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113-503: (Redirected from Andromeda Nebula ) Andromeda nebula may refer to: Andromeda Galaxy , a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation Andromeda (novel) , a 1957 science fiction novel by Ivan Efremov The Andromeda Nebula , a 1967 Soviet film based on the above novel Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

226-558: A considerable number of Iranians settled to still maintain communities who patronize their respective cultures, geographically corresponding to the areas surrounding the Iranian plateau . It is referred to as the "Iranian Cultural Continent" by Encyclopædia Iranica . Throughout the 16th–19th centuries, Iran lost many of the territories that had been conquered under the Safavids and Qajars . The Ottoman–Iranian Wars resulted in

339-410: A distance estimate of 500,000 ly (3.2 × 10  AU). Although this estimate is about fivefold lower than the best estimates now available, it was the first known estimate of the distance to Andromeda that was correct to within an order of magnitude (i.e., to within a factor of ten of the current estimates, which place the distance around 2.5 million light-years ). Curtis became a proponent of

452-413: A drawing of Andromeda's spiral structure . In 1864, William Huggins noted that the spectrum of Andromeda differed from that of a gaseous nebula. The spectrum of Andromeda displays a continuum of frequencies , superimposed with dark absorption lines that help identify the chemical composition of an object. Andromeda's spectrum is very similar to the spectra of individual stars, and from this, it

565-520: A galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum ) reaches 25 mag/arcsec . The Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) used this standard for Andromeda in 1991, yielding an isophotal diameter of 46.56 kiloparsecs (152,000 light-years) at a distance of 2.5 million light-years. An earlier estimate from 1981 gave a diameter for Andromeda at 54 kiloparsecs (176,000 light-years). A study in 2005 by

678-529: A galaxy that lies in the "green valley" of the Galaxy color-magnitude diagram (see below ). Supernovae erupt in the Andromeda Galaxy's star-filled disk and eject these heavier elements into space. Over the Andromeda Galaxy's lifetime, nearly half of the heavy elements made by its stars have been ejected far beyond the galaxy's 200,000-light-year-diameter stellar disk. The estimated luminosity of

791-559: A giant elliptical galaxy or a large lenticular galaxy . With an apparent magnitude of 3.4, the Andromeda Galaxy is among the brightest of the Messier objects , and is visible to the naked eye from Earth on moonless nights, even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution . The Andromeda Galaxy is visible to the naked eye in dark skies. Around the year 964 CE , the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi described

904-480: A great star formation phase, but is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation. Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of the Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what is known in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies like

1017-455: A metallicity correction of −0.2 mag dex in (O/H), an estimate of 2.57 ± 0.06 million light-years (1.625 × 10  ± 3.8 × 10 astronomical units ) was derived. A 2004 Cepheid variable method estimated the distance to be 2.51 ± 0.13 million light-years (770 ± 40 kpc). In 2005, an eclipsing binary star was discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy. The binary is made up of two hot blue stars of types O and B. By studying

1130-659: A new city there and named it Batan Ardashir after his father. At this time, it incorporated the southern Sassanid province covering the Persian Gulf's southern shore plus the archipelago of Bahrain. The southern province of the Sassanids was subdivided into three districts; Haggar (now al-Hafuf province, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (now al-Qatif province, Saudi Arabia), and Mishmahig (now Bahrain Island) (In Middle-Persian /Pahlavi it means "ewe-fish"). By about 130 BC,

1243-528: A period of political instability and a quick succession of outside rulers took power with consequent destruction. According to a contemporary account by theologian, Sheikh Yusuf Al Bahrani, in an unsuccessful attempt by the Persians and their Bedouin allies to take back Bahrain from the Kharijite Omanis, much of the country was burnt to the ground. Bahrain was eventually sold back to the Persians by

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1356-513: A radius of 33,000 ly (2.1 × 10  AU), where it reaches a peak of 250 km/s (160 mi/s). The velocities slowly decline beyond that distance, dropping to around 200 km/s (120 mi/s) at 80,000 ly (5.1 × 10  AU). These velocity measurements imply a concentrated mass of about 6 × 10   M ☉ in the nucleus . The total mass of the galaxy increases linearly out to 45,000 ly (2.8 × 10  AU), then more slowly beyond that radius. The spiral arms of

1469-554: Is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way . It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged as Messier 31 , M31 , and NGC 224 . Andromeda has a D 25 isophotal diameter of about 46.56 kiloparsecs (152,000 light-years ) and is approximately 765 kpc (2.5 million light-years) from Earth. The galaxy's name stems from the area of Earth's sky in which it appears,

1582-402: Is actually a barred spiral galaxy , like the Milky Way, with Andromeda's bar major axis oriented 55 degrees anti-clockwise from the disc major axis. There are various methods used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each method can yield different results concerning one another. The most commonly employed is the D 25 standard, the isophote where the photometric brightness of

1695-500: Is almost certainly overstated ." He argues that " While the various Iranian peoples did indeed share a common pantheon and pool of religious myths and symbols , in actuality a variety of deities were worshipped—particularly Mitra , the god of covenants, and Anahita , the goddess of the waters, but also many others—depending on the time, place, and particular group concerned ". To the Ancient Greeks , Greater Iran ended at

