In the Westminster system (and, colloquially, in the United States ), a money bill or supply bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending (also known as appropriation of money), as opposed to changes in public law.
107-632: The Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016 is a money bill of the Parliament of India . It aims to provide legal backing to the Aadhaar unique identification number project. It was passed on 11 March 2016 by the Lok Sabha . Certain provisions of the Act came into force from 12 July 2016 and published in gazette of India on 12 September 2016. During
214-717: A provisional order . Bradley and Ewing said that the statutory definition of "Money Bill" is "strictly interpreted". Most annual Finance Bills have not been certified to be money bills. While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy , the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives , consistent with British constitutional practice; by convention, appropriation bills (bills that spend money) also originate in
321-464: A smart card , username, or ID number (e.g. PIN ) to indicate which template should be used for comparison. Positive recognition is a common use of the verification mode, "where the aim is to prevent multiple people from using the same identity". Second, in identification mode the system performs a one-to-many comparison against a biometric database in an attempt to establish the identity of an unknown individual. The system will succeed in identifying
428-845: A 'money bill' by the Speaker of the Lower House. The Upper House proposed certain amendments, but ultimately the BJP -dominated Lower House rejected the amendments suggested by the Upper House and unilaterally enacted the Aadhar Act, 2016. Immediately thereafter, Jairam Ramesh , a senior Congress leader, challenged the speaker's decision to treat the Aadhar Bill as a 'money bill' before the Supreme Court of India. Article 110(3) of
535-503: A biometric is based on user requirements and considers sensor and device availability, computational time and reliability, cost, sensor size, and power consumption. Multimodal biometric systems use multiple sensors or biometrics to overcome the limitations of unimodal biometric systems. For instance iris recognition systems can be compromised by aging irises and electronic fingerprint recognition can be worsened by worn-out or cut fingerprints. While unimodal biometric systems are limited by
642-402: A biometric system is called enrollment . During enrollment, biometric information from an individual is captured and stored. In subsequent uses, biometric information is detected and compared with the information stored at the time of enrollment. Note that it is crucial that storage and retrieval of such systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is to be robust. The first block (sensor)
749-408: A card or within a database or both). During the matching phase, the obtained template is passed to a matcher that compares it with other existing templates, estimating the distance between them using any algorithm (e.g. Hamming distance ). The matching program will analyze the template with the input. This will then be output for a specified use or purpose (e.g. entrance in a restricted area), though it
856-548: A chief executive officer. The Clause 13 states the chairperson and members must have experience and knowledge of at least 10 years in matters relating to technology, governance, law, development, economics, finance, management, public affairs or administration. The Clause 25 states that any fees collected and revenue generated by the UIDAI will be deposited in the Consolidated Fund of India . The Clause 27 (2) states that
963-620: A collection of fingerprints of criminals in Argentina. Josh Ellenbogen and Nitzan Lebovic argued that Biometrics originated in the identification systems of criminal activity developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1853–1914) and by Francis Galton 's theory of fingerprints and physiognomy. According to Lebovic, Galton's work "led to the application of mathematical models to fingerprints, phrenology, and facial characteristics", as part of "absolute identification" and "a key to both inclusion and exclusion" of populations. Accordingly, "the biometric system
1070-499: A combination thereof, or in series, which refer to sequential, parallel, hierarchical and serial integration modes, respectively. Fusion of the biometrics information can occur at different stages of a recognition system. In case of feature level fusion, the data itself or the features extracted from multiple biometrics are fused. Matching-score level fusion consolidates the scores generated by multiple classifiers pertaining to different modalities. Finally, in case of decision level fusion
1177-466: A constitution bench of at least nine judges to settle the law on this issue. The five judge bench decided that the Aadhar Bill was a Money Bill by a vote of 4–1. The 1937 Constitution of Ireland defines a money bill ( Irish : bille airgid ) as one concerning only specified financial matters. The Seanad (upper house of the Oireachtas or parliament) has restricted powers over money bills, and
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#17327827592061284-472: A fee. The requesting must obtain the consent of the Aadhaar holder for verification, and inform him/her of nature of the information that will be shared upon verification. The Clause 8 (4) states that UIDAI may share identity information, but it cannot share the biometric information. The Clause 9 states that Aadhaar is not a proof of citizenship or domicile. The Chapter IV details the functions and powers of
1391-647: A foreign leader has visited Washington during the last few years, the State Department has made sure they sign such an agreement. Certain members of the civilian community are worried about how biometric data is used but full disclosure may not be forthcoming. In particular, the Unclassified Report of the United States' Defense Science Board Task Force on Defense Biometrics states that it is wise to protect, and sometimes even to disguise,
