1258-516: Is common in Indoeuropean grammar (usually for chthonic deities like the Erinyes ) and the duality was used for Demeter and Persephone in classical Greece (the double named goddesses). Potnia and wanassa refer to identical deities or two aspects of the same deity. E-ri-nu ( Erinys ) is attested in the inscriptions. In some ancient cults Erinys is related to Poseidon and her name

1332-454: Is identified in Linear B, as 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀅𐀃𐀚 , E-ne-si-da-o-ne . Other epithets that relate him with the earthquakes are Gaieochos ( Γαιήοχος ) and Seisichthon ( Σεισίχθων ) The god who causes the earthquakes is also the protector against them, and he had the epithets Themeliouchos ( Θεμελιούχος ) "upholding the foundations", Asphaleios ( Ἀσφάλειος ) "securer, protector" with

1406-454: Is mentioned by the ancient authors Polybius , Livy , Pliny the Elder , and Ptolemy . A newly discovered church, on the floor of which there is a mosaic of Saint Christopher and a Greek emblem, testifying to the city’s existence in the palaeo-Christian period. However it seemed to be the last building constructed in ancient Antigonea, the church was destroyed during Slavic assaults in

1480-1148: Is not the patron deity of the city. Some scholars suggested that Poseidon was probably a Pelasgian god or a god of the Minyans . However it is possible that Poseidon, like Zeus , was a common god of all Greeks from the beginning. The earliest attested occurrence of the name, written in Linear B , is 𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀃 Po-se-da-o or 𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀺𐀚 Po-se-da-wo-ne , which correspond to Ποσειδάων ( Poseidaōn ) and Ποσειδάϝoνος ( Poseidawοnos ) in Mycenean Greek ; in Homeric Greek it appears as Ποσιδάων ( Posidaōn ); in Aeolic as Ποτε(ι)δάων ( Pote(i)daōn ); in Doric as Ποτειδάν ( Poteidan ) and Ποτειδᾶς ( Poteidas ); in Arcadic as Ποσoιδᾱν ( Posoidan ). In inscriptions with Laconic style from Tainaron , Helos and Thuria as Ποhoιδᾱν ( Pohoidan ), indicating that

1554-516: Is possible that the Greeks did not bring with them other gods except Zeus , Eos , and the Dioskouroi . The Pelasgian god probably represented the fertilising power of water, and then he was he was considered god of the sea . As the sea encircles and holds the earth in its position, Poseidon is the god who holds the earth and who has the ability to shake the earth. The primeval water who encircled

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1628-653: Is possible that the name of Poseidon Helikonios in Boeotia whose fest included horseracing derives from the mountain Helikon . The Minyans had trade contacts with Mycenean Pylos and the Achaeans adopted the cult of Poseidon Helikonios . The cult spread in Peloponnese and then to Ionia when the Achaeans migrated to Asia Minor . Nilsson suggested that Poseidon was probably a common god of all Greeks from

1702-509: Is probably the personification of a revenging earth-spirit. From earlier times at Delphi Poseidon was joined in a religious union with the earth-goddess Ge . She is represented as a snake which is a form of the earth-spirit. In the Theogony of Hesiod Poseidon once slept with the monstrous Medousa near the mountain Helikon . She conceived the winged horse Pegasus who sprang out of her body when Perseus cut off her head. Pegasus stuck

1776-513: The Arcadian myth Poseidon Hippios (horse) is mating with the mare-Demeter. At Thelpousa Demeter- Erinys gives birth to the horse Arion and to an unnamable daughter who has the shape of a mare. In some neighbour cults the daughter was called Despoina (mistress), which is another name of Persephone . The theriomorphic form of gods seems to be local in Arcadia in an old religion associated with xoana . According to some theories Poseidon

1850-592: The Dorians took the name from the older population. The form Ποτειδάϝων ( Poteidawōn ) appears in Corinth. The origins of the name "Poseidon" are unclear and the possible etymologies are contradictive among the scholars. One theory breaks it down into an element meaning "husband" or "lord" (Greek πόσις ( posis ), from PIE *pótis ) and another element meaning "earth" ( δᾶ ( da ), Doric for γῆ ( gē )), producing something like lord or spouse of Da , i.e. of

1924-599: The Mycenean period, the ancestral male gods of the Myceneans were probably not represented in human forms, and the information given by the tablets found at Pylos and Knossos is insufficient. Poseidon was the chief deity at Pylos and Thebes . He is identified with Anax and he carried the title "Master of the Underworld". Anax had probably a cult associated with the protection of the palace. In Acrocorinth he