1808-510: Is called Iranzamin ( ایران‌زمین ) which means "Iranland" or "The Land of Iran". Iranzamin was in the mythical times as opposed to the Turanzamin the Land of Turan , which was located in the upper part of Central Asia. With Imperial Russia continuously advancing south in the course of two wars against Persia, and the treaties of Turkmenchay and Gulistan in the western frontiers, plus

1921-676: Is called 2C 56 in the 2C radio astronomy catalog. In 2009, an occurrence of microlensing —a phenomenon caused by the deflection of light by a massive object—may have led to the first discovery of a planet in the Andromeda Galaxy. In 2020, observations of linearly polarized radio emission with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope , the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope , and the Very Large Array revealed ordered magnetic fields aligned along

2034-568: Is heavily reddened by the Andromeda Galaxy's interstellar dust , was thought to be more massive than G1 and the largest cluster of the Local Group; however, other studies have shown it is actually similar in properties to G1. Greater Iran It is defined by having long been ruled by the dynasties of various Iranian empires , under whom the local populaces gradually incorporated some degree of Iranian influence into their cultural and/or linguistic traditions; or alternatively as where

2147-494: Is hidden from visible light images of the galaxy because it is composed primarily of cold dust, and most of the star formation that is taking place in the Andromeda Galaxy is concentrated there. Later studies with the help of the Spitzer Space Telescope showed how the Andromeda Galaxy's spiral structure in the infrared appears to be composed of two spiral arms that emerge from a central bar and continue beyond

2260-414: Is measured to be ≈ 160  km/s (100  mi/s ). It has been proposed that the observed double nucleus could be explained if P1 is the projection of a disk of stars in an eccentric orbit around the central black hole. The eccentricity is such that stars linger at the orbital apocenter , creating a concentration of stars. It has been postulated that such an eccentric disk could have been formed from

2373-435: Is only half of the Milky Way's newer mass, calculated in 2019 at 1.5 × 10   M ☉ . In addition to stars, the Andromeda Galaxy's interstellar medium contains at least 7.2 × 10   M ☉ in the form of neutral hydrogen , at least 3.4 × 10   M ☉ as molecular hydrogen (within its innermost 10 kiloparsecs), and 5.4 × 10   M ☉ of dust . The Andromeda Galaxy

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2486-649: Is split between several central Asian republics. Superimposed on and overlapping with Chorasmia was Khorasan which roughly covered nearly the same geographical areas in Central Asia (starting from Semnan eastward through northern Afghanistan roughly until the foothills of Pamir , ancient Mount Imeon ). Current day provinces such as Sanjan in Turkmenia , Razavi Khorasan Province , North Khorasan Province , and Southern Khorasan Province in Iran are all remnants of

2599-458: Is surrounded by a massive halo of hot gas that is estimated to contain half the mass of the stars in the galaxy. The nearly invisible halo stretches about a million light-years from its host galaxy, halfway to our Milky Way Galaxy. Simulations of galaxies indicate the halo formed at the same time as the Andromeda Galaxy. The halo is enriched in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, formed from supernovae , and its properties are those expected for

2712-487: Is the second-brightest galaxy within a radius of 10 megaparsecs of the Milky Way, after the Sombrero Galaxy , with an absolute magnitude of around −22.21 or close ). An estimation done with the help of Spitzer Space Telescope published in 2010 suggests an absolute magnitude (in the blue) of −20.89 (that with a color index of +0.63 translates to an absolute visual magnitude of −21.52, compared to −20.9 for

2825-528: The Avesta as airyānąm (the text of which is composed in Avestan , an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan and Tajikistan ). The proto-Iranian term aryānām is present in the term Airyana Vaēǰah , the homeland of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism , near the provinces of Sogdiana , Margiana , Bactria , etc., listed in

2938-474: The Cartwheel encounter . Studies of the extended halo of the Andromeda Galaxy show that it is roughly comparable to that of the Milky Way, with stars in the halo being generally " metal-poor ", and increasingly so with greater distance. This evidence indicates that the two galaxies have followed similar evolutionary paths. They are likely to have accreted and assimilated about 100–200 low-mass galaxies during

3051-484: The European Space Agency 's Infrared Space Observatory demonstrated that the overall form of the Andromeda Galaxy may be transitioning into a ring galaxy . The gas and dust within the galaxy are generally formed into several overlapping rings, with a particularly prominent ring formed at a radius of 32,000 ly (9.8 kpc) from the core, nicknamed by some astronomers the ring of fire . This ring

3164-494: The Hubble Space Telescope was used to image the Andromeda Galaxy's inner nucleus. The nucleus consists of two concentrations separated by 1.5  pc (4.9  ly ). The brighter concentration, designated as P1, is offset from the center of the galaxy. The dimmer concentration, P2, falls at the true center of the galaxy and contains an embedded star cluster, called P3, containing many UV -bright A-stars and

