121-612: The Ann Arbor Business Review was a weekly business journal published in Ann Arbor, Michigan . The publication, formerly distributed in a tab format and then primarily on-line, covered business news in the Washtenaw County and Livingston County areas. The publication started as Business Direct Weekly in January 2003 and became Business Review Washtenaw/Livingston in late 2004. It changed names again in 2005, becoming
242-491: A council-manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected at-large during midterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years. The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with
363-443: A high school degree was 97.8% while 77.5% had a bachelor's degree or higher, which is higher than the U.S. national percentage of 89.1% for persons age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree and 34.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher. The median household income in 2022 was $ 78,740 (versus the U.S. national figure of $ 75,149), with family households having a median income of $ 126,292. The per capita income for
484-476: A $ 2.3 million bond issue to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow . The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became
605-513: A 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city. In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification , and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then,
726-462: A Métis culture. The first Europeans to encounter Native Americans in the Great Lakes region were French explorers . These men were professional canoe-paddlers who transported furs and other merchandise over long distances in the lake and river system of northern America. Such explorers gave French names to many places in present-day Minnesota , Michigan and Wisconsin . French settlers in
847-500: A Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan , opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus. Anishinaabe The Anishinaabe (alternatively spelled Anishinabe , Anicinape , Nishnaabe , Neshnabé , Anishinaabeg , Anishinabek , Aanishnaabe ) are
968-419: A changing cast of spokespeople at yearly meetings. In more recent times, clans have come to align personality characteristics with the animals that represent them. This shifts the focus from extended family governance to groups of people who have a particular kind of strength to offer to the community. For example, the deer clan is sometimes understood as having the direction of hospitality toward visitors, whereas
1089-530: A cloud-based access security provider of two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor. It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems . In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network ,
1210-431: A female householder with no spouse present. 18.4% of the households had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 20.1% had individuals over age 65 living in them. The average household size was 2.22 people and the average family size was 2.78 people. The median age was 25.9; 12.2% of the population was under age 18, and 12.3% was age 65 or older. The percentage of city residents age 25 years or older with at least
1331-669: A group of culturally related Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States . They include the Ojibwe (including Saulteaux and Oji-Cree ), Odawa , Potawatomi , Mississaugas , Nipissing , and Algonquin peoples . The Anishinaabe speak Anishinaabemowin , or Anishinaabe languages that belong to the Algonquian language family . At the time of first contact with Europeans they lived in
SECTION 10
#17328010172181452-640: A group of people, such as a family, clan or tribe) and promotion of trade, the Council generally had a peaceful existence with its neighbours. However, occasional unresolved disputes erupted into wars. The Odawa (also known as Ottawa or Outaouais) are a Native American and First Nations people. Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa (or Anishinaabemowin in Eastern Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and
1573-503: A locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement , as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War . During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within
1694-419: A north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and Black people. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during
1815-721: A not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street. The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. As of 2022, Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes. The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events. The University of Michigan operates
1936-584: A person". There are different teachings about how many clans there are and which are clans in leadership positions. This is due to the decentralized mode of governance that the Anishinaabe practice. Each person is a self-determining authority, and it is their duty to uphold their own roles and responsibilities for the wellbeing of all our relations . This is understood as the "Law of Non-interference". Nobody can interfere with another being's path unless they are causing great harm to another or themselves. Within
2057-502: A prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK–12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company, Washtenaw Technical Middle College , and Honey Creek Community School. The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character. University buildings are located in