1998-584: The Orphic Hymn . Persephone is sometimes depicted with her head emerging from the ground. During the Mycenean period Poseidon was worshipped in several regions in Greece. At Pylos and some other cities he was a god of the underworld (Lord of the Underworld) and his cult was related to the protection of the palace. He carried the title anax , king or protector. His consort potnia , lady or mistress,

2072-540: The maenads , Poseidon also caused certain forms of mental disturbance. A Hippocratic text of ca 400 BC, On the Sacred Disease says that he was blamed for certain types of epilepsy. Poseidon is still worshipped today in modern Hellenic religion, among other Greek gods. The worship of Greek gods has been recognized by the Greek government since 2017. Poseidon had a variety of roles, duties and attributes. He

2146-570: The names po-se-da-wo-ne and Po-se-da-o ("Poseidon") occurs with greater frequency than does di-u-ja ("Zeus"). A feminine variant, po-se-de-ia , is also found, indicating a lost consort goddess, in effect the precursor of Amphitrite . Poseidon was the chief god at Pylos . The title wa-na-ka appears in the inscriptions. Poseidon was identified with wanax from the Homeric era to classical Greece. ( anax ). The title didn't mean only king, but also protector. Wanax had chthonic aspects, and he

2220-469: The polis . Many fests of Poseidon included athletic competitions and horseracing. In Corinth his cult was related to the Isthmian games . In Arcadia his cult was related to the games "Hippocrateia" and at Sparta he had a temple near an Hippodrome . In Onchestos of Boeotia horseracing was a part of the athletic games in honour of the god. Poseidon was considered a symbol of unity. The Panionia

2294-524: The 6th century AD . Finds such as a bronze sphinx and a statue of Poseidon , which are exhibited in Tirana . There has also been evidence of pottery found across the hill in which the city was built, attesting to the size of the city at its peak. Its ruins are located just south of the village of Saraqinisht in the Antigonë municipal unit, Gjirokastër County , Albania . Now that area has been declared

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2368-545: The Egyptian god Anubis or Saint Christopher . 40°05′19″N 20°13′20″E  /  40.0887°N 20.2221°E  / 40.0887; 20.2221 Poseidon Poseidon ( / p ə ˈ s aɪ d ən , p ɒ -, p oʊ -/ ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ποσειδῶν ) is one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology , presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses. He

2442-533: The Romans to be able to surround and destroy the Macedonian army of 2000 men. The inhabitants of Antigoneia had sided with the Macedonians and so when the Romans were victorious over the Macedonians in 167BC. Thus, the Romans decided to punish those who had fought against them. Consul Aemilius Paullus ordered for 70 towns in Epirus to be lit on fire. This included Antigoneia, which was never rebuilt. Antigonia

2516-474: The authorization to go out and settle, while Poseidon watched over the colonists on their way, and provided the lustral water for the foundation-sacrifice. At one time Delphi belonged to him in common with Ge, but Apollo gave him the psychopompeion Kalaureia as a compensation for it. Xenophon 's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400–399 BC singing to Poseidon a paean —a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo. Like Dionysus , who inflamed

2590-562: The beginning. The Greeks occupied Thessaly , Boeotia and Peloponnese during the Bronze Age. In all these regions Poseidon was the god of the horses. The origin of his cult was Peloponnese and he was the inland god of the Achaeans , the god of the "horses" and the "earthquakes". When the Achaeans migrated to Ionia there was a transition to regarding Poseidon as the god of the sea because the Ionians were sea-dependent. With no doubt he

2664-496: The best of local organic production and traditional specialties. The ancient town was identified and excavated by the Albanian archaeologist Dhimosten Budina . More recently an Albanian-Greek team of archaeologists has been working on the site. The most impressive feature of the city are its walls, demolished by the Romans, which completely encircled the hill, which towered at 600 meters above sea level. The most visible gate in

2738-412: The complete loss of his ship and companions, and delaying his return by ten years. Poseidon is also the subject of a Homeric hymn . In Plato 's Timaeus and Critias , the legendary island of Atlantis was Poseidon's domain. Poseidon is famous for his contests with other deities for winning the patronage of the city. According to legend, Athena became the patron goddess of the city of Athens after

2812-456: The divine child. Potnia was the Mycenean goddess of nature and she was the consort of Poseidon at Pylos. She is mentioned together with bucrania in decorated jugs and he was associated with the animals and especially to the bull. In Athens Poseidon was an inland god who created the salt-sea Erecthēιs ( Ερεχθηίς ), "sea of Erechtheus". In Acropolis his cult was superimposed on the cult of

