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45-465: Ab urbe condita ( Latin: [ab ˈʊrbɛ ˈkɔndɪtaː] ; 'from the founding of the City '), or anno urbis conditae ( Latin: [ˈannoː ˈʊrbɪs ˈkɔndɪtae̯] ; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC , expresses a date in years since 753 BC , the traditional founding of Rome. It is an expression used in antiquity and by classical historians to refer to

90-406: A body", but incarnation (a term these groups would avoid) requiring Jesus having the temptable and mortal nature of His mother. In contrast to the traditional view of the incarnation cited above, adherents of Oneness Pentecostalism believe in the doctrine of Oneness. Although both Oneness and traditional Christianity teach that God is a singular Spirit, Oneness adherents reject the idea that God

135-639: A given year in Ancient Rome . In reference to the traditional year of the foundation of Rome, the year 1 BC would be written AUC 753, whereas AD 1 would be AUC 754. The foundation of the Roman Empire in 27 BC would be AUC 727. The current year AD 2024 would be AUC 2777. Usage of the term was more common during the Renaissance , when editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving

180-512: A view of the incarnation in keeping with the personal pre-existence of Christ. Whiston considered the incarnation to be of the Logos Who had pre-existed as "a Metaphysick existence, in potentia or in the like higher and sublimer Manner in the Father as His Wisdom or Word before His real Creation or Generation." Jacob Bauthumley rejected that God was "onely manifest in the flesh of Christ, or

225-665: A virgin birth. Sozzini, Przypkowski and other Socinian writers were distinct from Servetus in stating that Jesus having "come down from heaven" was primarily in terms of Mary's miraculous conception and not in Jesus having in any literal sense been in heaven. Today the number of churches with Socinian Christology is very small, the main group known for this are the Christadelphians , other groups include CoGGC and CGAF . Modern Socinian or " Biblical Unitarian " writers generally place emphasis on "made flesh" not just meaning "made

270-487: Is a statement of belief originating in two ecumenical councils, the First Council of Nicaea in 325, and the First Council of Constantinople in 381. As such, is it still relevant to most Christian churches today. The Incarnation is always professed, though different Rites use different translations . The Roman Catholic Church's current translation is: "For us men and for our salvation, he came down from heaven: by

315-538: Is a Trinity of persons. Oneness doctrine teaches there is one God who manifests Himself in different ways, as opposed to a Trinity, where God is seen as one being consisting of three distinct persons. To a Oneness Pentecostal, Jesus is seen as both fully divine and fully human. The term Father refers to God Himself, who caused the conception of the Son in Mary, thus becoming the father of the child she bore. The term Son refers to

360-539: Is also one of the key factors which, alongside humans made in the image and likeness of God, forms Christian Anthropology. Specifically, incarnation is vital for understanding the concept of Divinisation of the Man, most well and elaborately developed in Orthodox Christianity and most well expressed by Church Fathers, such as St. Athanasius of Alexandria ("Therefore He was not man, and then became God, but He

405-521: Is commemorated and celebrated each year at Christmas , and reference can also be made to the Feast of the Annunciation ; "different aspects of the mystery of the incarnation" are celebrated at Christmas and the Annunciation. The noun incarnation derives from the ecclesiastical Latin verb incarno , itself derived from the prefix in- and caro , "flesh", meaning "to make into flesh" or, in

450-550: Is involved in being human. In Christian belief it is understood that Jesus was at the same time both fully God and fully human, two natures in one person. The body of Christ was therefore subject to all the bodily weaknesses to which human nature is universally subject; such are hunger (Matthew.4:2), thirst (John 19:28), fatigue (John 4:6), pain, and death. They were the natural results of the human nature he assumed. Approaches such as Nestorianism , Ebonism, Arianism , Appoliniarianism, and Eutychianism have attempted understanding of

495-610: Is not an eternally existing being, but rather the more abstract Logos (a manifestation of the One True God, not a separate person) incarnate. For this reason, Servetus refused to call Christ the "eternal Son of God" preferring "the Son of the eternal God" instead. In describing Servetus' theology of the Logos , Andrew Dibb (2005) comments: "In Genesis God reveals Himself as the Creator. In John He reveals that He created by means of