1498-599: A form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance . Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological characteristics which are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint , palm veins, face recognition , DNA , palm print, hand geometry , iris recognition , retina , odor/scent, voice, shape of ears and gait. Behavioral characteristics are related to
1605-672: A large dispute over the use of biometrics to ensure resources are provided to the hundreds of thousands of civilians in Yemen whose lives are threatened. The refusal to cooperate with the interests of the United Nations World Food Program resulted in the suspension of food aid to the Yemen population. The use of biometrics may provide aid programs with valuable information, however its potential solutions may not be best suited for chaotic times of crisis. Conflicts that are caused by deep-rooted political problems, in which
1712-427: A money bill. There is often another requirement that non-money bill-type clauses may not be attached to a money bill. The rationale behind this convention is that the upper house, being appointed or indirectly elected, should not have any right to decide on taxation and public expenditure-related policies as may be framed by the directly elected representatives of the lower house. Therefore, money bills are an exception to
1819-413: A more secure system. It was first proposed by Ratha et al. "Cancelable biometrics refers to the intentional and systematically repeatable distortion of biometric features in order to protect sensitive user-specific data. If a cancelable feature is compromised, the distortion characteristics are changed, and the same biometrics is mapped to a new template, which is used subsequently. Cancelable biometrics
1926-569: A new bill was introduced when the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010 was still pending in the Rajya Sabha. The bill was passed on 11 March 2016 by the Lok Sabha by a voice vote after a brief debate. Tathagata Satpathy of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) had raised concerns that the project could be used for mass surveillance or ethnic cleansing in the future. He also raised questions about why
2033-412: A new identity card project was created despite having several identity card systems. He also questioned why the bill was introduced as a money bill . He also said that although the bill allows the sharing of biometric under the circumstances of national security, no concrete definition of national security was included. Bhartruhari Mahtab of BJD requested that the bill should not be rushed and referred to
2140-402: A parliamentary panel. Mallikarjun Kharge of INC said that they supported the bill but wanted some suggestions to be discussed. Rajeev Satav of INC reminded the house that initially the ruling-party BJP had opposed the Aadhaar during the reign of United Progressive Alliance (UPA), before turning around and supporting it. During the debate, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley assured the house that
2247-421: A password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns. Many different aspects of human physiology, chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric authentication. The selection of a particular biometric for use in
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#17327827592062354-432: A period or periods amounting in all to 182 days or more in the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment. The Clause 3 (1) states that every resident is entitled to obtain an Aadhaar number by submitting their biometric and demographic information. The central government may however in future require other categories of individuals to enrol by releasing a notification. According to Clause 3 (2), at
2461-405: A person's identity information, i.e. Aadhaar number, photograph and demographic information, and authentication records, but not the core biometric information. The Clause 33 (2) states that an official with the rank of Joint Secretary or higher may access a person's identity information including core biometric information, if the official has an order issued in the interest of national security by
2568-451: A recent study relating to biometrics R&D that found that the gender classification system being researched "is inclined to classify Africans as males and Mongoloids as females." Consequently, Browne argues that the conception of an objective biometric technology is difficult if such systems are subjectively designed, and are vulnerable to cause errors as described in the study above. The stark expansion of biometric technologies in both
2675-698: A single biometric trait. One such proposed system of Multimodal Biometric Cryptosystem Involving the Face, Fingerprint, and Palm Vein by Prasanalakshmi The Cryptosystem Integration combines biometrics with cryptography , where the palm vein acts as a cryptographic key, offering a high level of security since palm veins are unique and difficult to forge. The Fingerprint Involves minutiae extraction (terminations and bifurcations) and matching techniques. Steps include image enhancement, binarization, ROI extraction, and minutiae thinning. The Face system uses class-based scatter matrices to calculate features for recognition, and
2782-483: A specific application involves a weighting of several factors. Jain et al. (1999) identified seven such factors to be used when assessing the suitability of any trait for use in biometric authentication. Biometric authentication is based upon biometric recognition which is an advanced method of recognising biological and behavioural characteristics of an Individual. Proper biometric use is very application dependent. Certain biometrics will be better than others based on
2889-568: Is a biometric mode where the manner in which a person using a device or complex system is recorded as a verification template. One potential use for this type of biometric signature is to distinguish among remote users of telerobotic surgery systems that utilize public networks for communication. John Michael (Mike) McConnell , a former vice admiral in the United States Navy , a former director of U.S. National Intelligence , and senior vice president of Booz Allen Hamilton , promoted
