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110-476: Admiralty charts have been produced by UKHO for over 200 years, with the primary aim of saving and protecting lives at sea. The core market for these charts includes over 40,000 defence and merchant ships globally. Today, their products are used by over 90% of ships trading internationally. The British admiralty charts are compiled, drawn and issued by the Hydrographic Office. This department of

220-631: A Master of Arts . He acceded to the earldom on the death of his father in 1783. Lord Spencer was Whig Member of Parliament for Northampton from 1780 to 1782 and Whig MP for Surrey from 1782 to 1783. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1794 and served under William Pitt the Younger as Lord Privy Seal in 1794 and as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1794 to 1801. He was later Home Secretary from 1806 to 1807 under Lord Grenville in

330-476: A 334-ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following month. Investigator set sail for New Holland on 18 July 1801. Attached to the expedition were the botanist Robert Brown , botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer , landscape artist William Westall , gardener Peter Good , geological assistant John Allen, and John Crosley as astronomer. Vallance et al. comment that compared to the Baudin expedition this

440-529: A blockade of the island, and in June 1810 Flinders was paroled . Travelling via the Cape of Good Hope on Olympia , which was taking despatches back to Britain, he received a promotion to post-captain , before continuing to England. Flinders had been confined for the first few months of his captivity, but he was later afforded greater freedom to move around the island and access his papers. In November 1804 he sent

550-737: A convenient A2 size, are produced for leisure users. Alongside its paper charts, UKHO produces an expanding range of digital products to fulfil the impending compulsory carriage requirements of ECDIS/ENCs, as issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) . The digital range comprises Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) for use with an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) , which can be displayed and interrogated through Admiralty Vector Chart Service (AVCS). The range also includes Admiralty Raster Chart Service (ARCS), which allows paper nautical charts to be viewed in raster form on an ECDIS. Due to

660-518: A fertile appearance". After scaling the You Yangs to the northwest of Port Phillip on 1 May, he left a scroll of paper with the ship's name on it and deposited it in a small pile of stones at the top of the peak. With stores running low, Flinders proceeded to Sydney , arriving on 9 May 1802. Flinders spent 12 weeks and 2 days in Sydney resupplying and enlisting further crew for the continuation of

770-691: A former burial ground near London's Euston railway station for the High Speed 2 rail project, announced in January 2019 that his remains had been identified. On 13 July 2024, he was reburied in Donington, Lincolnshire , the village of his birth. Matthew Flinders was born in Donington, Lincolnshire, the son of Matthew Flinders, a surgeon, and his wife Susannah ( née Ward). He was educated at Cowley's Charity School , Donington, from 1780 and then at

880-444: A great deal of detail of features on land as well as sea. Depths were shown by individual soundings while hills and mountains were shown by hatch marks. Printing was in black and white, but some charts were hand-coloured, either to emphasise water depth or terrain, or to indicate specific features such as lighthouses. Experiments were made with the use of lithography from the 1820s, but results were not entirely satisfactory. Lithography

990-575: A map that Flinders had constructed from all the information he had accumulated while he was in Australian waters and finished while he was detained by the French in Mauritius . Flinders explained in his letter to Banks: The propriety of the name Australia or Terra Australis, which I have applied to the whole body of what has generally been called New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of

1100-574: A microfiche copy of Flinders Y46/1. In 2001–2002 the Mitchell Library Sydney displayed Y46/1 at their "Matthew Flinders – The Ultimate Voyage" exhibition. Paul Brunton called Y46/1 "the memorial of the great naval explorer Matthew Flinders". The first hard-copy of Y46/1 and its cartouche was retrieved from the UK Hydrographic Office ( Taunton, Somerset ) by historian Bill Fairbanks in 2004. On 2 April 2004, copies of

1210-661: A midshipman aboard HMS  Reliance in 1795. This vessel was headed to New South Wales carrying the recently appointed governor of that British colony, Captain John Hunter . On this voyage Flinders became friends with the ship's surgeon George Bass who was three years his senior and had been born at Aswarby , just 11 miles (18 km) from Donington. HMS Reliance arrived in Port Jackson in September 1795, and Bass and Flinders soon organised an expedition in

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1320-581: A month exploring the area. The local Aboriginal people initially indicated that Flinders' group should "return from whence they came", but relations improved to the point where one resident participated in musket-drill with the ship's marines . In nearby Oyster Harbour , Flinders found a copper plate that Captain Christopher Dixson, on Elligood , had left the year before. While approaching Port Lincoln , which Flinders named after his home county of Lincolnshire , eight of his crew were lost when

1430-561: A point 2 miles (3.2 km) west of that ( 27°15′46″S 153°04′45″E  /  27.2628°S 153.0792°E  / -27.2628; 153.0792  ( Clontarf Point ) ) as "Redcliffe" (on account of its red cliffs). That point is now known as Clontarf Point , while the name "Redcliffe" is used by the town of Redcliffe to the north. He landed on Coochiemudlo Island ( 27°34′13″S 153°19′59″E  /  27.5703°S 153.3331°E  / -27.5703; 153.3331  ( Coochiemudlo Island ) ) on 19 July while he

