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39-624: The Aceh Party was formerly known as GAM Party ( Partai GAM ) after the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), a separatist group that waged a war for Aceh independence from 1976 to 2005. Many of the party's leaders were senior figures in GAM, including its chairman Muzakir Manaf , who was a former commander of GAM's military wing. The party stood in the 2009 elections in Aceh, and was predicted to win in at least 15 of Aceh's 21 regencies. The party set

78-544: A comeback in the next gubernatorial election in Aceh due at the end of Irwandi's five-year term in 2011. In the event, the gubernatorial election due to be held at the end of 2011 was delayed by procedural squabbling as different factions scrambled for advantage. The elections took place in April 2012. The 2012 election, held on 9 April, was largely a continuation of post-agreement rivalries between former GAM leaders, with Zaini Abdullah having returned from exile and entered into

117-462: A consequence of previous strokes, he was too frail to deliver his own speech at his welcome rally and did not play any active role in Aceh's ongoing political process at the time. He stayed for two weeks before returning to Sweden. A year later in October 2009 he again returned to Aceh and stayed there until his death. On 2 June 2010 he regained his Indonesian citizenship after living for years with

156-541: A former Darul Islam "foreign minister", Hasan di Tiro established the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) in December 1976. The small movement carried out its first attack on Mobil engineers in 1977, killing one American engineer. Due to this incident, GAM came under the attention of central government who sent small units of counter-insurgency troops that successfully crushed the movement. Di Tiro

195-605: A large 2003–04 Indonesian offensive in Aceh against the GAM in 2003 with some success. The leaders of GAM, Hasan di Tiro , and his chief deputy, Zaini Abdullah , and Malik Mahmud lived in exile in Stockholm , Sweden for most of the 1980s and 1990s. The group's main Indonesian spokesman was Abdullah Syafei'i Dimatang. In the late 1990s, GAM began peace talks with Jakarta, brokered by the Swedish government. In 1999, it

234-420: A target of 70% of the Aceh vote. During the election campaign, party buildings and vehicles were attacked, including the use of grenades and bombs. Shots were fired at party members. On several occasions, Indonesian Armed Forces personnel lowered Aceh Party flags. The party won 46.91% of the votes in the province, by far the largest share, beating both local and national parties. This was enough to give it 33 of

273-516: The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue , did not have adequate monitoring and enforcing mechanisms to enact sanctions for violations. In 2002–2004, the GAM was severely hit by a series of government offensives in which the organisation lost approximately 50% of its members including its commander, Abdullah Syafei'i Dimatang, who was killed in a military ambush in January 2002. On 28 December 2004, in

312-631: The Finnish Government Banquet Hall in Helsinki by chief Indonesian negotiator Hamid Awaluddin and GAM leader Malik Mahmud . President Ahtisaari was the witness of the peace treaty. Under the terms of the agreement, both sides agreed to cease all hostilities immediately. GAM also agreed to disarm, while the Government pledged to withdraw all non-local military and police by the end of 2005. An Aceh Monitoring Mission

351-474: The 1970s oil shocks. The group renewed its activities in the 1989, apparently with financial support from Libya and Iran , fielding around 1,000 soldiers. This training from overseas meant that GAM soldiers were much more organised and better trained than the previous insurgency. To counter this new threat Aceh was declared an "area of special military operations " (Daerah Operasi Militer) or DOM in 1989. Special counter- insurgency troops were sent in and Aceh

390-513: The 1970s. It surrendered its separatist goals and agreed to disarm as agreed to in the Helsinki peace deal of 2005. He was the maternal great-grandson of Tengku Cik di Tiro , an Acehnese guerilla fighter and national hero of Indonesia who was killed fighting the Dutch in 1891. In 2010 he obtained his Indonesian citizenship back shortly before his death. Coming from a prominent family, from village of Tiro ( Pidie Regency), di Tiro studied in

429-570: The 69 seats in the provincial legislature. Zaini Abdullah of the Aceh Party was elected with 55.9% of the vote in the Acehnese gubernatorial election of 2012 . The party contested the 2014 legislative elections , again only in Aceh. Despite optimistically claiming it would win 60 to 70% of the Acehnese vote during the election campaign, its vote fell sharply to 35.3 percent, although this

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468-525: The Aceh Sumatra National Liberation Front, better known as the Free Aceh Movement ("Gerakan Aceh Merdeka") on 4 December 1976. Amongst its goals was the total independence of Aceh from Indonesia. Di Tiro chose independence as one of GAM's goals instead of autonomy due to his focus on Aceh's pre-colonial history as an independent state. The ASNLF was distinct from the former Darul Islam rebellion which sought to overthrow

507-493: The Acehnese people should restore the pre-colonial state of Aceh and should be separate from the "fraudulent" state of Indonesia. Due to this new focus on Aceh's history and distinct ethnic identity, some of GAM's activities involved attacking transmigrants, particularly those who worked with the Indonesian army, in an effort to restore Acehnese land to Acehnese people. Ethnic Javanese transmigrants were among those most frequently targeted, due to what were often their close links to