2886-724: The earth ( Oceanus ) is the origin of all rivers and springs. They are children of Oceanus and Tethys . Farnell suggested that Poseidon was originally the god of the Minyans who occupied Thessaly and Boeotia . There is a similarity between the Boeotian and Arcadian myths and especially between the myths which represent the god of the waters Poseidon as a horse. The mythical horse Arion appears in both regions. The offspring of Poseidon winged horse Pegasus creates famous springs near Helikon and at Troizen . Some springs of Poseidon have similar names in Boeotia and Peloponnese . It

2960-523: The earth; this would link him with Demeter , "Earth-mother". Burkert finds that "the second element δᾶ- remains hopelessly ambiguous" and finds a "husband of Earth" reading "quite impossible to prove". According to Beekes in Etymological Dictionary of Greek , "there is no indication that δᾶ means 'earth'", although the root da appears in the Linear B inscription E-ne-si-da-o-ne , "earth-shaker". Another, theory interprets

3034-470: The earthquakes. In some cults he was worshipped as the "bringer of safety" or "protector of the house and the foundations". The god was considered the creator of the first horse, and it was believed that he taught men the art of taming horses. He was depicted on horseback, or riding in a chariot drawn by two or four horses. He had a lot of temples in Arcadia , with the surname Hippios (of the horse) and he

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3108-561: The festival of all Ionians near Mycale were celebrated in honour of Poseidon Helikonios and was the place of meeting of the Ionian League . He was the patron god of the Amphictiony of Kalaureia . At Onchestos of Boeotia he was worshipped as Poseidon Helikonios . His sanctuary became the place of meeting of the second Boeotian league . At Helike of Achaea there was the famous temple of Poseidon Helikonios , which

3182-457: The folk belief. In the Greek legends Arethusa and the river Alpheus traversed underground under the sea and reappeared at Ortygia . In any case, the early importance of Poseidon can still be glimpsed in Homer 's Odyssey , where Poseidon rather than Zeus is the major mover of events. In Homer, Poseidon is the master of the sea. He is described as a majestic, scary, and avenging monarch of

3256-428: The ground with his hoof and created the famous spring Hippocrene near Helikon. Praxidicai were female deities of judicial punishment worshipped in the region of Haliartos in the historical times. Ttheir origin is probably the same with Erinys . Their images depicted only the heads of the goddesses probably a representation of the earth goddess emerging from the ground. Praxidice is and epithet of Persephone in

3330-460: The introduction of the horse and war-chariot from Anatolia to Greece around 1600 BC. In the Boeotian myth Poseidon is the water-god and Erinys is a goddess of the underworld. She is probably the personification of a revenging earth spirit and it seems that she had a similar function with the goddess Dike (Justice). At the spring "Tilpousa" she gives birth to the fabulous horse Arion . In

3404-571: The islands of the Aegean and in the cities of Asia Minor . At Lesbos and Epidauros the month was called Poseidios . During this month Poseidon was worshipped as the "master of the sea" in a bright cult. Poseidon was a major civic god of several cities: in Athens , he was second only to Athena in importance, while in Corinth and many cities of Ionia and Magna Graecia he was the chief god of

3478-469: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigonia&oldid=878931378 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Antigonia (Chaonia) "The straits near Antigoneia" were mentioned in 230 BC, when

3552-533: The liquid element and the underworld. In Greek folklore the horse is associated with the underworld and it was believed that it had the ability to create springs. In the European folklore the water-spirit appears with the shape of a horse or a bull. In Greece the river god Acheloos is represented as a bull or a man-bull. Burkert suggests that the Hellenic cult of Poseidon as a horse god may be connected to

3626-409: The local ancestral figure Erechtheus . In Athens and Asine he was worshipped in the house of the king during the Mycenean period. The bull was the favourite animal for sacrifices and it seems that horses were rarely used during the burial of the Mycenean leaders. In the Arcadian myths, Poseidon is related to Demeter and Despoina (another name of Kore- Persephone ) and he was worshipped with

3700-581: The name of a Greek colony at the Syrian coast. In Ionia his cult was introduced by Achaean colonists from Greece in the 11th century BC. Traditionally the colonists came from Pylos where Poseidon was the principal god of the city. The god had a famous temple near the mountain Mycale . The month Poseidaon is the month of the winter-storms. The name of the month was used in Ionic territories, in Athens , in

3774-416: The oldest Greek myths appear in Boeotia . In ancient cults Poseidon was worshipped as a horse. The mythical horse Arion was a sire of Poseidon-horse with Erinys and the winged horse Pegasus a sire of Poseidon foaled by Medousa. At Onchestos he had an old famous festival which included horseracing. However it is possible that Poseidon like Zeus was a common god of all Greeks from the beginning. It