2178-674: A preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district. The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968. Ann Arbor is home to several private schools, including Emerson School, the Father Gabriel Richard High School , Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor (a PreK–12 Waldorf school ), Clonlara School , Michigan Islamic Academy , and Greenhills School ,
2299-746: A trader to the Ojibwe, and legislator of the Minnesota Territory . A gifted storyteller and historian, he collected native accounts and wrote the History of the Ojibway People, Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements , first published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1885, some 32 years after his early death from tuberculosis . Given his Anglo-American father, Lyman Marcus Warren, and American education,
2420-609: A university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths , and swimming pools. The city is also home to the Washtenaw County -owned County Farm Park . The Nichols Arboretum , owned by the University of Michigan , is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It
2541-557: A violent crime rate of 309.5 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is lower than Michigan's rate of 461 per 100,000 people and the U.S. national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. However, Ann Arbor's property crime rate, at 1726.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Michigan's property crime rate of 1536.8 per 100,000 people and lower than the U.S. national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people. The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in
SECTION 20
#17328010172182662-595: A vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four. Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018
2783-627: Is "beings made out of nothing" or "spontaneous beings". The Anishinaabe believe that their people were created by divine breath. The word Anishinaabe is often mistakenly considered a synonym of Ojibwe , but it refers to a much larger group of Nations. ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ Anishinaabe has many different spellings. Different spelling systems may indicate vowel length or spell certain consonants differently ( Anishinabe , Anicinape ); meanwhile, variants ending in - eg/ek ( Anishinaabeg , Anishinabek ) come from an Algonquian plural, while those ending in an - e come from an Algonquian singular. The name Anishinaabe
2904-566: Is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality." In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in
3025-641: Is heavily influenced by the University of Michigan , with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university. The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city—including the President's House, built in 1840—and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts. These other three districts, Kerrytown , State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near
3146-422: Is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program. A person from Ann Arbor
3267-581: Is honest with themselves first, they will more easily be able to be honest with others. In Anishinaabemowin , this word can also mean "righteousness." According to Anishinaabeg culture, humility requires recognizing oneself as a sacred part of Creation, neither better nor worse than any other creation. In Anishinaabemowin , this word can also mean "compassion." Some communities instead express this with Bekaadiziwin , which in addition to "humility" can also be translated as "calmness," "meekness," "gentility" or "patience." According to Anishinaabeg culture, truth
3388-494: Is it the case that any one story can ever be said to have achieved its final form. Instead, all stories are works in progress." Before telling a story, Elders "very often begin by quoting the authority of Elders who have gone before. They do not state the authority as coming from themselves. They will say things like, 'This is what they used to say,' or 'This is what they said.'" Beyond sharing cultural knowledge, storytelling traditions can help provide Anishinaabeg children "with
3509-454: Is knowing all of these things. Individuals should speak the truth and not deceive themselves or others. The Anishinaabeg follow an oral storytelling tradition . Storytelling serves as an integral part of Anishinaabeg culture as "stories teach the stock of wisdom and knowledge found in the culture" and "promotes 'respectful individualism," wherein individuals do not force their thinking upon others. Instead of directly teaching right and wrong,
3630-698: Is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. The Ann Arbor Art Center is a nonprofit that organizes art activities and exhibitions. Aside from the Ann Arbor District Library , which maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building, and being the home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library , Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event
3751-430: Is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens , which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory. Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as Ann Arbor Public Schools . The cityscape of Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor Business Review - Misplaced Pages Continue
3872-555: Is represented in the NPSL by AFC Ann Arbor , a soccer club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak. Opening in the summer of 2014, the city funded Ann Arbor Skatepark , is a 30,000-square-foot skatepark in located within Veterans Memorial Park. At the opening of the skatepark, professional skateboarders skated the park including Tony Hawk , Andy Macdonald , Alex Sorgente , and Tony Magnusson . As