546-535: The GAM, led to an increase in military presence. Troop numbers are believed to have risen during the rule of Megawati Sukarnoputri . In 2001–02 the combination of military and police forces in Aceh had grown to about 30,000. In one year this number jumped to 50,000 operating in what the International Crisis group called, "a virtual legal vacuum". The security crackdowns during this time resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. The government launched

585-605: The Indonesian army. GAM's principal military activities, however, involved guerrilla attacks against Indonesian soldiers and police. In 1977, after leading a GAM attack in which an American engineer was killed and another American and South Korean engineer injured, Hasan Tiro was hunted by Indonesian military. He was shot in the leg in a military ambush, and fled to Malaysia . From 1980, di Tiro lived in Stockholm , Sweden and had Swedish citizenship. For most of this period Zaini Abdullah , who became governor of Aceh in June 2012,

624-683: The Indonesian government announced the end of GAM as the counter-insurgency operations had effectively destroyed GAM as a guerrilla force. Surviving GAM members were forced to hide in Malaysia . The fall of Suharto in 1998 and the decision of his successor President Jusuf Habibie to withdraw troops from Aceh as part of democratic reform gave space for GAM to re-establish itself, recruiting youths by exploiting brutality stories of Indonesian military . Increasing violence beginning in 1999 by GAM rebels against government officials and Javanese residents, buoyed by massive weapons smuggling from Thailand by

663-657: The Indonesian revolutionary capital, Yogyakarta, and authored two books in defence of this view. He then continued his studies in United States , where he did part-time work for Indonesian Mission to the United Nations. While a student in New York City in 1953, he declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement, which in Aceh was led by Daud Bereueh . Due to this action, he

702-425: The aftermath of the devastation caused by a massive tsunami , GAM declared a ceasefire of hostilities to allow for aid to reach within the disputed area. In turn, the Indonesian government temporarily removed restrictions of northern Sumatra to allow for rescue efforts in that area. Other Aceh separatist groups exist and there was some tension between them and GAM over tactics and GAM's monopoly of negotiations with

741-463: The contest for the governorship against Irwandi. Zaini Abdullah, with the strong support of the Aceh Party, won the election with a substantial majority. Hasan di Tiro Hasan Muhammad di Tiro (born Hasan Bin Leube Muhammad ; 25 September 1925 – 3 June 2010), was the founder of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) , an organisation which attempted to separate Aceh from Indonesia from

780-418: The destruction of 840 weapons by international observers, Free Aceh movement commander Sofyan Daud told reporters, "The Aceh national army is now part of civil society, and will work to make the peace deal a success." As a sign of how the peace process was progressing the founder of Aceh's separatist rebel movement, Hasan di Tiro, returned to Indonesia on 11 October 2008 after nearly 30 years in exile. During

819-404: The election of 11 December 2006, the Free Aceh Movement temporarily split into two factions each supporting its own candidate for governorship. One side supported Zaini Abdullah 's brother, and the other side supported Irwandi Yusuf , a former GAM negotiator. Irwandi Yusuf got more support from the grass root level and won the election. The losing faction proceeded to bide its time, aiming to make

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858-545: The government. On 27 February 2005, the Free Aceh Movement and the delegation of the Indonesian government started another round of peace talks in Vantaa , Finland , moderated by former Finnish president Martti Ahtisaari . On 16 July 2005, the Indonesian Minister of Communication and GAM announced a peace deal to end the thirty-year insurgency . The peace agreement was officially signed on 15 August 2005 in

897-553: The group the Aceh Security Disturbance Movement  [ id ] . The conflict in Aceh stems from several major factors including historical mistreatment, disagreements over Islamic law , discontent over the distribution of Aceh's natural resource wealth, and the increase in the numbers of Javanese people in Aceh. During the era of Dutch colonisation in the 1800s Aceh was a centre of resistance against Dutch colonial rule. They were one of

936-863: The last Indonesian peoples to succumb to colonial rule and only after a brutal 30-year campaign, the Aceh War of 1873–1903. When the Netherlands transferred sovereignty of their colonial territory, administration of Aceh was handed over to Indonesia and GAM claims that this was done without consultation with Acehnese authorities. Daud Beureueh mounted an armed rebellion that ended with Aceh being granted special status by President Sukarno . However, President Sukarno had not allowed Aceh to implement sharia law during his reign (1945–1967) due to his strong belief of separation of religion and state . Motivated by discovery of large gas reserves in Lhokseumawe ,

975-527: The modernist schools of Daud Beure'eh's PUSA organisation from 1938 and through the Japanese occupation and was a leader of the PUSA Scouts by 1945. He was active as a Pesindo (Socialist Youth) leader in the 'social revolution' against Aceh's ruling aristocratic uleebalangs in December 1945. Then a passionate advocate of identifying Aceh's history with Indonesia's nationalist struggle, he studied further in

