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54-489: Adwa is home to several notable churches: Adwa Enda-Gebri'el (built by Dejazmach Wolde Gebriel ), Adwa Enda-Maryam (built by Ras Anda Haymanot ), Adwa Edna-Medhane`Alem (built by Ras Sabagadis ), Adwa Nigiste-Saba /Queen of Sheba secondary school, and Adwa Enda-Selasse. Near Adwa is Abba Garima Monastery , founded in the sixth century by one of the Nine Saints and known for its tenth century gospels . Also nearby

108-531: A member of the Mekwanint , even though their ranks were equal. There were also parallel rules of precedence, primarily seniority based on age, on offices held, and on when they each obtained their titles, which made the rules for precedence rather complex. Combined with the ambiguous position of titled heirs of members of the Mekwanint , Emperor Haile Selassie, as part of his programme of modernising reforms, and in line with his aims of centralising power away from

162-504: A senior advisor. He was a member of the Crown Council from 1945 until his death. In 1943, the " Woyane rebellion " broke out in southern and eastern Tigray Province and Ras Seyoum was suspected of supporting the rebels. As a consequence, he was recalled to Addis Ababa and replaced by Fitawrari Kifle Dadi and Dejazmach Fikre Selassie Ketema as well as General Tedla Mekeonen and General Isayas Gebre Selassie as

216-401: A total population of 40,500, of whom 18,307 are men and 22,193 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , with 90.27% reporting that as their religion, while 9.01% of the population were Muslim . The 1994 census reported it had a total population of 24,519 of whom 11,062 were males and 13,457 were females. Almeda Textile Football Club (ALTEX)

270-565: A typhus epidemic. It had been reduced to a shadow of itself, having about 200 inhabitants. Adwa's was most notably the site of the final battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War , where the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II fought to defend Ethiopia's independence against Italy in 1896. The town and its environs suffered considerable damage during the fighting. After his visit to the town in 1897,

324-515: Is mentioned in the memoirs of numerous 19th-century Europeans visiting Ethiopia. These include Arnaud and Antoine d'Abbadie , Henry Salt , Samuel Gobat , Mansfield Parkyns and Théophile Lefebvre . After the defeat and death of Ras Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay , its inhabitants fled Adwa for safety. The town was briefly held by Emperor Tewodros II in January 1860, who had marched from

378-664: Is the village of Fremona , which had been the base of the 16th century Jesuits sent to convert Ethiopia to Catholicism . According to Richard Pankhurst , Adwa derives its name from Adi Awa (or Wa ), "village of the Awa". The Awa are a tribe that was mentioned in the anonymous Monumentum Adulitanum that once stood at Adulis . Francisco Alvares records that the Portuguese diplomatic mission passed Adwa, which he called "Houses of St. Michael," in August 1520. By 1700, it had become

432-571: The Crown Prince to read a prepared radio statement. In the statement, he accepted the crown in his father's place and announced a government of reform. However, the regular Army and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church both refused to accept the new government. The leader of the church, Patriarch Abuna Basilios , issued an anathema against all those who cooperated with the coup leaders. The Emperor returned to Ethiopia and

486-706: The Ethiopian Christmas Offensive , the First Battle of Tembien , and the Second Battle of Tembien . For seven long months, Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his army from Tigray were the only force preventing the Italians from invading Ethiopia from Eritrea, and it was not until 1936 when the fighting moved to Maitcho that the emperor sent reinforcements to assist Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his men. The subsequent failure of Ethiopian forces to prevent

540-588: The Mekwanint appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the Mesafint enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile Selassie greatly curtailed the power of the Mesafint to the benefit of the Mekwanint , who by then were essentially coterminous with the Ethiopian government. The Mekwanint were officials who had been granted specific offices in the Abyssinian government or court. Higher ranks from

594-500: The Mesafint , replaced the traditional system of precedence with a simplified, Western-inspired system that gave precedence by rank, and then by seniority based when the title had been assumed – irrespective of how the title was acquired. Although several kings of Aksum used this style, until the restoration of the Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak , rulers of Ethiopia generally used the style of Negus , although "King of Kings"

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648-605: The plural ), and when referred to by name in the third person with the suffix of Atse (effectively "Emperor", i.e. Atse Menelik). All formal speech concerning the Emperor was in the plural, as was his own speech; Haile Selassie , for instance, referred to himself in the first-person plural at all times, even in casual conversation and when speaking in French (however this was not the case when he spoke in English, in which he

702-478: The 1960s the town was not only an educational center but also an early focus for Tigrayan nationalist dissent, indicated by the fact that all three of the leaders of the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) over the 22-year period from 1975 to 1997, Aregawi Berhe , Sebhat Nega , and Meles Zenawi , all came from Adwa and attended the town's government school. Adwa was a frequent target of attacks by