3993-450: Is situational, meaning that storytellers must be mindful of audience, of listener, and [should] keep the oration accessible and real." When a story is shared, "[t]he teller and the listener are equally activie; the listener is not passive." Furthermore, stories told are not static: "Once they become public, people will play will them, embellish them, and add to them ... There is no need for any particular story to have any particular form. Nor
4114-616: Is sometimes shortened to Nishnaabe , mostly by Odawa people . The cognate Neshnabé comes from the Potawatomi , a people long allied with the Odawa and Ojibwe in the Council of Three Fires . The Nipissing , Mississaugas , and Algonquin are identified as Anishinaabe but are not part of the Council of Three Fires. Closely related to the Ojibwe and speaking a language mutually intelligible with Anishinaabemowin (Anishinaabe language)
4235-584: Is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs , a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival , held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in
4356-906: Is the Oji-Cree (also known as "Severn Ojibwe"). Their most common autonym is Anishinini (plural: Anishininiwag ), and they call their language Anishininiimowin . Among the Anishinaabe, the Ojibwe collectively call the Nipissings and the Algonquins Odishkwaagamii (those who are at the end of the lake), while those among the Nipissings who identify themselves as Algonquins call the Algonquins proper Omàmiwinini (those who are downstream). Not all Anishinaabemowin-speakers call themselves Anishinaabe. The Ojibwe people who migrated to what are now Canada's prairie provinces call themselves Nakawē(-k) and call their branch of
4477-482: Is to face the foe with integrity. In Anishinaabemowin , this word literally means "state of having a fearless heart." To do what is right even when the consequences are unpleasant. Some communities instead use either Zoongadiziwin ("state of having a strong casing") or Zoongide'ewin ("state of having a strong heart"). According to Anishinaabeg culture, honesty in facing a situation is to be brave. Individuals should always be honest in word and action. If an individual
4598-509: Is to know wisdom. Wisdom is given by the Creator to be used for the good of the people. In Anishinaabemowin , this word expresses not only "wisdom" but also means "prudence," or "intelligence." In some communities, Gikendaasowin is used; in addition to "wisdom," this word can also mean "intelligence" or "knowledge." According to Anishinaabeg culture, to know peace is to know love. Love must be unconditional. When people are weak they need love
4719-827: The American frontier . After Pontiac's War, the Anishinaabe gradually established the same relationship with the British that they had with the French. During the American Revolution , which partly resulted from opposition in the Thirteen Colonies to the 1763 proclamation, the Anishinaabe (including the Three Fires Confederation) mostly sided against the rebelling colonists . Fighting in conjunction with British and Loyalist forces,
4840-503: The Ann Arbor Business Review . Owned by Advance Publications , it had the same parent company as The Ann Arbor News , a daily newspaper . The two publications shared a publisher but were editorially independent. The Ann Arbor Business Review drew attention in 2005 when it became the first publication to report that Google was making plans to move its AdWords headquarters to Ann Arbor. The business journal
4961-742: The AnnArbor.com website and appearing in the AnnArbor.com print edition each Sunday. Ann Arbor, Michigan Ann Arbor is a city in and the seat of government of Washtenaw County, Michigan , United States. The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the fifth-most populous city in Michigan. Located on the Huron River , Ann Arbor is the principal city of its metropolitan area , which encompasses all of Washtenaw County and had 372,258 residents in 2020. Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor Business Review - Misplaced Pages Continue
5082-502: The Depression of 1873 . It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling . Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation , was established in 1916. In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved
5203-530: The Great Lakes megalopolis . The lands of present-day Ann Arbor were part of Massachusetts 's western claim after the French and Indian War (1754–1763), bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony 's original charter, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from the British Crown . Massachusetts ceded the claim to the federal government as part of
5324-783: The Huron and even occasionally Sioux . In June 1994, the Chiefs at the Anishinabek Grand Council gathering at Rocky Bay First Nation , directed that the Education Directorate formally establish the Anishinabek Education Institute (AEI) in accordance with the post-secondary education model that was submitted and ratified with provisions for satellite campuses and a community-based delivery system. (Res. 94/13) In August 2017
5445-518: The Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan , a student housing cooperative founded in 1937. There are also three cohousing communities— Sunward , Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits. Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology , and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879,
5566-574: The Midewewin society. This oral and written records contain the Anishinaabe creation stories as well as histories of migration that closely match other Indigenous groups of North America, such as the Hopi . Before the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe the people migrated from Waubanaukee, an island of the East Coast, which may have been what is now called New England , as the great ice sheet receded at