1540-404: A reproduction of the portfolio. Flinders' map of Terra Australis or Australia (so the two parts of the double name of his 1804 manuscript reversed) was first published in January 1814 and the remaining maps were published before his atlas and book. Flinders died, aged 40, on 19 July 1814 from kidney disease , at his London home at 14 London Street, later renamed Maple Street and now the site of

1650-469: A scale of 1:50,000 or smaller (1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:50,000) use the Mercator projection , and have since at least the 1930s. The Mercator projection has the property of maintaining angles correctly, so that a line on the earth's surface that crosses all the meridians at the same angle (a rhumb line ) will be represented on the chart by a straight line at the same angle. Thus if a straight line

1760-532: A series of able surveyors including Michael Slater, Henry Otter , Charles Robinson, William Hewett and Frederick Beechey surveyed the coasts of Britain and Ireland over the next 30 years. Thomas developed techniques for extending triangulation over the shallow waters of the Thames Estuary and the southern part of the North Sea, allowing the exact positions of treacherous sand banks to be determined for

1870-480: A small open boat named Tom Thumb , in which they sailed with a boy, William Martin, to Botany Bay and up the Georges River . In March 1796, the two explorers, again with William Martin, set out on another voyage in a larger boat, dubbed Tom Thumb II . They sailed south from Port Jackson but were soon forced to beach at Red Point (Port Kembla) . There, they accepted the help of two Aboriginal men who piloted

1980-527: A strait be found, pass through it, and return by the south end of Van Diemen's Land ". Flinders and Bass had, in the months previously, both made separate journeys exploring the region but neither were conclusive as to the existence of a strait. Flinders, with Bass and several crewmen, sailed the Norfolk along the uncharted northern and western coasts of Van Diemen's Land, rounded Cape Pillar and returned to Furneaux's Islands. By doing so, Flinders had completed

2090-501: A supply [of meat], I named this southern land Kangaroo Island ." The seals on the island proved less docile, with a crew member receiving a severe bite from one. On 8 April 1802, while sailing east, Flinders sighted Géographe , a French corvette commanded by the explorer Nicolas Baudin , who was on a similar expedition for his government. Both men of science, Flinders and Baudin exchanged details of their discoveries, despite believing that their countries were at war. Flinders named

2200-405: A zinc plate copied from the copper original. These were successful, and by the outbreak of World War II all chart production used this process, which was faster, and reduced wear and tear on the copper original. This development was crucial in meeting the increased wartime demand for charts. During World War II the distribution of printing facilities was on a much larger scale than previously. There

2310-437: Is drawn on the chart from A to B, and the angle determined, the ship may sail at a constant bearing at that angle to reach B from A. Allowances for magnetic variation and magnetic deviation must also be made. However, a rhumb line is not in general the shortest distance between two points, which is a great circle . (The equator and lines of longitude are both great circles and rhumb lines.) When navigating over longer distances

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2420-440: Is necessary, however, to geographical precision that the whole of this great body of land should be distinguished by one general term, and under the circumstances of the discovery of the different parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the most proper. Of this term, therefore, we shall hereafter make use when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales in a collective sense; and when using it in an extensive signification,

2530-627: Is on board the Investigator, and that you have some thought of carrying her to sea with you. This I was very sorry to hear, and if that is the case I beg to give you my advice by no means to adventure to measures so contrary to the regulations and the discipline of the Navy; for I am convinced by language I have heard, that their Lordships will, if they hear of her being in New South Wales, immediately order you to be superseded, whatever may be

2640-486: The BT Tower . This was on the day after the book and atlas was published; Flinders never saw the completed work (as he was unconscious by that time), but his wife arranged the volumes on his bed covers so that he could touch them. On 23 July, he was interred in the burial ground of St James's Church, Piccadilly , which was located some distance from the church, beside Hampstead Road , Camden , London. The burial ground

2750-630: The Great Barrier Reef , approximately 700 miles (1,100 km) north of Sydney. Flinders navigated the ship's cutter across open sea back to Sydney, and arranged for the rescue of the remaining marooned crew. Flinders then took command of the 29-ton schooner HMS  Cumberland in order to return to England, but the poor condition of the vessel forced him to put in at French-controlled Isle de France (now known as Mauritius ) for repairs on 17 December 1803, just three months after Baudin had died there. War with France had broken out again

2860-522: The Great Barrier Reef . For Flinders, the collection of reefs served as a barrier to safe navigation, calling them Barrier Reefs in his 1814 book. The Lady Nelson was deemed too unseaworthy to continue, and Captain Murray sailed her back to Sydney with his crew and Nanbaree, who wanted to return home. Flinders exited the reefs near to the Whitsunday Islands and sailed Investigator north to

2970-471: The John Rylands Library and catalogued by Alice Margaret Cooke . The manuscripts of Spencer's collection are relatively few; one has pasted into it a St Christopher block print dated 1423. From 1789 to 1818 Earl Spencer employed Tomaso d'Ocheda, an Italian, as his librarian; he had until 1789 been the librarian of Pierre-Antoine Bolongaro-Crevenna. When Napoleon was in the process of