2996-468: Is a chance that the thieves will stalk and assault the property owner to gain access. If the item is secured with a biometric device , the damage to the owner could be irreversible, and potentially cost more than the secured property. For example, in 2005, Malaysian car thieves cut off a man's finger when attempting to steal his Mercedes-Benz S-Class . In the context of biometric systems, presentation attacks may also be called " spoofing attacks ". As per
3103-438: Is a fear that the use of biometric data may face mission creep. Selection of biometrics in any practical application depending upon the characteristic measurements and user requirements. In selecting a particular biometric, factors to consider include, performance, social acceptability, ease of circumvention and/or spoofing, robustness, population coverage, size of equipment needed and identity theft deterrence. The selection of
3210-458: Is a form of bio-political tattooing, akin to the tattooing of Jews during the Holocaust. According to Agamben, biometrics turn the human persona into a bare body. Agamben refers to the two words used by Ancient Greeks for indicating "life", zoe , which is the life common to animals and humans, just life; and bios , which is life in the human context, with meanings and purposes. Agamben envisages
3317-461: Is final and is not subject to challenge. Section 1(2) of the Act states: A Money Bill means a Public Bill which in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Commons contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following subjects, namely, the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration, or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on
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3424-646: Is hidden within the face image using steganographic techniques. Enrollment and Verification for the Biometric data (Fingerprint, palm vein, face) are captured, encrypted, and embedded into a face image. The system extracts the biometric data and compares it with stored values for Verification. The system was tested with fingerprint databases, achieving 75% verification accuracy at an equal error rate of 25% and processing time approximately 50 seconds for enrollment and 22 seconds for Verification. High security due to palm vein encryption, effective against biometric spoofing, and
3531-688: Is no judicial review of the Ceann Comhairle's ruling; if the Seanad disagrees with it, the President may establish a Committee of Privileges to adjudicate, with equal membership from both houses and chaired by a Supreme Court judge. No such committee has been established under the 1937 constitution, but one was established for a 1935 bill under the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State , which contained similar provisions until
3638-469: Is not an absolute right and it can be restricted by the law. Jairam Ramesh of INC said Aadhaar should be limited to subsidies only and not made mandatory for any purpose. On 16 March 2016, the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments. The Lok Sabha was free to accept or reject the amendments. But, Lok Sabha rejected the amendments and passed the bill. Most of
3745-480: Is one of the major categories for biometric template protection purpose besides biometric cryptosystem." In biometric cryptosystem, "the error-correcting coding techniques are employed to handle intraclass variations." This ensures a high level of security but has limitations such as specific input format of only small intraclass variations. Several methods for generating new exclusive biometrics have been proposed. The first fingerprint-based cancelable biometric system
3852-797: Is possible that data obtained during biometric enrollment may be used in ways for which the enrolled individual has not consented. For example, most biometric features could disclose physiological and/or pathological medical conditions (e.g., some fingerprint patterns are related to chromosomal diseases, iris patterns could reveal sex, hand vein patterns could reveal vascular diseases, most behavioral biometrics could reveal neurological diseases, etc.). Moreover, second generation biometrics, notably behavioral and electro-physiologic biometrics (e.g., based on electrocardiography , electroencephalography , electromyography ), could be also used for emotion detection . There are three categories of privacy concerns: When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, there
3959-487: Is stolen, it is nearly impossible to change a biometric feature. This renders the person's biometric feature questionable for future use in authentication, such as the case with the hacking of security-clearance-related background information from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) in the United States. Cancelable biometrics is a way in which to incorporate protection and the replacement features into biometrics to create
4066-478: Is that it is more fraud resistant compared to conventional biometrics like fingerprints. However, such technology is generally more cumbersome and still has issues such as lower accuracy and poor reproducibility over time. On the portability side of biometric products, more and more vendors are embracing significantly miniaturized biometric authentication systems (BAS) thereby driving elaborate cost savings, especially for large-scale deployments. An operator signature
4173-426: Is the absolute political weapon of our era" and a form of "soft control". The theoretician David Lyon showed that during the past two decades biometric systems have penetrated the civilian market, and blurred the lines between governmental forms of control and private corporate control. Kelly A. Gates identified 9/11 as the turning point for the cultural language of our present: "in the language of cultural studies,
4280-416: Is the interface between the real world and the system; it has to acquire all the necessary data. Most of the times it is an image acquisition system, but it can change according to the characteristics desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it has to remove artifacts from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing background noise), to use some kind of normalization , etc. In