1014-466: The most contentious issues in previous negotiations. A "truth and reconciliation commission" will be organised. On the question of the uneven distribution of income, it was settled that seventy percent of the income from local natural resources will stay within Aceh. On 27 December 2005, the leaders of the Free Aceh Movement announced that they had disbanded their military wing. The action, which took effect immediately, follows from earlier peace talks and

1053-478: The petroleum industry and even bid, via a tender process, on a contract to build a gas pipeline which was beaten by the gas giant Bechtel . The reason for this failure was a lack of popular support from both within Aceh and from international sources. President Suharto was favoured by countries such as America due to his anti communist policies during the Cold War period and likely due to the need for oil thanks to

1092-445: The secular Pancasila ideology of Indonesia and create a pan-Indonesian Islamic state based on sharia , if with a high degree of autonomy for Aceh within such a state. In his "Declaration of Independence", he questioned Indonesia's right to exist as it was a multi-cultural state based on the Dutch colonial empire and consisted of numerous prior states and multitudes of ethnicities with little else in common. As such, di Tiro believed that

1131-555: Was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra , Indonesia . GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Estimates of the death toll total over 15,000 people killed. The organisation surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian government, and subsequently changed its name into Aceh Transition Committee ( Indonesian : Komite Peralihan Aceh , KPA ). The Indonesian government called

1170-445: Was a result of finally gaining widespread support throughout Aceh as a result of donations and extortion and a large group of potential soldiers who had lost relatives in the previous uprising. At first the guerrilla war of GAM was quite unsuccessful. By 1977, the central government appeared to have entirely neutralised the group. The early GAM efforts were mainly directed at the local ExxonMobil gas plant. Di Tiro had connections with

1209-534: Was enough for a plurality. One reason for the drop in its vote was the internal party conflict that had raged since February 2011, which led to several Aceh Party members to leave to establish the Aceh National Party . The Aceh Party won 29 of the 81 seats in the provincial legislature. Free Aceh Movement The Free Aceh Movement ( Indonesian : Gerakan Aceh Merdeka , GAM ; Acehnese : Geurakan Acèh Meurdèka / Gěrakan Aceh Měrdeka )

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1248-427: Was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as an illegal alien. The Darul Islam rebellion in Aceh itself ended in a peace deal in 1962. Under the peace deal Aceh was granted nominal autonomy. Di Tiro re-appeared in Aceh in 1974, where he applied for a pipeline contract in the new Mobil Oil gas plant to be built in Lhokseumawe area. He

1287-534: Was locked down. Villages that were suspected of harbouring GAM operatives were burnt down and family members of suspected militants were kidnapped and tortured. Amnesty International called the military response "shock therapy" and it is believed 7,000 human rights abuses took place during DOM. GAM forces have also been suspected of Human Rights abuses. Extra judicial executions of suspected military informants and targeting of civilian infrastructure such as schools have both been attributed to GAM operations. In 1996,

1326-435: Was nearly killed and was forced to flee to Malaysia while all members of his cabinet were either killed or forced to flee abroad by 1979. Since its inception GAM has gone through three stages or three rises and falls. The first was at its birth in 1976 to the year 1979 when it was almost wiped out. The second rise and fall was in 1989 to the early 90s when it received funding and training from foreign countries. The third rise

1365-632: Was one of his closest Acehnese colleagues in Sweden. After the tsunami in December 2004, the GAM and the Indonesian government agreed to a peace treaty which was signed in Helsinki in August 2005. Under the terms of the peace treaty, which were accepted by GAM's political leadership and endorsed by di Tiro, expanded autonomy was to be provided for Aceh. Shortly afterwards, a new Law on the Governing of Aceh

1404-400: Was outbid by Bechtel , in a tender process in which di Tiro thought the central government had too much control. It has been claimed that, as result of this loss and the death of his brother due to what he considered to be deliberate neglect by a doctor of Javanese ethnicity, di Tiro began organising a separatist movement using his old Darul Islam contacts. He declared his organisation as

1443-458: Was passed by the national parliament in Jakarta to support the implementation of the peace treaty. In October 2008, after 30 years of exile, di Tiro returned to Aceh. During the course of the conflict, on three separate occasions the Indonesian government mistakenly declared that Hasan di Tiro had died. Hasan di Tiro returned to Aceh after 30 years of self-imposed exile on 11 October 2008. As

1482-539: Was reported that the group had split into two factions, GAM (representing the original group) and the Free Aceh Movement Government Council (MP-GAM) . This was denied by GAM spokespersons but was widely reported in the Indonesian media. In December 2002, GAM and GoI signed a breakthrough Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (COHA) which only held for a few months before violations started occurring. The mediator in these negotiations,

1521-490: Was set up by the EU and ASEAN to oversee the process of disarmament and the reintegration into society of GAM members. A presidential decree granted amnesty to about five hundred former GAM members who were in exile in other countries, and unconditionally released about 1,400 members who had been jailed by the Government. The Government agreed to facilitate the establishment of Aceh-based political parties; this had been one of

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