3080-729: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars . Flinders wrote a detailed journal of this intense battle including how Captain Pasley "lost his leg by an 18-pound shot, which came through the barricading of the quarter-deck." Both Pasley and Flinders survived, with Flinders deciding to pursue a preference for exploratory rather than military naval commissions. Flinders' desire for adventure led him to enlist as

3190-894: The Ministry of All the Talents . Lord Spencer was also High Steward of St Albans from 1783 to 1807, Mayor of St Albans in 1790, President of the Royal Institution from 1813 to 1825 and Commissioner of the Public Records in 1831. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1780 and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1785. He was appointed to the Order of the Garter in 1799. On 18 February 1793, he

3300-674: The Ordnance Survey National Grid . Topography on Admiralty charts of the UK is generally based on Ordnance Survey mapping. For the small areas depicted on such maps, the differences between projections are of no practical importance. Admiralty charts are issued by the UKHO for a variety of users; Standard Nautical Charts (SNCs) are issued to mariners subject to the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention , while chart folios, at

3410-737: The Porpoise , arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island . Original copies of the Atlas to Flinders' Voyage to Terra Australis are held at the Mitchell Library in Sydney as a portfolio that accompanied the book and included engravings of 16 maps, four plates of views and ten plates of Australian flora. The book was republished in three volumes in 1964, accompanied by

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3520-682: The South Australian Maritime Museum in Port Adelaide and at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra . Arriving in Sydney on 9 June 1803, Investigator was judged to be unseaworthy and condemned. Unable to find another vessel suitable to continue his exploration, Flinders set sail for Britain as a passenger aboard HMS  Porpoise . However, the ship was wrecked on Wreck Reefs , part of

3630-532: The Torres Strait . On 29 October, they arrived at Murray Island in the east of this strait, where they traded iron for shell necklaces with the local people . The expedition entered the Gulf of Carpentaria on 4 November and charted the coast to Arnhem Land . At Blue Mud Bay the crew, while collecting timber, had a skirmish with local Aboriginal men. One of the crew received four spear wounds while two of

3740-525: The secularization of religious houses in southern Germany , Spencer used the local British agent and Benedictine monk , Alexander Horn , to acquire many of their rare books and manuscripts. Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin , a Church of England clergyman and bibliographer, wrote the first of many bibliographical works: Introduction to the Knowledge of Editions of the Classics (1802), which brought him to

3850-602: The 1920s, and Percy Douglas , hydrographer from 1924 to 1932, was a strong advocate of this method. As well as increasing productivity, it enabled continuous monitoring along a sounding line, reducing the chance of a hazard being missed. Isolated rocks between sounding lines could still be missed, and it was not until the development of sideways-looking sonar in the 1960s and 70s that this risk could be eliminated. Most navigation today uses GPS chart plotters with electronic charts. Paper charts continue to be issued, and are valuable for passage planning and course plotting. The scale of

3960-399: The 3 fathom line, and a ribbon of blue for six fathoms. Metrication of Admiralty charts began in 1967, and it was decided to synchronise this with the introduction of a new style of chart, with increased use of colour, which continues in use today. The most striking change is the use of buff for land. Green is used for drying (intertidal) areas, and magenta to indicate lights and beacons. Thus

4070-512: The Aboriginal men were shot dead. At nearby Caledon Bay , Flinders took a 14-year-old boy named Woga captive in order to coerce the local people to return a stolen axe. Although the axe was not returned, Flinders released the boy who had spent a day tied to a tree. On 17 February 1803, near Cape Wilberforce, the expedition encountered a Makassan trepanging fleet captained by a man called Pobasso , from whom Flinders obtained information about

4180-665: The Admiralty and the learned in geography. It seems to me an inconsistent thing that captain Cooks New South Wales should be absorbed in the New Holland of the Dutch, and therefore I have reverted to the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Land, by which it was distinguished even by the Dutch during the 17th century; for it appears that it was not until some time after Tasman's second voyage that

4290-523: The Admiralty was established under Earl Spencer by an order in council in 1795, consisting of the Hydrographer , Alexander Dalrymple , one assistant and a draughtsman. The initial remit was to organise the charts and information in the office, and to make it available to His Majesty's ships. The Hydrographic Department began printing charts in 1800, with the acquisition of its first printing press. Initially charts were produced only for use by

4400-625: The Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood in Donington. On 17 October 2019 HS2 Ltd announced that Flinders' remains could be reinterred in the church in Donington, where he was baptised. Permission was given by the Diocese of Lincoln for reburial in the north aisle. His remains were reburied there on 13 July 2024. The coffin used for his reburial is a replica of the one he was originally buried in. Based on historical and archaeological evidence, it

4510-436: The Navy, but in 1821, Thomas Hurd , who had succeeded Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1808, persuaded the Admiralty to allow sales to the public. The first catalogue of Admiralty charts was published in 1825, and listed 756 charts. Charts were printed from copper plates. Plates were engraved, in reverse, with a burin . The plate was inked, and the excess ink wiped from the flat surface before printing, so that ink remained only in