3277-784: The Indus River located in Pakistan . According to J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams most of Western greater Iran spoke Southwestern Iranian languages in the Achaemenid era while the Eastern territory spoke Eastern Iranian languages related to Avestan. George Lane also states that after the dissolution of the Mongol Empire , the Ilkhanids became rulers of greater Iran and Uljaytu , according to Judith G. Kolbas,

3390-504: The Keck telescopes shows the existence of a tenuous sprinkle of stars, or galactic halo , extending outward from the galaxy. The stars in this halo behave differently from the ones in Andromeda's main galactic disc, where they show rather disorganized orbital motions as opposed to the stars in the main disc having more orderly orbits and uniform velocities of 200 km/s. This diffuse halo extends outwards away from Andromeda's main disc with

3503-745: The Parthians and the Sassanids . In the 3rd century AD, the Sassanids succeeded the Parthians and controlled the area for four centuries until the Arab conquest. Ardashir , the first ruler of the Iranian Sassanid dynasty marched to Oman and Bahrain and defeated Sanatruq (or Satiran ), probably the Parthian governor of Bahrain. He appointed his son Shapur I as governor. Shapur constructed

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3616-725: The Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) Iran had to cede eastern Georgia , its possessions in the North Caucasus and many of those in what is today the Azerbaijan Republic , which included the khanates of Baku , Shirvan , Karabakh , Ganja , Shaki , Quba , Derbent , and parts of Talysh . These Khanates comprise most of what is today the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan in Southern Russia. In

3729-578: The Safavid rule of Bahrain (1501–1722) and previous Persian rule. Village names such as Karbabad , Salmabad , Karzakan , Duraz , Barbar were originally derived from the Persian language, suggesting that Persians had a substantial effect on the island's history. The local Bahrani Arabic dialect has also borrowed many words from the Persian language. Bahrain's capital city, Manama is derived from two Persian words meaning 'I' and 'speech'. In 1910,

3842-614: The Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828 following the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) , the result was even more disastrous, and resulted in Iran being forced to cede the remainder of the Talysh Khanate , the khanates of Nakhichevan and Erivan , and the Mughan region to Russia. All these territories together, lost in 1813 and 1828 combined, constitute all of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia , and southern Dagestan . The area to

3955-551: The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) might have had a very close passage 2–4 billion years ago, but it seems unlikely from the last measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope. At least four distinct techniques have been used to estimate distances from Earth to the Andromeda Galaxy. In 2003, using the infrared surface brightness fluctuations (I-SBF) and adjusting for the new period-luminosity value and

4068-465: The constellation of Andromeda , which itself is named after the princess who was the wife of Perseus in Greek mythology . The virial mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is of the same order of magnitude as that of the Milky Way, at 1  trillion solar masses (2.0 × 10 kilograms ). The mass of either galaxy is difficult to estimate with any accuracy, but it was long thought that the Andromeda Galaxy

4181-401: The rotational velocity of the Andromeda Galaxy as a function of radial distance from the core. The rotational velocity has a maximum value of 225 km/s (140 mi/s) at 1,300  ly (82,000,000  AU ) from the core, and it has its minimum possibly as low as 50 km/s (31 mi/s) at 7,000 ly (440,000,000 AU) from the core. Further out, rotational velocity rises out to

4294-417: The supermassive black hole , called M31* . The black hole is classified as a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN) and it was detected only in radio wavelengths and in x-rays . It was quiescent in 2004–2005, but it was highly variable in 2006–2007. The mass of M31* was measured at 3–5 × 10 M ☉ in 1993, and at 1.1–2.3 × 10 M ☉ in 2005. The velocity dispersion of material around it

4407-565: The "10-kpc ring" of gas and star formation. The estimated distance of the Andromeda Galaxy from our own was doubled in 1953 when it was discovered that there is a second, dimmer type of Cepheid variable star . In the 1990s, measurements of both standard red giants as well as red clump stars from the Hipparcos satellite measurements were used to calibrate the Cepheid distances. A major merger occurred 2 to 3 billion years ago at

4520-460: The 3rd century CE, the idea of "Irān" had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom in a political sense is a purely Sasanian one. It was the result of a convergence of interests between the new dynasty and the Zoroastrian clergy , as we can deduce from the available evidence. This convergence gave rise to

4633-421: The Andromeda Galaxy are outlined by a series of HII regions , first studied in great detail by Walter Baade and described by him as resembling "beads on a string". His studies show two spiral arms that appear to be tightly wound, although they are more widely spaced than in our galaxy. His descriptions of the spiral structure, as each arm crosses the major axis of the Andromeda Galaxy, are as follows : Since

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4746-587: The Andromeda Galaxy in his Book of Fixed Stars as a "nebulous smear" or "small cloud". Star charts of that period labeled it as the Little Cloud . In 1612, the German astronomer Simon Marius gave an early description of the Andromeda Galaxy based on telescopic observations. Pierre Louis Maupertuis conjectured in 1745 that the blurry spot was an island universe. Charles Messier cataloged Andromeda as object M31 in 1764 and incorrectly credited Marius as