4387-639: The Consolidated Fund , the National Loans Fund or on money provided by Parliament, or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply; the appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof; or subordinate matters incidental to those subjects or any of them. In this subsection the expressions "taxation," "public money," and "loan" respectively do not include any taxation, money, or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes. The Parliament Act 1911
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4494-647: The Constitution Act, 1867 funds can be appropriated only on the recommendation of the Governor-General . This has resulted in the convention that only ministers introduce money bills. Procedure for a Money Bill: The concept of money bills in India came to the forefront during the enactment of the Aadhar Act, 2016. In spite of resistance by the opposition, the Aadhaar Bill was certified as
4601-532: The Constitution of India . The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties. Ghulam Nabi Azad , an INC leader, wrote in a letter to Jaitley that the ruling party BJP was trying to bypass the Rajya Sabha , as they did not have the majority in the upper house. A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house Lok Sabha . Jyotiraditya Scindia of INC asked why
4708-567: The Dáil (lower house) The Seanad has 90 days to process other Dáil bills but only 21 days for a money bill; it cannot amend the bill but only recommend amendments for the Dáil to accept or reject. The President 's power under Article 26 to refer bills to the Supreme Court does not apply to money bills. The Ceann Comhairle (Dáil speaker) certifies whether a new bill is a money bill. There
4815-469: The Palm Vein acts as an unbreakable cryptographic key , ensuring only the correct user can access the system. The cancelable Biometrics concept allows biometric traits to be altered slightly to ensure privacy and avoid theft. If compromised, new variations of biometric data can be issued. The Encryption fingerprint template is encrypted using the palm vein key via XOR operations. This encrypted Fingerprint
4922-475: The Senate and be signed by the Governor-General . The Senate has no power or ability to introduce or modify a supply bill, but has the ability to block or defer the passing of a supply bill, and can request the House of Representatives to modify the bill. The most famous instance where supply was blocked was during the 1975 constitutional crisis . This has resulted in agreements between political parties to prevent
5029-458: The UIDAI . The Clause 23 (2) states that the UIDAI has the power to specify the demographic and biometric information that must be collected for registration. It can issue Aadhaar numbers to residents and perform verifications. It can also specify the subsidies and services for which Aadhaar will be required. The Clause 12 states that the UIDAI will consist of a chairperson, two part-time members and
5136-506: The budget presentation on 29 February 2016, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley announced that a bill will be introduced within a week which will provide legislative support to the Aadhaar . On 3 March 2016, the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016 was introduced in the Parliament as a money bill by Jaitley as it fulfilled Article 110's provisos - 110(1)(c), 110(1)(d) and 110(1)(e) of
5243-582: The estimates . The Constitution requires all appropriation of public funds to be pre-approved by the Government in the form of a "money message" signed by the Taoiseach . Thus, if a bill extends the powers of a Department of State , it is not a money bill, but if it also imposes a new charge on the public, it still requires a money message. In the Oireachtas, money bills must be introduced in
5350-502: The "only" restriction prevents the Government from tacking onto a money bill some non-financial provision which it would like to bypass Seanad scrutiny. The specified financial matters are any of the following: the imposition, repeal, remission, alteration or regulation of taxation; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on public moneys or the variation or repeal of any such charges; supply;
5457-667: The 1936 abolition of the Free State Seanad made the distinction of money bills moot since they were henceforth treated the same as other bills. In the United Kingdom , section 1(1) of the Parliament Act 1911 provides that the House of Lords may not delay a money bill more than a month. It is at the discretion of the Speaker of the House of Commons to certify which bills are money bills, and his decision
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#17327827592065564-473: The Aadhaar project will not be misused. Jaitley stated that 97% of the adult and 67% of children had already been registered under the project. He also said that the definition of national security is up to the courts to define. On 15 March 2016, Shumsher K. Sheriff, Secretary of the Rajya Sabha , formally notified the house that the bill has been passed in the Lok Sabha. During the debate spanning over two days, Naresh Agrawal of Samajwadi Party (SP) said that
5671-466: The Central government's decision to extend the deadline of linking of "everything", including mobile phones and bank accounts, to Aadhaar card till 31 March 2018. The court however also ordered that an Aadhaar card holder opening a new bank account will have to furnish their Aadhaar card to the bank. Money bill#India It is often a constitutional convention that the upper house may not block
5778-548: The Constitution of India categorically states that 'if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final'. Therefore, one of the prime constitutional questions before the Supreme Court is whether it can review the speaker's certificate classifying a bill as a 'money bill'. In three prior cases, the Supreme Court of India has refused to review
5885-688: The House under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was held to be a judicial decision subject to judicial review. This suggests that the "final" status given by the Indian constitution does not automatically immune the Indian speaker's decision or certificate from judicial review. In view of this crucial constitutional question, it has been suggested that the Supreme Court in Jairam Ramesh v. Union of India should create