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4620-769: The Reverend John Shinglar's Grammar School at Horbling in Lincolnshire. In his own words, he was "induced to go to sea against the wishes of my friends from reading Robinson Crusoe ", and in 1789, at the age of fifteen, he joined the Royal Navy . Under the patronage of Captain Thomas Pasley , Flinders was initially assigned to HMS  Alert as a servant, but was soon transferred as an able-seaman to HMS  Scipio , and then in July 1790

4730-533: The Southern Continent , published in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels (1744–48, and 1764). Banks said in the draft: It was not until after Tasman's second voyage, in 1644, that the general name Terra Australis, or Great South Land, was made to give place to the new term of New Holland; and it was then applied only to

4840-504: The adjacent isles, including that of Van Diemen, must be understood to be comprehended. Although Thévenot said that he had taken his chart from the one inlaid into the floor of the Amsterdam Town Hall, in fact it appears to be an almost exact copy of that of Joan Blaeu in his Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in 1659. It seems to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation between Nova Hollandia to

4950-550: The attention of many of the scientists of the day, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks , to whom Flinders dedicated his Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Strait, etc. . Banks used his influence with Earl Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of an expedition to chart the coastline of New Holland. As a result, in January 1801, Flinders was given command of HMS  Investigator ,

5060-430: The bay in which they met Encounter Bay . Proceeding along the coast, Flinders explored Port Phillip (the site of the future city of Melbourne ), which, unknown to him, had been explored only ten weeks earlier by John Murray aboard HMS  Lady Nelson . Flinders scaled Arthur's Seat , the highest point near the shores of the southernmost parts of the bay, and wrote that the land had "a pleasing and, in many parts,

5170-431: The boat to the entrance of Lake Illawarra , where they were able to dry their gunpowder and obtain supplies of water from another group of Aboriginal people. During the return to Sydney, they had to seek shelter at Wattamolla and also explored some of Port Hacking (Deeban) . In 1798, Flinders, by then a lieutenant , was given command of the sloop Norfolk with orders "to sail beyond Furneaux's Islands , and, should

5280-573: The breadfruit plants, and then returned to England, with Flinders disembarking in London in August 1793 after more than two years at sea. In September 1793, Flinders re-joined HMS  Bellerophon under the command of Captain Pasley. In 1794, Flinders served on this vessel during the battle known as the Glorious First of June , the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between

5390-517: The canal was nearing completion, the question arose as to its suitability for naval ships. George Nares in HMS ; Newport traversed the canal in both directions taking soundings and making measurements, and also surveyed the approaches. This led to the canal becoming an established route for the Royal Navy. As well as the "grand surveys" much detailed work was needed. A particular concern

5500-546: The changing nature of the seabed and other charted features, chart information must be up-to-date to maintain accuracy and general safety. This is ensured by UKHO continually assessing hydrographic data for vital safety information, with urgent updates issued via weekly Notices to Mariners (NMs) George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer , KG , PC , DL , FRS , FSA (1 September 1758 – 10 November 1834), styled Viscount Althorp from 1765 to 1783,

5610-495: The chart coloration gave a clear indication to users as to whether they were using a chart with depths in fathoms or feet. While depths and heights were in metres, the nautical mile continued to be an international standard. Derived from the length of 1 minute of latitude, it is defined as 1852 metres. Initially, surveys and explorations continued to be commissioned directly by the Admiralty, for example Flinders' circumnavigation of Australia in 1801–3, and Beaufort's survey of

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5720-523: The chart were presented by three of Matthew Flinders's descendants to the Governor of New South Wales, in London, to be presented in turn to the people of Australia through their parliaments by 14 November, the 200th anniversary of the chart leaving Mauritius. This celebration marked the first time the naming of Australia was formally recognised. Flinders was not the first to use the word "Australia" , nor

5830-718: The charts can vary according to purpose; large-scale charts often cover approaches to harbours , such as Port Approach Guides, medium-scale charts often cover frequently used coastal areas, and small-scale charts are regularly used for navigation in more open areas. A series of small craft charts are also available at suitable scales. Admiralty charts include information on: depths ( chart datum ), coastline, buoyage, land and underwater contour lines, seabed composition, hazards, tidal information (indicated by " tidal diamonds "), prominent land features, traffic separation schemes radio direction finding (RDF) information, lights, and other information to assist in navigation. Navigation charts at

5940-530: The circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land and confirmed the presence of a strait between it and the mainland. The passage was named Bass Strait after his close friend, and the largest island in the strait would later be named Flinders Island in his honour. During the voyage, Flinders and Bass rowed the ship's dinghy for some miles up the River Derwent , where they had their only encounter with Aboriginal Tasmanians . In 1799, Flinders' request to explore