756-483: The 19th century. Adwa acquired major importance due to the establishment of a permanent capital at Gondar . As the traveler James Bruce noted, Adwa was situated on a piece of "flat ground through which every body must go in their way from Gondar to the Red Sea ". The person who controlled this plain could levy profitable tolls on the caravans which passed through. Because of its location on this major trade route, it

810-650: The Army stormed the palace where members of the government were being held prisoner by the Imperial Guards. The Guards fled, but not before killing many members of the government and the nobility that had been held prisoner in the Green Salon of the palace. Leul Ras Seyoum was among those who were machine gunned to death, he was 74 years old and was buried in Axum. Le'ul Ras Mengesha Seyoum , as son and heir of

864-523: The British journalist Augustus B. Wylde relates that "Wandering about Adowa was a sad business, many of the streets were entirely deserted, the Mahomedan quarter was tenantless and the houses with the exception of two or three were unroofed and in ruins." The Asmara-Addis Ababa telegraph line, constructed by the Italians in 1902-1904, passed through Adwa and had an office there. By 1905 it was considered

918-511: The Commander of the Army in Tigray. In 1947, Le'ul Ras Seoyum Mengesha was made Shum of eastern Tigray as well as western Tigray. This was because of the treason of the son of the late Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie, Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa . In 1935, Haile Selassie Gugsa had defected to the Italians during the early days of the war. The Italians had made much propaganda use out of

972-464: The Italians from invading resulted in the Italian occupation of Ethiopia ; Le'ul Ras Seyoum and a small contingent of Ethiopian nobility were taken to Italy as prisoners of war. Le'ul Ras Seyoum, his wife Princess Atsede Asfaw and youngest child, son Dejasmatch Mengesha Seyoum were accompanied by close family members during their two-year captivity as prisoners of war. Their Italian captors accorded

1026-657: The Left and one of the Right. These were later merged into one office, which became the supreme grade of Ras , "Ras Betwadad". Marcus equates the style to an earl . Lij ( Amharic : ልጅ , romanized :  ləj , lit.   'child') – Title issued at birth to sons of members of the Mesafint, the hereditary royal nobility. Taken from the 1998 book, Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia’s Unique Symbols, Structures, and Role in

1080-542: The Modern World, by Gregory R. Copley, International Strategic Studies Association, published here online by The Crown Council of Ethiopia] Ethiopian Aristocratic And Court Titles Seyum Mangasha Seyoum Mengesha KBE ( Amharic : ሥዩም መንገሻ; 21 June 1887 – 15 December 1960) was an army commander and a member of the royal family of the Ethiopian Empire . Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha

1134-625: The TPLF during the Ethiopian Civil War : in 1978 the TPLF attacked Adwa; in 1979 they unsuccessfully tried to rob the bank. The town was seized by the TPLF in March 1988 before being recaptured by the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps in June 1988. After the Battle of Shire , the town would permanently fall under the control of the TPLF by the end of February 1989. On 23 June 1990, Adwa was bombed from

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1188-770: The air by the Ethiopian Air Force , one person was wounded but no fatalities were reported. During the Tigray War , Adwa was seized by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) on 24 November 2020, it was recaptured by the TPLF in June 2021. The town was captured again by the ENDF on 18 October 2022. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has

1242-430: The enthronement of Zewditu . Reserved at birth for daughters of the monarch and patrilineal granddaughters. Usually bestowed on the wives of Leul Ras , as well as the monarch's granddaughters in the female line upon their marriages. The notable exception to the rule was Leult Yeshashework Yilma , Emperor Haile Selassie's niece by his elder brother, who received the title with the dignity of "Highness" from Zewditu upon

1296-540: The fact that Haile Selassie Gugsa was the husband of Leult Zenebework Haile Selassie and therefore Haile Selassie's son-in-law. As a result, Ras Seyoum Mangasha was Shum of all Tigray Province, which he held until 1960. In December 1960, the Imperial Guard ( Kebur Zabangna ) launched a coup d'état and seized power in Ethiopia while the Emperor was on a visit to Brazil. The coup leaders compelled

1350-625: The family decent treatment and it was during this time that Le'ul Ras Seyoum and the Duke of Aosta developed a friendship that would later aid the return of Le'ul Ras Seyoum and his family to Ethiopia upon the appointment of the Duke as Viceroy to Ethiopia. Furthermore, his friendship with the Viceroy enabled Le'ul Ras Seyoum to play an influential role in securing the release of 3,000 Ethiopian POWs being held in Italian Somaliland . In

1404-430: The hereditary royal nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint ( Ge'ez : መኳንንት makʷanint , modern mekʷanint , singular መኰንን makʷanin , modern mekʷanin or Amharic : መኮንን mekonnen , "officer") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the aristocracy. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at court were generally members of