5992-541: The House. Unlike in most Westminster systems, there are no limits on the Senate's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe. Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills . The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990) held that: "A law passed in violation of
6099-494: The National Defense Magazine entitled "Defense Department Under Pressure to Share Biometric Data" the United States has bilateral agreements with other nations aimed at sharing biometric data. To quote that article: Miller [a consultant to the Office of Homeland Defense and America's security affairs] said the United States has bilateral agreements to share biometric data with about 25 countries. Every time
6206-552: The Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment". Biometric Biometrics are body measurements and calculations related to human characteristics and features. Biometric authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as
6313-559: The Speaker's certificate. However, some commentators have argued that the Court's earlier judgements were incorrect and Article 110(3) made the Speaker's decision "final" for the purpose of the two Houses of the Parliament, not for the Supreme Court of India. This argument is further supported by the fact that in Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu (AIR 1993 SC 412) , the "final" decision of the speaker regarding disqualification of members of
6420-422: The UIDAI must submit an annual report to the central government detailing its activities of the past year, revenues and expenditures of the past year, and plans for the upcoming year. The Clause 28 (1) states that the UIDAI must ensure the security of identity information and authentication records. The authentication records has been as "record of the time of authentication and identity of the requesting entity and
6527-663: The US House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security on "biometric identification" in 2009, Kathleen Kraninger and Robert A Mocny commented on international cooperation and collaboration with respect to biometric data, as follows: To ensure we can shut down terrorist networks before they ever get to the United States, we must also take the lead in driving international biometric standards. By developing compatible systems, we will be able to securely share terrorist information internationally to bolster our defenses. Just as we are improving
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#17327827592066634-529: The advantage of the advancement of the well-established biometric research for their recognition front-end to conduct recognition. Although this increases the restrictions on the protection system, it makes the cancellable templates more accessible for available biometric technologies Soft biometrics are understood as not strict biometrical recognition practices that are proposed in favour of identity cheaters and stealers. Traits are physical, behavioral or adhered human characteristics that have been derived from
6741-416: The aftermath of 9/11 was a moment of articulation, where objects or events that have no necessary connection come together and a new discourse formation is established: automated facial recognition as a homeland security technology." Adaptive biometric systems aim to auto-update the templates or model to the intra-class variation of the operational data. The two-fold advantages of these systems are solving
6848-589: The appropriation, receipt, custody, issue or audit of accounts of public money; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof The specification is based on that in the UK's Parliament Act 1911 . There is an exclusion for revenue and spending by local authorities . The main annual money bills are the Finance Bill for implementing the budget and the Appropriation Bill for implementing
6955-490: The best recognizes gender from tertiary sexual characters, being unable to determine genetic and chromosomal sexes; soft biometrics for aging recognition are often deeply influenced by ageist stereotypes, etc. Second, soft biometrics have strong potential for categorizing and profiling people, so risking of supporting processes of stigmatization and exclusion. Many countries, including the United States, are planning to share biometric data with other nations. In testimony before
7062-486: The bill doesn't fit into the definition of a money bill. P. J. Kurien , Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, said that it was the decision of Lok Sabha Chairperson Sumitra Mahajan to allow the bill, so it should not be questioned. Sitaram Yechury of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) argued that the bill was unconstitutional as the Constitution guarantees the freedom of life and liberty and privacy comes under it. Jaitley responded to Yechury by saying that privacy
7169-741: The biometric match only with Yes/No option, the Aadhaar Act allows the requesting agency/person to ask for other information too, pertaining to the person's identity. The Clause 2 (g) defines " biometric information" as photograph, finger print , iris scan , or "other such biological attributes" of an individual. The Clause 2 (k) defines " demographic information" as name, date of birth, address and "other relevant information" of an individual. It explicitly excludes race , religion , caste , tribe , ethnicity , language , records of entitlement , income or medical history . The Clause 2 (v) defines "resident" as an individual who has resided in India for
7276-474: The blockage of supply bills through the Senate. A money bill is specifically defined by Article 81 of the Constitution of Bangladesh . The President of Bangladesh can send back all bills passed by the Parliament for a review except a money bill. However, a money bill can be introduced to the Parliament only at the President's recommendation. Additionally, tax can only be levied by the Parliament. Although Parliament may pass money bills, under section 54 of
7383-538: The central government. The Clause 34 states that providing false information in an attempt to impersonate carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and/or a fine of ₹ 10,000. The Clause 38 states that unauthorised access to the Central Identities Data Repository, causing damaging to it or leaking the information stored on it carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and/or a minimum fine or ₹ 100,000. The Clause 47 states that