6050-609: The coast north of Port Jackson was granted and, once more, the sloop Norfolk was assigned to him. Bass had returned to Britain by that time and, in his place, Flinders recruited his brother Samuel Flinders and was also accompanied on the voyage by a Kuringgai man named Bungaree . They departed on 8 July 1799 and arrived in Moreton Bay six days later. Flinders rowed ashore at Woody Point ( 27°15′48″S 153°06′14″E  /  27.2632°S 153.1039°E  / -27.2632; 153.1039  ( Woody Point ) ) and named

6160-670: The coast of South America from the River Plate to Ecuador via the Straits of Magellan have been described as a "monumental achievement", and as "opening up the South American continent to European trade". Thomas Graves was working in the Mediterranean from 1836 to 1850. Like a number of surveyors before and since, he explored the antiquities and natural history of the numerous places he charted. In 1841-7 Edward Belcher

6270-498: The coast of what would later be called Queensland . They soon anchored at Sandy Cape where, with Bungaree acting as a mediator, they feasted on porpoise blubber with a group of Batjala people. In early August, Flinders sailed into a bay he named Port Curtis . Here the local people threw stones at them as they attempted to land. Flinders ordered muskets be fired above their heads to disperse them. The expedition continued north but navigation became increasingly difficult as they entered

6380-543: The consequences, and in all likelihood order Mr. Grant to finish the survey. As a result, Ann was obliged to stay in England and would not see her husband for nine years, following his imprisonment on the Isle de France (Mauritius, at the time a French possession) on his return journey. When they finally reunited, Matthew and Ann had one daughter, Anne (1 April 1812 – 1892), who later married William Petrie (1821–1908). In 1853,

6490-415: The difference becomes important, and charts using the gnomonic projection , on which all great circles are shown as straight lines, are used for course planning. In the past, the gnomonic projection was widely used for navigation charts, and also for polar charts. Since the late 1970s, all charts at a scale of 1:50,000 or larger have used the transverse Mercator projection , which is the projection used for

6600-574: The eastern coast of Bruny Island off the south-eastern coast of the island now known as Tasmania . The officers and crew spent over a week in the region obtaining water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people . It was Flinders' first association with any of the land which is now part of the Commonwealth of Australia . After the expedition arrived in Tahiti in April 1792, obtaining

6710-415: The engraved lines ( intaglio printing). The process allowed very fine detail to be printed, but was slow. When corrections or alterations were needed to a chart, the copper was hammered from behind, the raised section scraped and smoothed, and the new information engraved on the smoothed area. This allowed plates to continue in use for long periods, in some cases for over a hundred years. Charts often showed

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6820-436: The expedition to the northern coast of Australia. Bungaree , an Aboriginal man who had accompanied him on his earlier coastal survey in 1799, joined the expedition as did another local Aboriginal man named Nanbaree . It was arranged that Captain John Murray and his vessel the Lady Nelson would accompany the Investigator as a supply ship on this voyage. Flinders set sail again on 22 July 1802, heading north and surveying

6930-443: The first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia , then called New Holland . He is also credited as being the first person to utilise the name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent including Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania ), a title he regarded as being "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such as Terra Australis . Flinders was involved in several voyages of discovery between 1791 and 1803,

7040-418: The first map of the landmass he had charted (Y46/1) back to England. This was the only map made by Flinders where he used the name "Australia or Terra Australis" for the title instead of New Holland the name of the continent that James Cook had used in 1770 and Abel Tasman had coined a Dutch version of in 1644, and the first known time he used the word Australia. He used the name New Holland on his map only for

7150-436: The first time. These surveys added large numbers of new charts, as well as improvements to old ones. By 1855, when Beaufort retired, the survey of the coasts of the United Kingdom was complete, and there were about 2,000 charts in the catalogue, covering all the oceans of the world. An important survey in 1870 was the Suez Canal. Britain had remained aloof in the early stages of the project, believing it to be impracticable. When

7260-594: The governments of New South Wales and Victoria bequeathed a belated pension to her (deceased) mother of £100 per year, to go to surviving issue of the union. This she accepted on behalf of her young son, William Matthew Flinders Petrie , who would go on to become an accomplished archaeologist and Egyptologist . Flinders' map Y46/1 was never "lost". It had been stored and recorded by the UK Hydrographic Office before 1828. Geoffrey C. Ingleton mentioned Y46/1 in his book Matthew Flinders Navigator and Chartmaker on page 438. By 1987 every library in Australia had access to

7370-478: The mainland); it is now called the Pumicestone Passage . Most of the meetings between the Aboriginal people of Moreton Bay and Flinders were of a friendly nature, but on 15 July at the southern tip of Bribie Island, a spear was thrown which resulted in a local man being wounded by gunfire. Flinders named the place where this occurred Point Skirmish. While anchored in Pumicestone, Flinders ventured several kilometres overland with three crew including Bungaree and climbed

7480-454: The many breadfruit plants to take to Jamaica, they sailed back west. Instead of travelling via Adventure Bay, Bligh navigated to the north of the Australian continent, sailing through the Torres Strait . There, off Zagai Island, they were involved in a naval skirmish with armed local men in a flotilla of sailing canoes, which resulted in the death of several Islanders and one crewman. The expedition arrived in Jamaica in February 1793, offloading