5687-675: The Northeast Woodlands and the Subarctic , and some have since spread to the Great Plains . The word Anishinaabe means "people from whence lowered". Another definition is "the good humans", meaning those who are on the right road or path given to them by the Creator Gitche Manitou , or Great Spirit. Basil Johnston , an Ojibwe historian, linguist, and writer, wrote that the term's literal translation
5808-811: The Northwest Territory after April 19, 1785. The region was once inhabited by several Native American tribes , the most prominent being the Anishinaabe people of the Three Fires — the Odawa , Ojibwe , and Potawatomi . The Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor in about 1774. Other tribes that inhabited the area included the Fox , Wyandots , and Sauk . These peoples established several trails that converged on present-day Ann Arbor. The land that included Washtenaw County
5929-699: The Ozaagii (Sac), Odagaamii (Meskwaki), Omanoominii (Menominee), and non-Anishinaabeg: Wiinibiigoo (Ho-Chunk), Naadawe (Iroquois Confederacy), Nii'inaa-Naadawe ( Wyandot ), Naadawensiw (Sioux), Wemitigoozhi (France), Zhaaganaashi (Britain) and the Gichi-mookomaan (the United States). The Anishinaabeg communities are recognized as First Nations in Canada . The first of the Anishinaabeg to encounter European settlers were those of
6050-635: The Three Fires Confederation , within the states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Pennsylvania in the territory of the present-day United States, and southern Ontario and Quebec of Canada. There were many interactions between the Anishinaabeg and the European settlers, the Anishinaabeg dealt with Europeans through the fur trade and as allies in European-centered conflicts. Europeans traded with
6171-537: The Toyota Technical Center . The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International ( NSF International ), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas. Non-high tech companies in Ann Arbor include Domino's Pizza , headquartered on Domino's Farms , a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright -inspired complex just northeast of
SECTION 50
#17328010172186292-413: The U.S. Census Bureau . While it borders only Townships , the built-up nature of the sections of Pittsfield and Ypsilanti townships between Ann Arbor and the city of Ypsilanti make the two effectively a single urban area . The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River . The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along
6413-615: The University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre,
6534-866: The War of 1812 , the Three Fires Confederacy fought with the British against the United States. Many Anishinaabeg refugees from the Revolutionary War, particularly the Odawa and Potawatomi, migrated northwards to British North America . Those who remained east of the Mississippi River were subjected to the Indian removal policy of the United States government ; among the Anishinaabeg, the Potawatomi were most affected by
6655-622: The Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999). Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the Anthroposophical Society in the United States , an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as anthroposophy , developed by Rudolf Steiner . Following
6776-443: The county seat of Washtenaw County , the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court. The 15th Michigan district court , which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for
6897-455: The third-largest stadium of any kind in the world with a capacity of 107,601. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium. Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's ) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University , a member of the NAIA , also fields sports teams. In semi-professional sports Ann Arbor
7018-437: The 19th century, as Native Americans and the United States had different goals. After the Dakota War of 1862 , many Anishinaabeg communities in Minnesota were relocated and further consolidated. There are many Anishinaabeg reserves and reservations; in some places, the Anishinaabeg share some of their lands with others, such as the Cree, the Dakota, the Delaware, and the Kickapoo , among others. The Anishnabeg who "merged" with
7139-405: The Anishinaabe fought in the Northern and Western theaters of the American Revolutionary War . After the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Anishinaabe mostly sought peace with the new United States , though lingering tensions resulting from encroachment by American settlers continued to spill into frequent outbreaks of violence in the frontier. During the Northwest Indian War and
7260-443: The Anishinaabe governance structure there are seven leader clans that each facilitate a specific role and have responsibilities within the community and to the rest of Creation. Within each grouping of clans are seven clans. This means there are a total of 49 total Anishinaabe clans. The clan system is integral to the Anishinaabe governance structure and to the Anishinaabe way of life as well as to their spiritual practices. People of
7381-406: The Anishinaabe. He also cited the experiences of other indigenous nations in the U.S. (such as the Creek , Fox , and other peoples). His work was a major early work in demonstrating the significance of the clan system. After the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the U.S. government changed its policy to relocating tribes onto reservations , often by consolidating groups of communities. Conflict continued through