4859-407: The Andromeda Galaxy is seen close to edge-on, it is difficult to study its spiral structure. Rectified images of the galaxy seem to show a fairly normal spiral galaxy, exhibiting two continuous trailing arms that are separated from each other by a minimum of about 13,000  ly (820,000,000  AU ) and that can be followed outward from a distance of roughly 1,600 ly (100,000,000 AU) from

4972-429: The Andromeda Galaxy's spheroid was determined to have a higher stellar density than that of the Milky Way, and its galactic stellar disk was estimated at twice the diameter of that of the Milky Way. The total mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be between 8 × 10   M ☉ and 1.1 × 10   M ☉ . The stellar mass of M31 is 10–15 × 10   M ☉ , with 30% of that mass in

5085-470: The Andromeda Galaxy's halo (including dark matter ) gave a value of approximately 1.5 × 10   M ☉ , compared to 8 × 10   M ☉ for the Milky Way. This contradicted even earlier measurements that seemed to indicate that the Andromeda Galaxy and Milky Way are almost equal in mass. In 2018, the earlier measurements for equality of mass were re-established by radio results as approximately 8 × 10   M ☉ . In 2006,

5198-406: The Andromeda Galaxy, ~2.6 × 10   L ☉ , is about 25% higher than that of our own galaxy. However, the galaxy has a high inclination as seen from Earth, and its interstellar dust absorbs an unknown amount of light, so it is difficult to estimate its actual brightness and other authors have given other values for the luminosity of the Andromeda Galaxy (some authors even propose it

5311-425: The Andromeda location, involving two galaxies with a mass ratio of approximately 4. The discovery of a recent merger in the Andromeda galaxy was first based on interpreting its anomalous age-velocity dispersion relation, as well as the fact that 2 billion years ago, star formation throughout Andromeda's disk was much more active than today. Modeling of this violent collision shows that it has formed most of

5424-507: The English or to find jobs. They were coming to Bahrain from Bushehr and the Fars province between 1920 and 1940. In the 1920s, local Persian merchants were prominently involved in the consolidation of Bahrain's first powerful lobby with connections to the municipality in an effort to contest the municipal legislation of British control. Bahrain's local Persian community has heavily influenced

5537-487: The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed the hypothesis that the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies in his book Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens . Arguing that a structure like the Milky Way would look like a circular nebula viewed from above and like an ellipsoid if viewed from an angle, he concluded that the observed elliptical nebulae like Andromeda, which could not be explained otherwise at

5650-716: The Iranian history. From the 6th century BC to the 3rd century BC, Bahrain was a prominent part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. It was referred to by the Greeks as " Tylos ", the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus discovered it while serving under Alexander the Great . From the 3rd century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, the island was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties,

5763-940: The Khorasanian region. Dagestan remains the bastion of Persian culture in the North Caucasus with fine examples of Iranian architecture like the Sassanid citadel in Derbent , the strong influence of Persian cuisine , and common Persian names amongst the ethnic peoples of Dagestan. The ethnic Persian population of the North Caucasus, the Tats , remain, despite strong assimilation over the years, still visible in several North Caucasian cities. Even today, after decades of partition, some of these regions retain Iranian influences, as seen in their old beliefs, traditions and customs (e.g. Norouz ). According to Tadeusz Swietochowski ,

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5876-548: The Milky Way Galaxy. There are approximately 460 globular clusters associated with the Andromeda Galaxy. The most massive of these clusters, identified as Mayall II , nicknamed Globular One, has a greater luminosity than any other known globular cluster in the Local Group of galaxies. It contains several million stars and is about twice as luminous as Omega Centauri , the brightest known globular cluster in

5989-435: The Milky Way in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties to the Andromeda Galaxy, star formation is expected to extinguish within about five billion years, even accounting for

6102-466: The Milky Way), and a total luminosity in that wavelength of 3.64 × 10   L ☉ . The rate of star formation in the Milky Way is much higher, with the Andromeda Galaxy producing only about one solar mass per year compared to 3–5 solar masses for the Milky Way. The rate of novae in the Milky Way is also double that of the Andromeda Galaxy. This suggests that the latter once experienced

6215-435: The Milky Way. Globular One (or G1) has several stellar populations and a structure too massive for an ordinary globular. As a result, some consider G1 to be the remnant core of a dwarf galaxy that was consumed by Andromeda in the distant past. The globular with the greatest apparent brightness is G76 which is located in the southwest arm's eastern half. Another massive globular cluster, named 037-B327 and discovered in 2006 as

6328-467: The North of the river Aras , among which the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century. Many localities in this region bear Persian names or names derived from Iranian languages and Azerbaijan remains by far Iran's closest cultural, religious, ethnic, and historical neighbor. Azerbaijanis are by far

6441-670: The Omanis, but the weakness of the Safavid empire saw Huwala tribes seize control. In 1730, the new Shah of Persia , Nadir Shah , sought to re-assert Persian sovereignty in Bahrain. He ordered Latif Khan, the admiral of the Persian navy in the Persian Gulf, to prepare an invasion fleet in Bushehr . The Persians invaded in March or early April 1736 when the ruler of Bahrain, Shaikh Jubayr,