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540-539: The Catholic Church , an ecumenical council's declarations are infallible , making the incarnation a dogma in the Catholic Church . The incarnation implies three facts: (1) The divine person of Jesus Christ; (2) The human nature of Jesus Christ; (3) The hypostatic union of the human with the divine nature in the divine person of Jesus Christ. Without diminishing his divinity, he added to it all that

585-573: The First Council of Nicaea in 325, the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the Council of Chalcedon in 451. These councils declared that Jesus was both fully God (begotten from, but not created by, the Father) and fully man, taking his flesh and human nature from the Virgin Mary . These two natures, human and divine, were hypostatically united into the one personhood of Jesus Christ. According to

630-624: The Holy Qurbono of St. James (c. AD 60) have a similar ma‛neetho , a poetic hymn, traditionally attributed to St. Severus, the Patriarch of Antioch (c. 465–538): I exalt Thee, Lord and King, Only-begotten Son and Word of the heavenly Father, immortal by nature, Thou came down by grace for salvation and life for all human race; was incarnate of the holy glorious, pure Virgin Mary, Mother of God and became man without any change;

675-621: The Incarnation in 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1. The year AD 1 corresponds to AUC 754, based on the epoch of Varro . Thus: Founding of Rome Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 528445236 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:46:39 GMT Incarnation (Christianity) In

720-635: The Polish Brethren such as Samuel Przypkowski , Marcin Czechowic and Johann Ludwig von Wolzogen saw the incarnation as being primarily a function of fatherhood . Namely that Christ was literally both 'Son of Man' from his maternal side, and also literally 'Son of God' on his paternal side. The concept of the incarnation —"the Word became flesh and dwelt among us"— was understood as the literal word or logos of Ps. 33:6 having been made human by

765-668: The Reformed Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland . The French reformer John Calvin , who asserted he would ensure the death of Servetus if he set foot in Geneva because of his non-Reformed views on the Trinity and the sacrament of baptism, requested he be beheaded as a traitor rather than burned as a heretic, but the authorities insisted on executing Servetus by fire. Post-Reformation Arians such as William Whiston often held

810-525: The Unigenite Son of God , "the divinity of Christ was a theologically charged topic for the Early Church." Debate on this subject occurred during the first four centuries of Christianity, involving Jewish Christians , Gnostics , followers of Arius of Alexandria, and adherents of Pope Alexander of Alexandria , among others. Ignatius of Antioch taught that "We have also as a Physician

855-611: The life of Christ . The significance of the incarnation has been extensively discussed throughout Christian history , and is the subject of countless hymns and prayers . For instance, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (c. 400), as used by Eastern Orthodox Christians and Byzantine Catholics , includes this "Hymn to the Only Begotten Son": O only begotten Son and Word of God, Who, being immortal, Deigned for our salvation To become incarnate Of

900-514: The passive , "to be made flesh". The verb incarno does not occur in the Latin Bible but the term is drawn from the Gospel of John 1:14 " et Verbum caro factum est " ( Vulgate ), King James Version : "and the Word was made flesh" . Incarnation refers to the act of a pre-existent divine person, the Son of God, in becoming a human being. While all Christians believed that Jesus was indeed

945-588: The Father. After resurrection, Jesus is seen as assuming temporary human forms, though resuming his spirit form eventually. According to Latter-day Saint theology , two of the three divine beings of the Godhead have perfected, glorified, physical bodies, namely God the Father ( Elohim ) and God the Son ( Jehovah ). Instead of considering the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost as one in substance or essence with one another, Latter-day Saints understand

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990-570: The Incarnation in which only God the Son , temporarily possessed an incarnated, physical body while God the Father is and has always remained unembodied. Despite these differences, Latter-day Saint doctrine accepts a similar version of so-called ethical monotheism (which developed out of the Jewish tradition ), in that Latter-day Saints believe that the Light of Christ (alternatively referred to as