7590-425: The mariner. Contours were increasingly used for hills instead of hatching. All printing of Admiralty charts was carried out in England until the first World War . In 1915, the survey ship HMS Endeavour was sent to support the Gallipoli campaign , and carried printing equipment so that charts from her surveys could be rapidly made available to the fleet. In 1938 trials were made with the rotary offset process, using

7700-416: The matter to the French government; this was delayed not only by the long voyage but also by the general confusion of war. Eventually, on 11 March 1806, Napoleon gave his approval, but Decaen still refused to allow Flinders' release. By this stage Decaen believed Flinders' knowledge of the island's defences would have encouraged Britain to attempt to capture it. Nevertheless, in June 1809 the Royal Navy began

7810-556: The most famous of which are the circumnavigation of Australia and an earlier expedition when he and George Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land was an island. While returning to Britain in 1803, Flinders was arrested by the French at the colony of Isle de France . Although Britain and France were at war, Flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but he remained under arrest for more than six years. In captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming

7920-565: The mountain Beerburrum . They turned back after meeting the steep cliffs of Mount Tibrogargan on about 26 July. Exiting Moreton Bay, Flinders continued north exploring as far as Hervey Bay before returning south. They arrived back in Sydney on 20 August 1799. In March 1800, Flinders rejoined Reliance and returned to Britain. During the voyage, the Antipodes Islands were discovered and charted. Flinders' work had come to

8030-568: The name New Holland was first applied, and then it was long before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to have existence; New South Wales, therefore, ought to remain distinct from New Holland; but as it is requisite that the whole body should have one general name, since it is now known (if there is no great error in the Dutch part) that it is certainly all one land, so I judge, that one less exceptionable to all parties and on all accounts cannot be found than that now applied. Flinders continued to promote

8140-434: The new continent 'Australia', as an umbrella term for New Holland and New South Wales – a suggestion taken up later by Governor Macquarie . Flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he returned to Britain in 1810, he did not live to see the success of his widely praised book and atlas, A Voyage to Terra Australis . The location of his grave had been lost by the mid-19th century, but archaeologists, excavating

8250-404: The notice of Earl Spencer, to whom he owed important aid in his bibliographical pursuits. The rich library at Althorp was thrown open to him; he spent much time there and in 1814–1815 published Bibliotheca Spenceriana . As the library was not open to the public, the information was found useful, but as its author was unable even to read the characters in which the books he described were written, it

8360-413: The officers involved in the activities. The history was continued to 1917 by Archibald Day, Hydrographer from 1950 to 1955 in his The Admiralty Hydrographic Service from 1795-1919 , explicitly described as a continuation of Dawson's Memoirs . Thomas Henry Tizard published a chronological list of the officers and vessels conducting British maritime discoveries and surveys until 1900. These works are all in

8470-536: The parts lying westward of a meridian line, passing through Arnhem's Land on the north, and near the Isles St Peter and St Francis on the south: All to the eastward, including the shores of the Gulph of Carpentaria, still remained Terra Australis. This appears from a chart by Thevenot in 1663, which he says "was originally taken from that done in inlaid work upon the pavement of the new Stadt House at Amsterdam". It

8580-409: The previous May, but Flinders hoped his French passport (despite its being issued for Investigator and not Cumberland ) and the scientific nature of his mission would allow him to continue on his way. Despite this, and the knowledge of Baudin's earlier encounter with Flinders, the French governor, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen , detained Flinders. The relationship between the men soured: Flinders

8690-615: The public domain. Roger Morris, Hydrographer from 1985 to 1990, published Charts and Surveys in Peace and War 1919-1970 , a further continuation of Memoirs . A less formal account of British Naval Hydrography in the 19th-Century is given by Steve Ritchie , Hydrographer 1966–1971, in The Admiralty Chart . Tony Rice has produced a listing and description of the vessels involved in surveying and oceanographic work from 1800 to 1950. A number of major overseas surveys were completed in

8800-566: The region. During this part of the voyage, much of the Investigator was discovered to be rotten, and Flinders made the decision to complete the circumnavigation of the continent without any further close surveying of the coast. He sailed to Sydney via Timor and the western and southern coasts of Australia. On the way, Flinders jettisoned two wrought-iron anchors which were found by divers in 1973 at Middle Island , Recherche Archipelago , Western Australia . The anchors are on display at

8910-542: The rules, but the Admiralty learned of his plans and reprimanded him for his bad judgement, and ordered him to remove her from the ship. This is well documented in correspondence between Flinders and his chief benefactor, Sir Joseph Banks , in May 1801: I have but time to tell you that the news of your marriage, which was published in the Lincoln paper, has reached me. The Lords of the Admiralty have heard also that Mrs. Flinders

9020-445: The sailing cutter, in which they were attempting to return to the ship after an expedition to the mainland, capsized. Flinders named nearby Memory Cove in their honour. On 21 March 1802, the expedition reached a large island where many kangaroos were sighted. Flinders and some crew went ashore and found the animals so tame they could walk right up to them. They killed 31 kangaroos with Flinders writing that "in gratitude for so seasonable