6554-403: The Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman . Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. through warfare and economic distress, been reduced to only 60. The influence of Iran was further undermined at the end of the 18th century when

6667-446: The Persian community funded and opened a private school , Al-Ittihad school, that taught Farsi amongst other subjects. According to the 1905 census, there were 1650 Bahraini citizens of Persian origin. Historian Nasser Hussain says that many Iranians fled their native country in the early 20th century due to a law king Reza Shah issued which banned women from wearing the hijab , or because they feared for their lives after fighting

6780-562: The Two Iraqs"). The city of Arāk in western Iran still bears the region's old name, and Iranians still traditionally call the region between Tehran , Isfahan and Īlām "ʿErāq". During the medieval ages, Mesopotamian and Iranian peoples knew each other's languages because of trade, and because Arabic was the language of religion and science at that time. The Timurid historian Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru (d. 1430) wrote of Iraq: The majority of inhabitants of Iraq know Persian and Arabic , and from

6893-466: The bricks of ancient Babylon , just as later Baghdad , a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the Sassanian double city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon . According to Iranologist Richard N. Frye : Throughout Iran's history the western part of the land has been frequently more closely connected with the lowlands of Mesopotamia (Iraq) than with the rest of the plateau to the east of

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7006-515: The central bulge , 56% in the disk , and the remaining 14% in the stellar halo . The radio results (similar mass to the Milky Way Galaxy) should be taken as likeliest as of 2018, although clearly, this matter is still under active investigation by several research groups worldwide. As of 2019, current calculations based on escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements put the Andromeda Galaxy at 0.8 × 10   M ☉ , which

7119-626: The central deserts [the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut ]. Between the coming of the Abbasids [in 750] and the Mongol onslaught [in 1258], Iraq and western Iran shared a closer history than did eastern Iran and its western counterpart. Testimony to the close relationship shared by Iraq and western Iran during the Abbasid era and later centuries, is the fact that the two regions came to share

7232-469: The condition that Bahrain would become a tributary state of Persia. In 1800, Sayyid Sultan invaded Bahrain again in retaliation and deployed a garrison at Arad Fort , in Muharraq island and had appointed his twelve-year-old son Salim, as Governor of the island. Many names of villages in Bahrain are derived from the Persian language. These names were thought to have been as a result influences during

7345-407: The core. Alternative spiral structures have been proposed such as a single spiral arm or a flocculent pattern of long, filamentary, and thick spiral arms. The most likely cause of the distortions of the spiral pattern is thought to be interaction with galaxy satellites M32 and M110 . This can be seen by the displacement of the neutral hydrogen clouds from the stars. In 1998, images from

7458-596: The country's local food dishes. One of the most notable local delicacies of the people in Bahrain is mahyawa , which is consumed in Southern Iran as well. It is a watery, earth-brick-coloured sauce made from sardines, and consumed with bread or other food. Bahrain's Persians are also famous in Bahrain for bread-making. Another local delicacy is pishoo made from rose water ( golab ) and agar agar . Other food items consumed are similar to Persian cuisine . Throughout history, Iran always had strong cultural ties with

7571-618: The diameter of 67.45 kiloparsecs (220,000 light-years). The galaxy is inclined an estimated 77° relative to Earth (where an angle of 90° would be edge-on). Analysis of the cross-sectional shape of the galaxy appears to demonstrate a pronounced, S-shaped warp, rather than just a flat disk. A possible cause of such a warp could be gravitational interaction with the satellite galaxies near the Andromeda Galaxy. The Galaxy M33 could be responsible for some warp in Andromeda's arms, though more precise distances and radial velocities are required. Spectroscopic studies have provided detailed measurements of

7684-471: The discoverer despite it being visible to the naked eye. In 1785, the astronomer William Herschel noted a faint reddish hue in the core region of Andromeda. He believed Andromeda to be the nearest of all the "great nebulae ", and based on the color and magnitude of the nebula , he incorrectly guessed that it was no more than 2,000 times the distance of Sirius , or roughly 18,000  ly (5.5  kpc ). In 1850, William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse , made

7797-563: The distance estimate to Andromeda, as well as the remainder of the universe. In 1950, radio emissions from the Andromeda Galaxy were detected by Robert Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard at the Jodrell Bank Observatory . The first radio maps of the galaxy were made in the 1950s by John Baldwin and collaborators at the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group . The core of the Andromeda Galaxy

7910-453: The distribution of stars in P1 does not suggest that there is a black hole at its center. Apparently, by late 1968, no X-rays had been detected from the Andromeda Galaxy. A balloon flight on 20 October 1970 set an upper limit for detectable hard X-rays from the Andromeda Galaxy. The Swift BAT all-sky survey successfully detected hard X-rays coming from a region centered 6 arcseconds away from

8023-588: The dust clouds in our own galaxy, as well as historical observations of the Andromeda Galaxy's significant Doppler shift . In 1922, Ernst Öpik presented a method to estimate the distance of Andromeda using the measured velocities of its stars. His result placed the Andromeda Nebula far outside our galaxy at a distance of about 450 kpc (1,500 kly). Edwin Hubble settled the debate in 1925 when he identified extragalactic Cepheid variable stars for