1035-570: The King of kings and Lord of lords, Christ our God , comes forward to be sacrificed , and to be given for food to the faithful; and the bands of angels go before Him with every power and dominion, the many-eyed cherubim , and the six-winged seraphim , covering their faces, and crying aloud the hymn, Alleluia , Alleluia, Alleluia. The West Syriac Churches – Syriac Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox, Syro-Malankara Catholic, Syriac Catholic and Maronite Catholic – principally celebrating

1080-698: The Lord our God, Jesus the Christ, the only-begotten Son and Word, before time began, but who afterwards became also man, of Mary the virgin." Justin Martyr argued that the incarnate Word was pre-figured in Old Testament prophecies. The Catechism of the Catholic Church discusses the Incarnation in paragraphs 461–463 and cites several Bible passages to assert its centrality ( Philippians 2:5–8 , Hebrews 10:5–7 , 1 John 4:2 , 1 Timothy 3:16 ). The Nicene Creed

1125-555: The Roman state's adoption of the Varronian chronology – created by Titus Pomponius Atticus and Marcus Terentius Varro – there were many different dates posited for when the city was founded. This state of confusion required, for one to use an AUC date, one to pick a date as canonical. The Varronian chronology, constructed from fragmentary sources and demonstrably about four years off of absolute events c.  340 BC , placed

1170-548: The Word, or Logos. Finally, also in John, He shows that this Logos became flesh and 'dwelt among us'. Creation took place by the spoken word, for God said 'Let there be...' The spoken word of Genesis, the Logos of John, and the Christ, are all one and the same." Condemned by both the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches on account of his heterodox Christology , Servetus was burnt at the stake for heresy in 1553, by

1215-461: The atonement, such as Substitution , Satisfaction or Christus Victor , Christ must be human in order for the sacrifice of the cross to be efficacious, for human sins to be "removed" and/or "conquered". In his work The Trinity and the Kingdom of God , Jürgen Moltmann differentiated between what he called a "fortuitous" and a "necessary" incarnation. The latter gives a soteriological emphasis to

1260-522: The celebrations. A coin by a contender for the imperial throne, Pacatianus , explicitly states "[y]ear one thousand and first", which is an indication that the citizens of the empire had a sense of the beginning of a new era, a Sæculum Novum . The Anno Domini (AD) year numbering was developed by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome in AD   525 (AUC   1278), as a result of his work on calculating

1305-514: The date of Easter. Dionysius did not use the AUC convention, but instead based his calculations on the Diocletian era . This convention had been in use since AD 293, the year of the tetrarchy , as it became impractical to use regnal years of the current emperor. In his Easter table, the year AD   532 (AUC   1285) was equated with the 248th regnal year of Diocletian . The table counted

1350-527: The false impression that the convention was commonly used in antiquity. In reality, the dominant method of identifying years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year. In late antiquity, regnal years were also in use, as in Roman Egypt during the Diocletian era after AD 293 , and in the Byzantine Empire from AD 537, following a decree by Justinian . Prior to

1395-500: The founding of the city on 21 April 753 BC. This date, likely arrived at by mechanical calculation but accepted with a variance of one year by the Augustan-era fasti Capitolini , has become the traditional date. From the time of Claudius ( r.  AD 41–51 ) onward, this calculation superseded other contemporary calculations. Celebrating the anniversary of the city became part of imperial propaganda . Claudius

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1440-436: The fully human person, Jesus Christ; and the Holy Ghost refers to the manifestation of God's Spirit inside of and around His people. Thus the Father is not the Son – and this distinction is crucial – but is in the Son as the fullness of His divine nature. Traditional Trinitarians believe that the Son always existed as the eternal second person of the Trinity; Oneness adherents believe that the Son did not come into being until

1485-746: The holy Theotokos and ever-virgin Mary, And became man without change; You were also crucified, O Christ our God, And by death have trampled Death, Being one of the Holy Trinity, Glorified with the Father and the Holy Spirit— Save us! Additionally, the Divine Liturgy of Saint James includes this chant of " Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence " in its offertory : Let all mortal flesh be silent, and stand with fear and trembling, and meditate nothing earthly within itself:— For