9130-482: The southern coast of Turkey (then called Karamania ) in 1811–1812. Under Hurd, the Hydrographic Office became more involved in surveying work, and by 1817 there were three vessels specifically assigned to the surveying service, HMS Protector , HMS  Shamrock , and HMS  Congo . This continued, particularly under Francis Beaufort , Hydrographer from 1829 to 1855. Over the following century

9240-535: The surveying service expanded in both size and reach, becoming a global operation. Several accounts record this history in detail. Llewellyn Styles Dawson was a surveyor particularly noted for his work in China (1865-1870) and a naval assistant in the department for five years (1876-1881). During the latter period he commenced work on the two-volume Memoirs of Hydrography which described the Royal Navy's surveying activities between 1750 and 1885, and presented biographies of

9350-505: The use of the word until his arrival in London in 1810. Here he found that Banks did not approve of the name and had not unpacked the chart he had sent him, and that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in general use. As a result, a book by Flinders was published under the title A Voyage to Terra Australis and his published map of 1814 also shows 'Terra Australis' as the first of the two name options, despite his objections. The final proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but he

9460-442: The west and Terre Australe to the east of the meridian corresponding to 135° East of Greenwich, emphasised by the latitude staff running down that meridian, as there is no such division on Blaeu's map. In his Voyage , Flinders wrote: There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of

9570-617: The western part of the continent. Due to the delay caused by his lengthy confinement, the first published map of the Australian continent was the Freycinet Map of 1811 , a product of the Baudin expedition, issued in 1811. Flinders finally returned to England in October 1810. He was in poor health but immediately resumed work preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis and his atlas of maps for publication. The full title of this book, which

9680-676: The years to 1855, a period dominated by Francis Beaufort , Hydrographer from 1829 to 1855. Owen carried out his survey of East Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui on the Horn of Africa in 1822–1825, an operation that cost the lives of more than half of the crew due to tropical illness. The second voyage of the Beagle to South America (1831-6) is mostly famous for the scientific importance of Darwin's observations and collections, but Captain Robert Fitzroy's surveys of

9790-514: Was a 'modest contingent of scientific gentlemen', which reflects 'British parsimony' in scientific endeavour. The future explorer John Franklin , Flinders' cousin by marriage, served as midshipman. Aboard Investigator , Flinders reached and named Cape Leeuwin on 6 December 1801, and proceeded to make a survey along the southern coast of the Australian mainland. The expedition soon anchored in King George Sound and stayed there for

9900-493: Was a British Whig politician. He served as Home Secretary from 1806 to 1807 in the Ministry of All the Talents . He was also the father of the Venerable Father Ignatius of St Paul , a Roman Catholic convert to the priesthood. Lord Spencer was born at Wimbledon Park House , London, the son of John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer , and his wife Margaret Georgiana Poyntz , daughter of Stephen Poyntz , and

10010-624: Was affronted at his treatment, and Decaen insulted by Flinders' refusal of an invitation to dine with him and his wife. Decaen was suspicious of the alleged scientific mission as the Cumberland carried no scientists and Decaen's search of Flinders' vessel uncovered a trunk full of papers (including despatches from the New South Wales Governor Philip Gidley King ) that were not permitted under his scientific passport. Furthermore, one of King's despatches

10120-410: Was also concern about the safety of the original printing plates in the event of air raids, and high quality baryta paper proofs were made as backups. From the late 1940s, developments in printing technology made colour printing possible with sufficient accuracy for chart work. The first use of printed (as opposed to hand-drawn) colour was in marking of water depths. Solid pale blue was used for water to

10230-439: Was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Northamptonshire. Spencer was known for an interest in literature, particularly early examples of printing . He was the instigator and first President of the exclusive, bibliophilic Roxburghe Club founded in 1812. Spencer's tens of thousands of volumes included the most nearly complete collection of Aldine editions ever brought together. It was acquired in 1892 by Enriqueta Rylands for

10340-682: Was baptised there on 16 October 1758. His godparents were King George II , the Earl Cowper (his grandmother's second husband) and his great-aunt the Dowager Viscountess Bateman . His sister Lady Georgiana Spencer married the Duke of Devonshire and became a famed Whig hostess. He was educated at Harrow School from 1770 to 1775 and he won the school's Silver Arrow (an archery prize) in 1771. He then attended Trinity College, Cambridge , from 1776 to 1778 and graduated with

10450-522: Was buried in the nearby village of Great Brington on 19 November of that year. The Spencer , a type of short jacket from which the UK military mess jacket is derived, is named after George Spencer, reportedly because he had a tail-coat adapted after its tails were burned by coals from a fire. Matthew Flinders Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was a Royal Navy officer, navigator and cartographer who led

10560-728: Was engaged in the Far East, including making the first survey of Hong Kong . The longest running survey was that of Bayfield , whose survey of the Canadian coasts, the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes occupied him from 1816 to 1856. Surveys in home waters were also important. What Robinson (1962) described as the "Grand Survey of the British Isles" began with the appointment of George Thomas as Head Maritime surveyor. Thomas and