8136-407: The eclipses of the stars, astronomers were able to measure their sizes. Knowing the sizes and temperatures of the stars, they were able to measure their absolute magnitude . When the visual and absolute magnitudes are known, the distance to the star can be calculated. The stars lie at a distance of 2.52 × 10 ^  ± 0.14 × 10 ^  ly (1.594 × 10  ± 8.9 × 10  AU) and

8249-419: The expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. Based on its appearance in visible light, the Andromeda Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)b galaxy in the de Vaucouleurs–Sandage extended classification system of spiral galaxies. However, infrared data from the 2MASS survey and the Spitzer Space Telescope showed that Andromeda

8362-612: The first chapter of the Vidēvdād . The Avestan evidence is confirmed by Greek sources: Arianē is spoken of as being between Persia and the Indian subcontinent . However, this is a Greek pronunciation of the name Haroyum/Haraiva ( Herat ), which the Greeks called 'Aria' (a land listed separately from the homeland of the Aryans). While up until the end of the Parthian period in

8475-469: The first photographs of Andromeda, which was still commonly thought to be a nebula within our galaxy. Roberts mistook Andromeda and similar "spiral nebulae" as star systems being formed . In 1912, Vesto Slipher used spectroscopy to measure the radial velocity of Andromeda with respect to the Solar System —the largest velocity yet measured, at 300 km/s (190 mi/s). As early as 1755,

8588-499: The first time on astronomical photos of Andromeda. These were made using the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope , and they enabled the distance of the Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined. His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within our own galaxy, but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from the Milky Way. In 1943, Walter Baade

8701-483: The galactic center and has about 10 M ☉ . It was discovered through data collected by the European Space Agency 's XMM-Newton probe and was subsequently observed by NASA 's Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission and Chandra X-Ray Observatory , the Very Large Array , and the Very Long Baseline Array . The microquasar was the first observed within the Andromeda Galaxy and the first outside of

8814-588: The galaxy center. The emission above 25 keV was later found to be originating from a single source named 3XMM J004232.1+411314 , and identified as a binary system where a compact object (a neutron star or a black hole) accretes matter from a star. Multiple X-ray sources have since been detected in the Andromeda Galaxy, using observations from the European Space Agency 's (ESA) XMM-Newton orbiting observatory. Robin Barnard et al. hypothesized that these are candidate black holes or neutron stars , which are heating

8927-492: The galaxy's (metal-rich) galactic halo , including the Giant Stream, and also the extended thick disk, the young age thin disk, and the static 10 kpc ring. During this epoch, its rate of star formation would have been very high , to the point of becoming a luminous infrared galaxy for roughly 100 million years. Modeling also recovers the bulge profile, the large bar, and the overall halo density profile. Andromeda and

9040-562: The idea of an Ērān-šahr "Kingdom of the Iranians", which was "ēr" ( Middle Persian equivalent of Old Persian "ariya" and Avestan "airya"). Richard Nelson Frye defines Greater Iran as including " much of the Caucasus, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, with cultural influences extending to China and western India ." According to him, " Iran means all lands and peoples where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in

9153-518: The ideological power struggle between the Akhbari-Usuli strands culminated in victory for the Usulis in Bahrain. An Afghan uprising led by Hotakis of Kandahar at the beginning of the 18th century resulted in the near-collapse of the Safavid state. In the resultant power vacuum, Oman invaded Bahrain in 1717 , ending over one hundred years of Persian hegemony in Bahrain. The Omani invasion began

9266-405: The incoming gas to millions of kelvins and emitting X-rays. Neutron stars and black holes can be distinguished mainly by measuring their masses. An observation campaign of NuSTAR space mission identified 40 objects of this kind in the galaxy. In 2012, a microquasar , a radio burst emanating from a smaller black hole was detected in the Andromeda Galaxy. The progenitor black hole is located near

9379-417: The large ring mentioned above. Those arms, however, are not continuous and have a segmented structure. Close examination of the inner region of the Andromeda Galaxy with the same telescope also showed a smaller dust ring that is believed to have been caused by the interaction with M32 more than 200 million years ago. Simulations show that the smaller galaxy passed through the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy along

9492-659: The later Iranian and Greek dynasties chose Mesopotamia to be the political center of their rule. For a period of around 500 years, what is now Iraq formed the core of Iran, with the Iranian Parthian and Sasanian empire having their capital in what is modern-day Iraq for the same centuries-long time span. ( Ctesiphon ) Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by Herodotus — Ecbatana , Pasargadae or Persepolis , Susa and Babylon —the last [situated in Iraq]

9605-410: The latter's polar axis. This collision stripped more than half the mass from the smaller M32 and created the ring structures in Andromeda. It is the co-existence of the long-known large ring-like feature in the gas of Messier 31, together with this newly discovered inner ring-like structure, offset from the barycenter , that suggested a nearly head-on collision with the satellite M32, a milder version of