SECTION 60
#17328010172187502-531: The Anishinaabeg and are considered to be the founding principles of their way of life. The Seven Grandfather teachings have been around for centuries, passed on from elders through storytelling. These teachings have helped shape the way of life for the Anishinaabeg for years and continue to do so. The stories can be adapted to fit specific community values and have been incorporated by organizations, schools, different programs, artists, individualists, and tribes. According to Anishinaabeg culture, to cherish knowledge
7623-468: The Anishinaabeg for their furs in exchange for goods and also hired the Anishinaabeg men as guides throughout the lands of North America. The Anishinaabeg women (as well as other Aboriginal groups) occasionally would intermarry with fur traders and trappers. Some of their descendants would later create a Métis ethnic group. Explorers, trappers, and other European workers married or had unions with other Anishinaabeg women, and their descendants tended to form
7744-590: The Anishinaabeg often use storytelling to share their history and cultural truths, including but not limited to the Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers . Stories often "provide important lessons for living and give life purpose, value, and meaning." They can further "include religious teachings, metaphysical links, cultural insights, history, linguistic structures, literary and aesthetic form, and Indigenous 'truths'." By understanding traditional stories, individuals can better understand themselves, their world, where they came from, and where they are going. Storytelling
7865-509: The Anishinaabeg reached Michilimackinac on their journey westward from the Atlantic coast. Using the Midewewin scrolls, Potawatomi elder Shop-Shewana dated the formation of the Council of Three Fires to 796 AD at Michilimackinac. In this council, the Ojibwa were addressed as the "Older Brother", the Odawa as the "Middle Brother", and the Potawatomi as the "Younger Brother". Consequently, when the three Anishinaabeg nations are mentioned in this specific order: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, it implies
7986-482: The Anishinaabemowin Nakawēmowin . (The French ethnonym for the group is Saulteaux .) Particular Anishinaabeg groups have different names from region to region. The Anishinaabe use of the clan system represents familial, spiritual, economic and political relations between members of their communities. Often an animal is used to represent a person's clan or dodem but plants and other spirit beings are sometimes used as well. The word dodem means "the heart or core of
8107-478: The Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra , The Ark , and Performance Network Theatre . State Theatre and the adjacent Michigan Theater are a movie palace and a performing arts center , respectively. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors . These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area. The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum , an interactive science center ,
8228-411: The Canadian government and other aboriginal peoples in Canada , the Anishinaabe of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec have opposed the Energy East pipeline of TransCanada . The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation legally challenged the right of the Canadian government to hold a pipeline hearing without their consent. The project was also the basis of a June 2015 declaration of reclaimed sovereignty over
8349-424: The Council of Three Fires as well. Each tribe had different functions: the Ojibwa were the "keepers of the faith", the Odawa the "keepers of trade," and the Potawatomi are the "keepers/maintainers of/for the fire" (boodawaadam). This was the basis for their exonyms of Boodewaadamii (Ojibwe spelling) or Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi spelling). Through the totem -system (a totem is any entity which watches over or assists
8470-471: The Great Lakes region as well. Since the Iroquois had allied with the British Empire , the Anishinaabe fought numerous conflicts against them in conjunction with their French allies. During the French and Indian War , the majority of the Anishinaabe fought with France against the British and their Indian allies, though after Britain's victory most of them sought peace with the British. However, dissatisfaction resulting from new British policies, in particular
8591-406: The Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport , which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567 , has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m). Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to
8712-602: The Kickapoo tribe may now identify as being Kickapoo in Kansas and Oklahoma. The Prairie Potawatomi were the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi of Illinois and Wisconsin who were relocated to Kansas during the 19th century. The Anishinaabe of Manitoba, particularly those along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, have had longstanding historical conflicts with the Cree people. In addition to other issues shared by First Nations recognized by
8833-849: The North Campus Research Complex, a former Pfizer pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory that is operated by NOAA and the Michigan Tech Research Institute . Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and