10670-418: Was finding isolated rocks. These were easily missed by soundings with lead and line, which did not give any information about the depths between the soundings. In 1887, two ships were lost in the southern Red Sea , fortunately without loss of life, after striking an uncharted reef close to a major shipping lane. Several attempts to find this were made before HMS Stork found it (and nearly struck it) in 1888. It

10780-474: Was first published in London in July 1814, was given, as was common at the time, a synoptic description: A Voyage to Terra Australis: undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner. With an account of the shipwreck of

10890-589: Was he the first to apply the name specifically to the continent. He owned a copy of Alexander Dalrymple 's 1771 book An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean , and it seems likely he borrowed it from there, but he applied it specifically to the continent, not the whole South Pacific region. In 1804 he wrote to his brother: "I call the whole island Australia, or Terra Australis". Later that year, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks and mentioned "my general chart of Australia",

11000-399: Was in use from 1790 until 1853. By 1852, the location of the grave had been forgotten due to alterations to the burial ground. In 1878, the cemetery became St James's Gardens, Camden, with only a few gravestones lining the edges of the park. Part of the gardens, located between Hampstead Road and Euston railway station , was built over when Euston station was expanded, and Flinders' grave

11110-447: Was less expensive, and some charts were printed in this way, but printing from copper plates continued to be the main method into the 20th-Century, and in both cases from flat-bed printing machines. The most common chart size was early established as the "Double-elephant" , about 39 X 25.5 inches, and this has continued to be the case. Chart design gradually simplified over the years, with less detail on land, focusing on features visible to

11220-547: Was made midshipman on HMS  Bellerophon . In May 1791, on Pasley's recommendation, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh 's expedition on HMS  Providence transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica . It was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage", following his ill-fated voyage on HMS Bounty . The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and, in February 1792, they arrived at Adventure Bay on

11330-493: Was made by one of the archaeologists who excavated his grave in 2019. The church displayed a recently discovered portrait, apparently of Flinders in his last years, attributed to Investigator artist William Westall. On 17 April 1801, Flinders married his longstanding friend Ann Chappelle (1772–1852) and had hoped to take her with him to Port Jackson. However, the Admiralty had strict rules against wives accompanying captains. Flinders brought Ann on board ship and planned to ignore

11440-757: Was marred by errors, as were almost all his productions. In 1818 Dibdin was commissioned by Earl Spencer to buy books for him on the continent, an expedition described in his sumptuous Bibliographical, Antiquarian and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany (1821). He also wrote Aedes Althorpianae , an account of Althorp giving many details of the library. Lord Spencer married Lady Lavinia Bingham (1762–1831), daughter of Charles Bingham, 1st Earl of Lucan , on 6 March 1781. They had nine children: Lady Spencer died in June 1831, aged 68. Lord Spencer survived her by three years and died in November 1834, aged 76, at Althorp, and

11550-403: Was named Avocet Rock after the first ship to strike it. Technical developments over the years improved surveying methods and the accuracy of the charts. For depth determination, methods of measuring depth from a moving ship were developed, as well as "sweeping", dragging a horizontal line across an area to detect hazards that might be missed by individual soundings. Echo sounding was introduced in

11660-484: Was proposed to re-bury his remains, at a site to be decided, after they had been examined by osteo-archaeologists . Following the discovery of his grave, the parish church of Donington, Lincolnshire , Flinders' birthplace, saw a surge of visitors. The Matthew Flinders Bring Him Home Group and the Britain–Australia Society , as well as Flinders' direct descendants, campaigned to have his remains interred at

11770-550: Was searching for a river in the southern part of Moreton Bay. In the northern part of Moreton Bay, Flinders explored a narrow waterway ( 27°04′14″S 153°08′34″E  /  27.0705°S 153.1429°E  / -27.0705; 153.1429  ( Entrance to the Pumicestone Passage at Moreton Bay ) ) which he named the Pumice Stone River (presumably unaware it separated Bribie Island and

11880-732: Was specifically to the British Admiralty requesting more troops in case Decaen were to attack Port Jackson. Among the papers seized were the three logs of HMS  Investigator of which only Volume one and Volume two were returned to Flinders; these are now both held by the State Library of New South Wales . The third volume was later deposited in the Admiralty Library and is now held in The National Archives (United Kingdom) . Decaen referred

11990-444: Was thought to possibly lie under a station platform. The Gardens were closed to the public in 2017 for work on the High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project which requires the expansion of Euston station. The grave was located in January 2019 by archaeologists. His coffin was identified by its well-preserved lead coffin plate . Film of the discovery and the exhumation was shown in a documentary on British television in September 2020. It

12100-504: Was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July 1814, but Flinders did not regain consciousness and died the next day, never knowing that his name for the continent would be accepted. Banks wrote a draft of an introduction to Flinders' Voyage , referring to the map published by Melchisédech Thévenot in Relations des Divers Voyages (1663), and made well known to English readers by Emanuel Bowen 's adaptation of it, A Complete Map of

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