9718-620: The loss of present-day Iraq to the Ottoman Empire , as outlined in the Treaty of Amasya in 1555 and the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639. Simultaneously, the Russo-Iranian Wars resulted in the loss of the Caucasus to the Russian Empire : the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 saw Iran cede present-day Dagestan , Georgia , and most of Azerbaijan ; the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 saw Iran cede present-day Armenia ,

9831-428: The old Khorasan. Until the 13th century and the devastating Mongol invasion of the region, Khorasan was considered the cultural capital of Greater Iran. The Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County regions of China harbored a Tajik population and culture. Chinese Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County was always counted as a part of the Iranian cultural & linguistic continent with Kashgar , Yarkand , and Hotan bound to

9944-413: The past 12 billion years. The stars in the extended halos of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way may extend nearly one-third the distance separating the two galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy is known to harbor a dense and compact star cluster at its very center, similar to our own galaxy . A large telescope creates a visual impression of a star embedded in the more diffuse surrounding bulge. In 1991,

10057-522: The past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existe d." Richard Foltz notes that while " A general assumption is often made that the various Iranian peoples of 'greater Iran'—a cultural area that stretched from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus into Khwarizm , Transoxiana , Bactria, and the Pamirs and included Persians, Medes , Parthians and Sogdians among others—were all 'Zoroastrians' in pre-Islamic times... This view, even though common among serious scholars,

10170-455: The region of present-day Iraq . Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization and the place where the first empires in history were established. These empires, namely the Sumerian , Akkadian , Babylonian , and Assyrian , dominated the ancient middle east for millennia, which explains the great influence of Mesopotamia on the Iranian culture and history, and it is also the reason why

10283-775: The remainder of Azerbaijan, and Iğdır , setting the northern boundary along the Aras River . Parts of Afghanistan were lost to the British Empire through the Treaty of Paris in 1857 and the McMahon Arbitration in 1905. The name "Iran", meaning "land of the Aryans ", is the New Persian continuation of the old genitive plural aryānām (proto-Iranian, meaning "of the Aryans"), first attested in

10396-426: The result of a previous black hole merger, where the release of gravitational waves could have "kicked" the stars into their current eccentric distribution. P2 also contains a compact disk of hot, spectral-class A stars. The A stars are not evident in redder filters, but in blue and ultraviolet light they dominate the nucleus, causing P2 to appear more prominent than P1. While at the initial time of its discovery it

10509-400: The same name. The western region of Iran (ancient Media) was called 'Irāq-e 'Ajamī ("Persian Iraq"), while central-southern Iraq (Babylonia) was called 'Irāq al-'Arabī ("Arabic Iraq") or Bābil ("Babylon"). For centuries the two neighbouring regions were known as " The Two Iraqs " ("al-'Iraqain"). The 12th century Persian poet Khāqāni wrote a famous poem Tohfat-ul Iraqein ("The Gift of

10622-563: The same time in history. Furthermore, the name of "Azerbaijan" is derived through the name of the Persian satrap which ruled the contemporary region of Iranian Azerbaijan and minor parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ancient times. Khwarazm is one of the regions of Iran-zameen , and is the home of the ancient Iranians, Airyanem Vaejah , according to the ancient book of the Avesta . Modern scholars believe Khwarazm to be what ancient Avestic texts refer to as "Ariyaneh Waeje" or Iran vij. Iranovich These sources claim that Urgandj , which

10735-436: The second half of the eighteenth century, Bahrain was ruled by Nasr Al-Madhkur , the ruler of Bushehr . The Bani Utibah tribe from Zubarah exceeded in taking over Bahrain after war broke out in 1782. Persian attempts to reconquer the island in 1783 and in 1785 failed; the 1783 expedition was a joint Persian- Qawasim invasion force that never left Bushehr. The 1785 invasion fleet, composed of forces from Bushehr, Rig, and Shiraz

10848-401: The second-largest ethnicity in Iran, and comprise the largest community of ethnic Azerbaijanis in the world, vastly outnumbering the number in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Both nations are the only officially Shia majority in the world, with adherents of the religion comprising an absolute majority in both nations. The people of nowadays Iran and Azerbaijan were converted to Shiism during exactly

10961-500: The so-called "island universes" hypothesis: that spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies. In 1920, the Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Curtis took place concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is, in fact, an external galaxy, Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes within Andromeda that resembled

11074-427: The territories of Iran and the republic of Azerbaijan usually shared the same history from the time of ancient Media (ninth to seventh centuries b.c.) and the Persian Empire (sixth to fourth centuries b.c.). Intimately and inseparably intertwined histories for millennia, Iran irrevocably lost the territory that is nowadays Azerbaijan in the course of the 19th century. With the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 following

11187-514: The time of the domination of Turkic people the Turkish language has also found currency. Iraqis share religious and certain cultural ties with Iranians . The majority of Iranians are Twelver Shia (an Islamic sect). Iraqi culture has commonalities with the culture of Iran . The Mesopotamian cuisine also has similarities to the Persian cuisine , including common dishes and cooking techniques. The Iraqi dialect has absorbed many words from

11300-408: The time, were indeed galaxies similar to the Milky Way, not nebulae, as Andromeda was commonly believed to be. In 1917, Heber Curtis observed a nova within Andromeda. After searching the photographic record, 11 more novae were discovered. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred elsewhere in the sky. As a result, he was able to come up with