7490-496: The complaints under this law must be tried under a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or a Chief Judicial Magistrate , or a higher court. No court can recognise a complaint under this law unless filed by the UIDAI or a person authorised by it. The Clause 48 states that the central government may supersede the UIDAI for a period of up to 6 months, if it fails to performs its duties or due to a public emergency. The Clause 57 states that state or private agencies may use Aadhaar for verifying
7597-557: The computer has been subverted, for example in which the computer is part of a botnet controlled by a hacker, then knowledge of the identity of the user at the terminal does not materially improve network security or aid law enforcement activities. Rather than tags or tattoos, biometric techniques may be used to identify individual animals : zebra stripes, blood vessel patterns in rodent ears, muzzle prints, bat wing patterns, primate facial recognition and koala spots have all been tried. Biometrics have been considered also instrumental to
7704-423: The development of a future capability to require biometric authentication to access certain public networks in his keynote speech at the 2009 Biometric Consortium Conference. A basic premise in the above proposal is that the person that has uniquely authenticated themselves using biometrics with the computer is in fact also the agent performing potentially malicious actions from that computer. However, if control of
7811-716: The development of state authority (to put it in Foucauldian terms, of discipline and biopower ). By turning the human subject into a collection of biometric parameters, biometrics would dehumanize the person, infringe bodily integrity, and, ultimately, offend human dignity. In a well-known case, Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben refused to enter the United States in protest at the United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator (US-VISIT) program's requirement for visitors to be fingerprinted and photographed. Agamben argued that gathering of biometric data
7918-501: The enrollment process. Second, it is no longer necessary to enroll again or retrain the system from scratch in order to cope with the changing environment. This convenience can significantly reduce the cost of maintaining a biometric system. Despite these advantages, there are several open issues involved with these systems. For mis-classification error (false acceptance) by the biometric system, cause adaptation using impostor sample. However, continuous research efforts are directed to resolve
8025-587: The evolving biometric market trends underscore the importance of technological integration, showcasing a shift towards combining multiple biometric modalities for enhanced security and identity verification, aligning with the advancements in multimodal biometric systems. Spoof attacks consist in submitting fake biometric traits to biometric systems, and are a major threat that can curtail their security. Multi-modal biometric systems are commonly believed to be intrinsically more robust to spoof attacks, but recent studies have shown that they can be evaded by spoofing even
8132-612: The fact they are unable to individualize a subject, they are effective in distinguishing between people. Combinations of personal attributes like gender, race, eye color, height and other visible identification marks can be used to improve the performance of traditional biometric systems. Most soft biometrics can be easily collected and are actually collected during enrollment. Two main ethical issues are raised by soft biometrics. First, some of soft biometric traits are strongly cultural based; e.g., skin colors for determining ethnicity risk to support racist approaches, biometric sex recognition at
8239-435: The final results of multiple classifiers are combined via techniques such as majority voting . Feature level fusion is believed to be more effective than the other levels of fusion because the feature set contains richer information about the input biometric data than the matching score or the output decision of a classifier. Therefore, fusion at the feature level is expected to provide better recognition results. Furthermore,
8346-472: The general rule that for a bill to be enacted into a law, it has to be approved by both the lower and upper Houses of Parliament. Loss of supply in the lower house is conventionally considered to be an expression of the house's loss of confidence in the government, resulting in the government's fall. A supply bill in the Australian System is required to pass the House of Representatives ,
8453-543: The identity of a person for any purpose. Nandan Nilekani , the former chairman of UIDAI , welcomed the bill. He used Clarke's third law to describe the project. He also said that this technology will allow India to develop into a modern welfare state . He argued that this technology will give Indian residents a secure digital ID to access the internet and prevent "digital colonization" by foreign firms. He also said that this will check wastage of public funds, corruption, fake degrees and improve matching of jobs to employees in
8560-414: The implementation of biometrics may not provide a long-term solution. One advantage of passwords over biometrics is that they can be re-issued. If a token or a password is lost or stolen, it can be cancelled and replaced by a newer version. This is not naturally available in biometrics. If someone's face is compromised from a database, they cannot cancel or reissue it. If the electronic biometric identifier
8667-626: The individual if the comparison of the biometric sample to a template in the database falls within a previously set threshold. Identification mode can be used either for positive recognition (so that the user does not have to provide any information about the template to be used) or for negative recognition of the person "where the system establishes whether the person is who she (implicitly or explicitly) denies to be". The latter function can only be achieved through biometrics since other methods of personal recognition, such as passwords , PINs, or keys, are ineffective. The first time an individual uses