8954-692: The Ojibwe Nation. Warren identified the Crane and Loon clans as the two Chief clans among his mother's Anishinaabe people. Crane Clan was responsible for external governmental relationships, and Loon Clan was responsible for internal governance relationships. Warren believed that the policies of the U.S. government led to the destruction of indigenous clan systems along with their modes of governance when they forced indigenous people to adopt representative government and direct elections of chiefs. Furthermore, he claimed that this destruction led to many wars among
9075-406: The Ojibwe of the time did not consider Warren as "one of them". However, they retained friendly relations with him and considered him as a "half brother" due to his extensive knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture and the fact that he had Ojibwe ancestry through his mixed Ojibwe-French mother, Marie Cadotte. His work covered much of the culture and history of the Ojibwe, gathered from stories of
9196-776: The Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group. Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), which is influenced by the Great Lakes . There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around 34 °F (1 °C). Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around 81 °F (27 °C) and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between
9317-555: The Ottawa River valley by several Anishinaabe peoples. The relationship between the various Anishinaabe communities and the United States government has been steadily improving since the passage of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act . Several Anishinaabe communities still experience tensions with the state governments, county governments, and non-Native American individuals and their groups. Clan originally meant extended family. In this system originally, clans were represented by
9438-696: The Sixth Circuit are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street. In the Michigan Legislature , the city is split between Districts 23 , 33 , 47 , and 48 in the Michigan House of Representatives . In the Michigan Senate , Ann Arbor is covered by Districts 14 and 15 . Ann Arbor is within the 6th congressional district , currently represented by Debbie Dingell . Ann Arbor has
9559-831: The South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and
9680-511: The Trickster "often use humour, self-mocking, and absurdity to carry good lessons." The Trickster helps teach cultural lessons by "learning lessons the 'hard' way." Within such stories, "Trickster often gets into trouble by ignoring cultural rules and practices or by giving sway to the negative aspects of 'humanness' ... Trickster seems to learn lessons the hard way and sometimes not at all." Contrary to some depictions of Trickster figures,
9801-412: The Trickster in Anishinaabeg stories "has the ability to do good things for others and is sometimes like a powerful spiritual being and [is] given much respect." Stories involving the Trickster serve to "remind us about the good power of interconnectedness within family, community, nation, culture, and land. If we become disconnected, we lose the ability to make meaning from Indigenous stories." Before
9922-428: The United States. Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis , the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash : an event that
10043-417: The approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor , a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council. While Democrats , as of 2024, hold the mayorship and all ten council seats, Ann Arbor has two major political factions. A major source of this local divide is differences in views on
10164-541: The area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings. Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses . Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of
10285-601: The area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), Truven Health Analytics , and ProQuest , which includes UMI . Duo Security,
10406-638: The arrival of the Europeans, and until at least the 1800s, many Anishinaabeg were subsistence farmers. For example, the Odawa, centered in Michilimackinac , grew corn in the summers and generally moved south in smaller family groups in the winters to hunt game. They tapped sugar maples in the spring, and moved back to the main villages to prepare for the lake sturgeon spawning season and planting. They were "renowned" for their skills at making and using canoes and traded widely. Their kinship
10527-634: The cancellation of the annual distribution of gifts to the Indians, led to the formation of a pan-tribal confederation, composed of several Anishinaabe peoples, to counter British control of the Ohio Country . The resulting conflict, known as Pontiac's War , resulted in a military stalemate that saw the British eventually adopting more conciliatory policies, issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , which forbade further white settlement across
10648-534: The center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas. Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor , a Lutheran liberal-arts institution, and Cleary University , a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township . In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law ,
10769-458: The city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years. In 2020, partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic ,
10890-432: The city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to emergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large pedestrian mall , these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating. These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing
11011-403: The city was $ 52,276, which is higher than the U.S. national per capita income of $ 41,261. Males working full-time jobs had median earnings of $ 86,970 compared to $ 61,543 for females. Out of the 109,973 people with a determined poverty status, 23.1% were below the poverty line compared to the U.S. national poverty rate of 11.1%; the age group with the highest percentage below the poverty level