11413-488: The title Andromeda nebula . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_nebula&oldid=932687944 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Andromeda Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy

11526-510: The unexpected death of Abbas Mirza in 1833, and the murdering of Persia's Grand Vizier ( Mirza AbolQasem Qa'im Maqām ), many Central Asian khanates began losing hope for any support from Persia against the Tsarist armies. The Russian armies occupied the Aral coast in 1849, Tashkent in 1864, Bukhara in 1867, Samarkand in 1868, and Khiva and Amudarya in 1873. In the 8th century, Iran

11639-542: The whole Andromeda Galaxy at about 2.5 × 10 ^  ly (1.6 × 10  AU). This new value is in excellent agreement with the previous, independent Cepheid-based distance value. The TRGB method was also used in 2005 giving a distance of 2.56 × 10 ^  ± 0.08 × 10 ^  ly (1.619 × 10  ± 5.1 × 10  AU). Averaged together, these distance estimates give a value of 2.54 × 10 ^  ± 0.11 × 10 ^  ly (1.606 × 10  ± 7.0 × 10  AU). Until 2018, mass estimates for

11752-691: Was away on hajj . The invasion brought the island back under central rule and to challenge Oman in the Persian Gulf. He sought help from the British and Dutch, and he eventually recaptured Bahrain in 1736. During the Qajar era, Persian control over Bahrain waned and in 1753, Bahrain was occupied by the Sunni Persians of the Bushire -based Al Madhkur family, who ruled Bahrain in the name of Persia and paid allegiance to Karim Khan Zand . During most of

11865-464: Was called off after the death of the ruler of Shiraz, Ali Murad Khan . Due to internal difficulties, the Persians could not attempt another invasion. In 1799, Bahrain came under threat from the expansionist policies of Sayyid Sultan , the Sultan of Oman , when he invaded the island under the pretext that Bahrain did not pay taxes owed. The Bani Utbah solicited the aid of Bushire to expel the Omanis on

11978-655: Was conquered by the Arab Abbassids who ruled from Baghdad . The territory of Iran at that time was composed of two portions: Persian Iraq (western portion) and Khorasan (eastern portion). The dividing region was mostly the cities of Gurgan and Damaghan . The Ghaznavids , Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. This point can be observed in many books such as Abul Fazl Bayhqi 's "Tārīkhi Baïhaqī" , Al-Ghazali 's Faza'ilul al-anam min rasa'ili hujjat al-Islam and other books. Transoxiana and Chorasmia were mostly included in

12091-470: Was deduced that Andromeda has a stellar nature. In 1885, a supernova (known as S Andromedae ) was seen in Andromeda, the first and so far only one observed in that galaxy. At the time, it was called "Nova 1885" —the difference between " novae " in the modern sense and supernovae was not yet known. Andromeda was considered to be a nearby object, and it was not realized that the "nova" was much brighter than ordinary novae. In 1888, Isaac Roberts took one of

12204-399: Was hypothesized that the brighter portion of the double nucleus is the remnant of a small galaxy "cannibalized" by the Andromeda Galaxy, this is no longer considered a viable explanation, largely because such a nucleus would have an exceedingly short lifetime due to tidal disruption by the central black hole. While this could be partially resolved if P1 had its own black hole to stabilize it,

12317-572: Was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the Seleucids and the Parthians the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved a little to the north on the Tigris —to Seleucia and Ctesiphon . It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from

12430-551: Was more massive than the Milky Way by a margin of some 25% to 50%. However, this has been called into question by early 21st-century studies indicating a possibly lower mass for the Andromeda Galaxy and a higher mass for the Milky Way. The Andromeda Galaxy has a diameter of about 46.56 kpc (152,000 ly), making it the largest member of the Local Group of galaxies in terms of extension. The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are expected to collide with each other in around 4–5 billion years, merging to potentially form

12543-581: Was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually "Ourva": the eighth land of Ahura Mazda mentioned in the Pahlavi text of Vendidad. Others such as University of Hawaii historian Elton L. Daniel believe Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the Avestan people, while Dehkhoda calls Khwarazm "the cradle of the Aryan people" (مهد قوم آریا). Today Khwarazm

12656-546: Was the first person to resolve stars in the central region of the Andromeda Galaxy. Baade identified two distinct populations of stars based on their metallicity , naming the young, high-velocity stars in the disk Type I and the older, red stars in the bulge Type II. This nomenclature was subsequently adopted for stars within the Milky Way and elsewhere. (The existence of two distinct populations had been noted earlier by Jan Oort .) Baade also discovered that there were two types of Cepheid variable stars, which resulted in doubling

12769-566: Was the ruler of this expanse between 1304 and 1317 A.D. Primary sources , including Timurid historian Mir Khwand , define Iranshahr (Greater Iran) as extending from the Euphrates to the Oxus The Cambridge History of Iran takes a geographical approach in referring to the "historical and cultural" entity of "Greater Iran" as "areas of Iran, parts of Afghanistan, Chinese and Soviet Central Asia ". Greater Iran

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