8774-404: The individual is the person they claim to be. Three steps are involved in the verification of a person. In the first step, reference models for all the users are generated and stored in the model database. In the second step, some samples are matched with reference models to generate the genuine and impostor scores and calculate the threshold. The third step is the testing step. This process may use
8881-509: The information in the future. 1058/13797/48987 The Clause 7 states that the central or state government may require a person to possess an Aadhaar number if he/she is receiving some subsidy . If they do not possess an Aadhaar number, they will be required to apply for other, in meantime the government will provide them the subsidy using an alternate mean of identification. According to Clause 8, UIDAI may perform verification of Aadhaar for other private and public agencies on request in exchange for
8988-481: The integrity of their identifier, it is unlikely that several unimodal systems will suffer from identical limitations. Multimodal biometric systems can obtain sets of information from the same marker (i.e., multiple images of an iris, or scans of the same finger) or information from different biometrics (requiring fingerprint scans and, using voice recognition , a spoken passcode). Multimodal biometric systems can fuse these unimodal systems sequentially, simultaneously,
9095-837: The labour market. Jean Drèze , development economist , said that the bill was designed to evade Supreme Court orders restricting the usage of Aadhaar. He also said that bill was presented as a money bill to prevent debate. He argued that despite declaring it voluntary the government had created practical compulsions for enrolment, and an intervention of the Supreme Court was need to end the " doublespeak ". SC has orally observed that Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for availing of welfare schemes. The centre has declared that Aadhaar card will be mandatory for opening new bank accounts and for transactions above Rs. 50,000. All existing account holders will also have to submit their Aadhaar details by 31 December 2017, failing which accounts will be deemed invalid. A five judge bench on 15 December 2017 agreed to
9202-485: The multimodal approach ensures reliability if one biometric fails. Potential for integration with smart cards or on-card systems, enhancing security in personal identification systems. The discriminating powers of all biometric technologies depend on the amount of entropy they are able to encode and use in matching. The following are used as performance metrics for biometric systems: An early cataloguing of fingerprints dates back to 1885 when Juan Vucetich started
9309-459: The open issues associated to the field of adaptive biometrics. More information about adaptive biometric systems can be found in the critical review by Rattani et al. In recent times, biometrics based on brain ( electroencephalogram ) and heart ( electrocardiogram ) signals have emerged. An example is finger vein recognition , using pattern-recognition techniques, based on images of human vascular patterns. The advantage of this newer technology
9416-467: The pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to mouse movement , typing rhythm , gait , signature , voice , and behavioral profiling. Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics (behavioral biometrics) to describe the latter class of biometrics. More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems , such as a driver's license or passport , and knowledge-based identification systems, such as
9523-452: The poorer people in these countries do not have even those unreliable documents. Without certified personal identities, there is no certainty of right, no civil liberty. One can claim his rights, including the right to refuse to be identified, only if he is an identifiable subject, if he has a public identity. In such a sense, biometrics could play a pivotal role in supporting and promoting respect for human dignity and fundamental rights. It
9630-601: The powers of the House of Lords in this regard. This is evident from the long title of the 1911 Act, which begins: "An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons ...". The reference to the National Loans Fund was inserted on 1 April 1968 by section 1(5) of the National Loans Act 1968 . For this purpose, the expression "Public Bill" does not include any bill for confirming
9737-422: The problem of limited training data and tracking the temporal variations of the input data through adaptation. Recently, adaptive biometrics have received a significant attention from the research community. This research direction is expected to gain momentum because of their key promulgated advantages. First, with an adaptive biometric system, one no longer needs to collect a large number of biometric samples during
9844-592: The provisions of the Bill have been borrowed from the previous National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010. The major difference is that the three-member committee called the Identity Review Committee of the previous bill was removed in the new bill. Also, the section 8 of Aadhaar Act is significantly different from that of NIAI bill, 2010. While the NIAI bill allowed the authentication limited to
9951-463: The public and private sector magnifies this concern. The increasing commodification of biometrics by the private sector adds to this danger of loss of human value. Indeed, corporations value the biometric characteristics more than the individuals value them. Browne goes on to suggest that modern society should incorporate a "biometric consciousness" that "entails informed public debate around these technologies and their application, and accountability by
10058-718: The recent ISO/IEC 30107 standard, presentation attacks are defined as "presentation to the biometric capture subsystem with the goal of interfering with the operation of the biometric system". These attacks can be either impersonation or obfuscation attacks. Impersonation attacks try to gain access by pretending to be someone else. Obfuscation attacks may, for example, try to evade face detection and face recognition systems. Several methods have been proposed to counteract presentation attacks. Biometrics are employed by many aid programs in times of crisis in order to prevent fraud and ensure that resources are properly available to those in need. Humanitarian efforts are motivated by promoting