11132-529: The city's economy, employing about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in its medical center . The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure. The city has been a center for progressive politics as well as several social and religious movements. Ann Arbor is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor combined statistical area and
11253-567: The city's growth. Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. For the 2021–2022 school year, 17,070 students were enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. Notable schools include Pioneer , Huron , Skyline , Community high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus , and Ann Arbor Open School . The district has
11374-473: The city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen , which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is headquartered in Ann Arbor as is Pinkerton , a detective and private security firm. Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and
11495-549: The city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession , and a rent-control ordinance. Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor;
11616-443: The cosmos, the earth, the plants, the animals and human beings. To Anishinaabe all life contains the sacred breath of life that was given by Gizhe Mnidoo and all things are animated through this sacred breath. The Anishinaabe give thanks for this gift of Creation through the burning or offering of Semaa or Tobacco . Anishinaabe oral tradition and records of wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls) are still carried on today through
11737-539: The crane clan or eagle clan, depending on region, may be aligned with leadership qualities. Conversations surrounding how to change current systems of governance to better match how the people governed themselves over millennia are always occurring throughout Anishinaabe Aki . The Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers are among the most commonly shared teachings in Native culture. They hold great significance to
11858-428: The dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. Into the early 2000s, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees . The city contains over 160 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas such as Buhr Park . Several large city parks and
11979-549: The end of the last ice age. This migrating group split in many different directions as they headed towards the land of the rising sun and became the many Indigenous populations that now exist on North America. After reaching the East Coast seven prophets came to the people. Each prophet delivered a specific prophecy to the people that are known as the Seven Fires Prophecies . After the prophets delivered their messages groups of people began to migrate westward to find
12100-579: The exception of the 2010 census which reported almost no growth from the previous census. As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 123,851 people and 49,337 households residing in the city, with a population density of 4,391.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,695.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6% White , 6.8% Black , 0.2% Native American , 15.7% Asian , 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander , 1.8% from other races , and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5.5% of
12221-441: The fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI , a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan . Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium , the largest American football stadium and
12342-619: The fourth most spoken in North America behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Potawatomi is a Central Algonquian language. It is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in the U.S. state of Kansas . In southern Ontario in Canada, it is spoken by fewer than 50 people. Though the Three Fires had several meeting places, they preferred Michilimackinac due to its central location. The Council met for military and political purposes, and maintained relations with other indigenous peoples, including both fellow Anishinaabeg:
12463-531: The heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934. Ann Arbor has seen consistent growth in population between all decennial censuses since 1860 with
12584-585: The intellectual tools necessary to exercise authority." The Anishinaabeg see the act of allowing children to share stories as "an act of empowerment." This action "recognizes that even children have something to contribute, and encourages them to do so." Stories are typically shared throughout the winter when there is less to do and the animals are sleeping. The Trickster is a common character in Anishinaabeg storytelling and goes by many names, including Coyote , Raven, Wesakejac, Nanabozho , and Glooscap . They appear in many forms and genders. Stories involving
12705-607: The land where food grows on the water. The fulfilment of this prophecy is understood as when the Anishinaabe found the Mnoomin or Wild Rice that grew on the lakes in the Great Lakes region. This is where the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe. To the Anishinaabeg the land they encompass is still recognized as Gitchi Mikinaak or Turtle Island. The ethnic identities of the Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potawatomi did not develop until after