1530-527: The incarnation, as traditionally defined by those Churches that adhere to the Council of Chalcedon , the divine nature of the Son was united but not mixed with human nature in one divine person , Jesus. This is central to the traditional faith held by most Christians. Alternative views on the subject (see Ebionites and the Gospel of the Hebrews ) have been proposed throughout the centuries, but all were rejected by Nicene Christianity . The incarnation

1575-407: The incarnation, when the one and only true God took on human form for the first, last and only time in history. The Jehovah's Witnesses believe Jesus to be the only direct creation of God through whom God created everything else. His incarnation is considered to be temporary, after which Christ, accordingly, resumed his spiritual and angelic form. Christ is not seen as divine or co-equal with God

1620-409: The incarnation: the Son of God became a man so that he could save us from our sins. The former, on the other hand, speaks of the incarnation as a fulfilment of the love of God , of his desire to be present and living amidst humanity, to "walk in the garden" with us. Moltmann favours "fortuitous" incarnation primarily because he feels that to speak of an incarnation of "necessity" is to do an injustice to

1665-453: The man called Christ". Instead, he held that God "substantially dwells in the flesh of other men and creatures" rather than solely Christ. Servetus rejected Arianism because it denied Jesus' divinity so it is certain that he would have also rejected Socinianism as a form of Arianism which both rejects that Jesus is God, and, also that Jesus consciously existed before his birth, which most Arian groups accept. Fausto Sozzini and writers of

1710-534: The oneness of the Godhead as symbolic of Their perfectly united characteristics and purpose, while yet acknowledging that they are three separate and distinct beings. To explain this divergence from Trinitarian oneness as literal rather than symbolic, Latter-day Saints commonly cite Christ's Intercessory Prayer in John 17:20-23, which reads: This conception of the Godhead differs from the Trinitarian view of

1755-520: The power of the Holy Spirit, he was born of the Virgin Mary and became man." The Apostles' Creed includes the article of faith "He was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary." According to Pope John Paul II , by his incarnation Jesus is a figure of and has united himself to every human being, including the unborn at the moment of their life at conception . Eventually,

1800-419: The teachings of Alexander, Athanasius , and the other Nicene Fathers that the Son was consubstantial and coeternal with the Father, were defined as orthodox dogma. All divergent beliefs were defined as heresies . This included Docetism , Arianism , Nestorianism , Monophysitism , Adoptionism , and Sabellianism . The most widely accepted definitions of the incarnation and the nature of Jesus were made by

1845-406: The two natures of Christ; some of them have been condemned traditionally as heretical. In A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation , Andrew Loke evaluates many of these attempts and suggests a possible Divine Preconscious Model (DPM) that postulates that at the Incarnation, Christ's mind included the divine conscious and the divine preconscious along with a human preconscious. The incarnation of Jesus

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1890-432: The years starting from the presumed birth of Christ, rather than the accession of the emperor Diocletian on 20 November AD 284 or, as stated by Dionysius: "sed magis elegimus ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi annorum tempora praenotare" ("but rather we choose to name the times of the years from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ"). Blackburn and Holford-Strevens review interpretations of Dionysius which place

1935-479: Was God, and then became man, and that to deify us" ), St Cyril of Alexandria ("For we too are sons and gods by grace, and we have surely been brought to this wonderful and supernatural dignity since we have the Only Begotten Word of God dwelling within us." ) and numerous others . The link between the incarnation and the atonement within systematic theology is complex. Within traditional models of

1980-567: Was crucified for us. O Christ, our God, Who by Thy death trampled and slaughtered our death, Who are One of the Holy Trinity, worshipped and honored with the Father and the Holy Spirit, have mercy on us all. During the Reformation, Michael Servetus taught a theology of the incarnation that denied trinitarianism , insisting that classical trinitarians were essentially tritheists who had rejected Biblical monotheism in favor of Greek philosophy . The Son of God, Servetus asserted,

2025-481: Was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honor of the anniversary of the city, in AD 47, the eight hundredth year from the founding of the city. Hadrian , in AD 121, and Antoninus Pius , in AD 147 and AD 148, held similar celebrations respectively. In AD 248, Philip the Arab celebrated Rome's first millennium , together with Ludi saeculares for Rome's alleged tenth saeculum . Coins from his reign commemorate

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