10165-473: The reduction to bare bodies for the whole humanity. For him, a new bio-political relationship between citizens and the state is turning citizens into pure biological life ( zoe ) depriving them from their humanity ( bios ); and biometrics would herald this new world. In Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness , surveillance scholar Simone Browne formulates a similar critique as Agamben, citing
10272-401: The required levels of convenience and security. No single biometric will meet all the requirements of every possible application. The block diagram illustrates the two basic modes of a biometric system. First, in verification (or authentication) mode the system performs a one-to-one comparison of a captured biometric with a specific template stored in a biometric database in order to verify
10379-460: The response provided" in Clause 2 (d). The Clause 32 states that the UIDAI must maintain the authentication records for the specified period. The Aadhaar number holder may access his authentication records subject to regulation. The UIDAI is not required to maintain the record of the purpose of authentication. The Clause 33 (1) states that a District Judge or higher court may force the UIDAI to reveal
10486-408: The state and the private sector, where the ownership of and access to one's own body data and other intellectual property that is generated from one's body data must be understood as a right." Other scholars have emphasized, however, that the globalized world is confronted with a huge mass of people with weak or absent civil identities. Most developing countries have weak and unreliable documents and
10593-621: The template to reduce the file size and to protect the identity of the enrollee. However, depending on the scope of the biometric system, original biometric image sources may be retained, such as the PIV-cards used in the Federal Information Processing Standard Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors (FIPS 201). During the enrollment phase, the template is simply stored somewhere (on
10700-422: The third block, necessary features are extracted. This step is an important step as the correct features need to be extracted in an optimal way. A vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a template . A template is a synthesis of the relevant characteristics extracted from the source. Elements of the biometric measurement that are not used in the comparison algorithm are discarded in
10807-450: The time of registration the enrolling agency must inform the resident about the manner in which the data will be used, with whom it will be shared and procedure of access. The UIDAI will issue an Aadhaar number to the resident after verifying the data. According to Clause 4, it should be unique and random. The Clause 6 states that the UIDAI may require Aadhaar number holders to submit additional biometric and demographic information, or update
10914-856: The true and total extent of national capabilities in areas related directly to the conduct of security-related activities. This also potentially applies to Biometrics. It goes on to say that this is a classic feature of intelligence and military operations. In short, the goal is to preserve the security of ' sources and methods '. Countries using biometrics include Australia , Brazil , Bulgaria , Canada , Cyprus , Greece , China , Gambia , Germany , India , Iraq , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Malaysia , Netherlands , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Poland , South Africa , Saudi Arabia , Tanzania , Turkey , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United States and Venezuela . Among low to middle income countries, roughly 1.2 billion people have already received identification through
11021-445: The way human beings normally distinguish their peers (e.g. height, gender, hair color). They are used to complement the identity information provided by the primary biometric identifiers. Although soft biometric characteristics lack the distinctiveness and permanence to recognize an individual uniquely and reliably, and can be easily faked, they provide some evidence about the users identity that could be beneficial. In other words, despite
11128-427: The way we collaborate within the U.S. Government to identify and weed out terrorists and other dangerous people, we have the same obligation to work with our partners abroad to prevent terrorists from making any move undetected. Biometrics provide a new way to bring terrorists' true identities to light, stripping them of their greatest advantage—remaining unknown. According to an article written in 2009 by S. Magnuson in
11235-440: The welfare of individuals in need, however the use of biometrics as a form of surveillance humanitarianism can create conflict due to varying interests of the groups involved in the particular situation. Disputes over the use of biometrics between aid programs and party officials stalls the distribution of resources to people that need help the most. In July 2019, the United Nations World Food Program and Houthi Rebels were involved in
11342-425: Was designed and developed by Tulyakov et al. Essentially, cancelable biometrics perform a distortion of the biometric image or features before matching. The variability in the distortion parameters provides the cancelable nature of the scheme. Some of the proposed techniques operate using their own recognition engines, such as Teoh et al. and Savvides et al. , whereas other methods, such as Dabbah et al. , take
11449-597: Was the product of the political crisis of 1909. The People's Budget of 1909 proposed by the House of Commons was rejected by the House of Lords. A government whose budget (that is the Finance Bill) is rejected can only resign or dissolve Parliament, because without money it is impossible to govern. The rejection of the Finance Bill in 1909 by the Lords prompted the then British government to initiate steps to curtail
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