12826-451: The medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech , health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers , such as General Motors and Visteon , also employ residents. High tech companies have located in
12947-585: The most. In Anishinaabemowin , this word with the reciprocal theme idi indicates that this form of love is mutual. In some communities, Gizhaawenidiwin is used, which in most context means "jealousy" but in this context is translated as either "love" or "zeal." According to Anishinaabeg culture, to honor all creation is to have respect. All of creation should be treated with respect. If an individual wants to be respected, they must also show respect. Some communities instead use Ozhibwaadenindiwin or Manazoonidiwin . According to Anishinaabeg culture, to be brave
13068-486: The northwestern corner of the university. Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the Michigan Theater , The Diag , and Tower Plaza , a 26-story condominium building that is the city's tallest building. Downtown is also home to several Fairy Doors and other public art installations. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall , and
13189-422: The population. Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans , including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians , and a large community of Japanese nationals. According to the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, out of 49,337 households, 33.8% were married-couple households, 9.8% were cohabiting couple households, 26.1% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 30.4% had
13310-426: The region were primarily trappers and traders and rarely established permanent settlements due to the harsh North American climate. In 1715, French military officer Constant le Marchand de Lignery constructed Fort Michilimackinac , in part to regulate relations with nearby Anishinaabe Indians. The Anishinaabe came into contact with British colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries as they gradually expanded into
13431-541: The removals. The Odawa had been removed from the migration paths of U.S. settlers, so only a handful of communities experienced removal. For the Ojibwa, removal attempts culminated in the Sandy Lake Tragedy , which resulted several hundred deaths. The Potawatomi avoided removal only by escaping into Ojibwa-held areas and hiding from U.S. officials. William Whipple Warren , an American man of mixed Ojibwe and European descent, became an interpreter , assistant to
13552-462: The same clan are forbidden from getting married or having intimate relations as this would spell doom for the clan as a whole. In Anishinaabe cultural tradition it is believed that human beings were created on the earth in four distinct places, in their own way. This is what Gizhe Mnidoo or The Creator intended. There are many versions and parts to the Creation story that tell about the creation of
13673-500: The schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning. Ann Arbor is located along the Huron River , which flows southeast through the city on its way to Lake Erie . It is the central core of the Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area , which consists of the whole of Washtenaw County, but is also a part of the Metro Detroit Combined Statistical Area designated by
13794-458: The stands of bur oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $ 800 from the federal government at $ 1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick , after the sound of Allen's sawmill . Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827 and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to
13915-509: The state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing . In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan . Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad , and
14036-480: The two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be
14157-494: Was patrilineal and most Anishinaabe doodemag enforced exogamy , the wife keeping and representing her father's doodem while her children would take on their father's doodem. For the first few years of a marriage, a husband would live with his wife's family, and then they would typically return to the husband's people. As a result, many Anishinaabe villages included people speaking different languages not only from different clans, but also from entirely different peoples, such as
14278-525: Was ceded to the U.S. by the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot in the Treaty of Detroit of 1807. Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey . On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for
14399-449: Was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town. The University of Michigan was established in Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. A college town , Ann Arbor is currently home to the University of Michigan, which significantly shapes
14520-706: Was part of the Michigan Business Review network, which also included the Novi -based Oakland Business Review and the Kalamazoo -based Western Michigan Business Review . Following the folding of the Ann Arbor News in July 2009 as a daily printed paper, the Ann Arbor Business Review ceased its regular printed offering on August 13 and joined the News as a primarily on-line publication, sharing
14641-546: Was persons between 18 and 34 years at 43.0% while other age groups have percentages between 2.7% and 7.7%. Further, 3.5% of minors and 7.7% of seniors were below the poverty line. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program in 2022, Ann Arbor had 371 reported violent crimes (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2069 reported property crimes (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With
#217782