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3848-411: The rocks of Tempe with his trident. In Greek folklore the horse can also create springs . As god of the sea Poseidon was also god of fishing and especially of sea-fishing. Tuna was offered to him by the fishermen during the festal meal for the protection of the nets . Tuna and later dolphin was his attribute. He was worshipped in many islands and cities by the coast. At Corcyra a roaring bull near

3922-435: The sea-shore quaranteed a good fishing. The devastating storm of Poseidon is related to fishermen and they poured drink offerings to Poseidon - savior into the sea. The god of inland waters is very close to vegetation and Poseidon was worshipped in many cities as god of vegetation. Haloa in Athens was a fest of vegetation. The Protrygaia , a wine-fest seem to belong to Dionysus and Poseidon. In several cities Poseidon

3996-402: The sea. In the primitive Boeotian and Arcadian myths Poseidon, the god of the underworld, appears as a horse and he is mating with the earth goddess. The earth goddess is called Erinys or Demeter and she gives birth to the fabulous horse Arion and the unnamed daughter Despoina , which is another name of Persephone . The horse represents the divine spirit ( numen ) and is related to

4070-599: The sea. The worship of Poseidon was extended all over Greece and southern Italy , but he was specially honoured in Peloponnese which is called "the residence of Poseidon" and in the Ionic cities. The significance of his cult is indicated by the names of cities like Poteidaia in the Chalkidiki peninsula and Poseidonia ( Paestum ), a Greek colony in Italy. Poseidion is a frequent Greek placename along coastlines and

4144-482: The sea. Boars and rams were also used and in Argolis horses were thrown into a well as a sacrifice to him. In his benign aspect, Poseidon was seen as creating new islands and offering calm seas. When offended or ignored, he supposedly struck the ground with his trident and caused chaotic springs, earthquakes , drownings and shipwrecks . Sailors prayed to Poseidon for a safe voyage, sometimes drowning horses as

4218-441: The second element as related to the (presumed) Doric word *δᾶϝον dâwon , "water", Proto-Indo-European *dah₂- "water" or *dʰenh₂- "to run, flow", Sanskrit दन् dā́-nu- "fluid, drop, dew" and names of rivers such as Danube (< *Danuvius ) or Don . This would make * Posei-dawōn into the master of waters. Plato in his dialogue Cratylus gives two traditional etymologies: either the sea restrained Poseidon when walking as

4292-783: The sky, Hades the underworld, and Poseidon the sea, with the Earth and Mount Olympus belonging to all three. In Homer 's Iliad , Poseidon supports the Greeks against the Trojans during the Trojan War ; in the Odyssey , during the sea-voyage from Troy back home to Ithaca , the Greek hero Odysseus provokes Poseidon's fury by blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus , resulting in Poseidon punishing him with storms, causing

4366-416: The surname Hippios in many Arcadian cities. At Thelpusa and Phigalia there were sister worships which are very important for the study of primitive religions. In these cults Demeter and Poseidon were chthonic divinities of the underworld. Near Thelpusa the river Ladon descended to the sunctuary of Demeter Erinys (Demeter-Fury). During her wandering in search of her daughter Demeter changed into

4440-408: The walls is at the south-western portion of the city. In the city center, an entire ancient street is exposed. In the southern end of the city there is also the most well preserved portion of the city walls. The wall section terminates at the small early Christian church of triconch form, whose mosaic floor is decorated with a depiction of a strange illustration of a human with an animal head, resembling

4514-454: Was a Pelasgian god or a god of the Minyans . Traditionally the Minyans are considered Pelasgians and they lived in Thessaly and Boeotia . In Thessaly ( Pelasgiotis ) there was a close relation to the horses. Poseidon created the first horse Skyphios hitting a rock with his trident and managed in the same way to drain the valley of Tempe. The Thessalians were famous charioteers. Some of

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4588-491: Was a title which accompanied female goddesses. The goddess of nature survived in the Eleusinian cult , where the following words were uttered: "Mighty Potnia bore a strong son". In the heavily sea-dependent Mycenaean culture, there is not sufficient evidence that Poseidon was connected with the sea; it is unclear whether "Posedeia" was a sea-goddess. The Greeks invaders came from far inland and they were not familiarized with

4662-401: Was also transformed into a horse to seduce Demeter . Being the god of waters, Poseidon is related to the primeval water which encircles the earth ( Oceanus ), who is the father of all rivers and springs. He can create springs with the strike of his trident. He was worshipped as "ruler of the springs" and "leader of the nymphs" In Thessaly it was believed that he drained the area cutting

4736-498: Was closely associated with Poseidon, who had the title "Lord of the Underworld". The chthonic nature of Poseidon is also indicated by his title E-ne-si-da-o-ne (Earth-shaker) in Mycenean Knossos and Pylos . Through Homer the epithet was also used in classical Greece. (ennosigaios, ennosidas). Po-tini-ja ( potnia : lady or mistress) was the chief goddess at Pylos and she was closely associated with Poseidon. She

4810-573: Was not allowed to be told to the unitiated (At Lycosura her daughter was called Despoina ). Demeter angry with Poseidon put on a black dressing and shut herself in the cavern. When the fruits of the earth were perished, Zeus sent the Moirai to Demeter who listened to them and led aside her wrath. In this cult we have traces of a very old cult of Demeter and Poseidon as deities of the underworld. In another Arcadian myth when Rhea had given birth to Poseidon, she told Cronus that she had given birth to

4884-406: Was originally the god of the waters. The Greeks believed that the cause of the earthquakes was the erosion of the rocks by the waters, by the rivers in Peloponnese which they saw to disappear into the earth and then to burst out again. The god of the waters became the "earth-shaker". This is what the natural philosophers Thales Anaximenes and Aristotle believed and could not be different from

4958-400: Was regarded as the tamer or father of horses, who, with a strike of his trident, created springs (the terms for horses and springs are related in the Greek language). His Roman equivalent is Neptune . Homer and Hesiod suggest that Poseidon became lord of the sea when, following the overthrow of his father Cronus , the world was divided by lot among Cronus' three sons; Zeus was given

5032-598: Was specially honoured. Anax is identified in Mycenaean Greek ( Linear B ) as wa-na-ka , a title of Poseidon as king of the underworld. Aeschylus uses also the epithet anax and Pindar the epithet Eurymedon ( Εὐρυμέδων ) "widely ruling". Some of the epithets (or adjectives) applied to him like Enosigaios ( Ἐνοσίγαιος ), Enosichthon ( Ἐνοσίχθων ) ( Homer ) and Ennosidas ( Ἐννοσίδας ) ( Pindar ), mean "earth shaker". These epithets indicate his chthonic nature, and have an older evidence of use, as it

5106-459: Was the Mycenean goddess of nature and Poseidon— Wanax is one from the gods who may be considered her "male paredros". The earth shaker received offerings in the cave of the goddess of childbirth Eileithyia at Amnisos in Crete . Poseidon is allied with Potnia and the divine child. Wa-na-ssa ( anassa :queen or lady) appears in the inscriptions usually in plural. (Wa-na-ssoi). The dual number

5180-414: Was the Mycenean goddess of nature. Her main aspects were birth and vegetation. Poseidon had the title "Enesidaon" (earth-shaker) and in Crete he was associated with the goddess of childbirth Eleithyia . Through Homer the Mycenean titles were also used in classical Greece with similar meaning. He was identified with anax and he carried the epithets "Ennosigaios" and "Ennosidas" (earth-shaker). Potnia

5254-400: Was the place of meeting of the Achaean League . The "master of the sea" creates clouds and storms, but he is also the protector of the sailors. He has the ability to calm the sea for a good voyage and save those who are in danger. He was worshipped with the surname "savior" as the protector of the seafarers and the fishermen. He is the "earthshaker", however he is also the protector against

5328-423: Was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cities and colonies. In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece , Poseidon was venerated as a chief deity at Pylos and Thebes , with the cult title "earth shaker"; in the myths of isolated Arcadia , he is related to Demeter and Persephone and was venerated as a horse, and as a god of the waters. Poseidon maintained both associations among most Greeks: he

5402-456: Was worshipped as Poseidon Anax during the Mycenean age. In the city there was the famous spring Peirene which in a myth is related to the winged horse Pegasus . In Attica there was a cult of Anax heroes who was connected to Poseidon. A cult title of Poseidon was "earth-shaker" and in Knossos he was worshipped together with the goddess Eleithyia who was related to the annual birth of

5476-475: Was worshipped in relation to the genealogy and the phratry . At Tinos he was worshipped as a healer-god, probably a forerunner of the famous Evangelistria . The bull is related to Poseidon mainly in Ionia. The sacrifice of a bull offered to Poseidon is mentioned by Homer in an Ionic festival. ( Panionia ) The sacrifices offered to Poseidon consisted of black and white bulls which were killed or thrown into

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