1458-482: The monarch ruled, thus justifying his imperial title. The title of Negus was awarded at the discretion of the Emperor to those who ruled important provinces, although it was often used hereditarily during and after the Zemene Mesafint . The rulers of Begemder , Shewa , Gojjam , Wollo , all held the title of Negus at some point, as the " Negus of Shewa", " Negus of Gojjam", and so forth. During and after

1512-656: The office of Christ ahead of the Emperor's name in an act of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV , the Emperor was also Neguse Tsion ( Ge'ez : ንጉሠ ጽዮን , nəgusä tsiyon , "King of Zion"), whose seat was at Axum , and which conferred hegemony over much of the north of the Empire. The Emperor was referred to by the dignities of the formal Girmawi ( Ge'ez : ግርማዊ , gərəmawi , "His Imperial Majesty"), in common speech as Janhoy ( Ge'ez : ጃንሆይ janihoy , "Your [Imperial] Majesty", or lit. "sire"), in his own household and family as Getochu (our Master in

1566-466: The period 1928-1929 following a long and romantic courtship with Princess Atsede Asfaw Darge from the royal house of Shoa, the couple married and remained devoted until Le'ul Ras Seyoum's death during the coup of 1960. From 1910 to 1935, Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha was the Shum of western Tigray Province . Traditionally the governors of the provinces commanded the provincial Sefari in battle. In

1620-529: The period leading to the Italian withdrawal from Ethiopia, when Britain had committed forces to assist Ethiopia to liberate herself from Italian occupation, Le'ul Ras Seyoum led an army of 70,000 from Tigray in the fight to free the northern provinces from Italian forces. In 1941, following the complete liberation of Ethiopia from Italian occupation, he returned to the Capital Addis Abeba where he

1674-518: The powerful non-imperial titles; historian Harold G. Marcus equates this to a duke . The combined title of Leul Ras ( Amharic : ልዑል ራስ) was given to the heads of the cadet branches of the imperial dynasty, such as the Princes of Gojjam, Tigray and the Selalle sub-branch of the last reigning Shewan Branch. An Emebet Hoy (እመቤት ሆይ ’əmäbēt hōy , "Great Royal Lady") was a title reserved for

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1728-430: The princess' marriage to Leul Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie in 1918, and then again from her uncle upon his coronation in 1930 with the enhanced dignity of "Imperial Highness". Abetohun ( Amharic : አቤቶኹን abētōhun ) or Abeto ( Amharic : አቤቶ abētō , "Prince") – Title reserved for males of imperial ancestry. The title fell into disuse by the late 19th century. Lij Iyasu attempted to revive

1782-549: The reign of Menelik II virtually all of the titles either lapsed into the Imperial crown or were dissolved. In 1914, after having been appointed " Negus of Zion" by his son Lij Iyasu , Mikael of Wollo , in consideration of the hostile feelings this provoked among much of the nobility in northern Ethiopia (particularly Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha , whose family had resented being denied the title by Menelik), who were now technically made subordinate to him, instead elected to use

1836-537: The residence for the governor of Tigray province and grew to overshadow Debarwa , the traditional seat of the Bahr Negash , as the most important town in northern Ethiopia. Its market was important enough to need a Nagadras . The earliest known person to hold this office was the Greek immigrant Janni of Adwa, a brother of Petros, chamberlain to Emperor Iyoas I . Adwa was home to a small colony of Greek merchants into

1890-719: The same year, Seyum Mangasha was awarded the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). From October 1935 to February 1936, as Ras during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War , Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha commanded the Army of Tigray. When General Emilio De Bono initially invaded Ethiopia , he was ordered to stay a day's march away from the advancing Italians. Le'ul Ras Seyoum and forces under his command played significant roles in

1944-422: The second day of the emperor's coronation holiday. Menen Asfaw became the first Itege to be crowned by the archbishop on the same day and during the same ceremony as her husband, Haile Selassie . The Itege was entitled to the dignity of Girmawit ("Her/Your Imperial Majesty"). A Negus ( Ge'ez : ንጉሥ nəgus , "king") was a hereditary ruler of one of Ethiopia's larger provinces , over whom collectively

1998-461: The south in response to the rebellion of Agew Neguse , who had burned then fled the town. After the departure of Tewodros, the town was seized in 1865 by another nobleman, Wagshum Gobaze, who soon claimed the title of Emperor under the name Tekle Giyorgis II . He was subsequently defeated by a rival, Yohannes IV , in a battle fought just outside the town in 1871. Giacomo Naretti passed through Adwa in March 1879, after it had been devastated by

2052-645: The spring of 1924, Leul Ras Seyoum Mengesha, Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam Province , Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province , Ras Makonnen Endelkachew , and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase accompanied Ras Tafari Makonnen of Shewa Province on his European tour. Tafari Makonnen was the Crown Prince and Enderase of Ethiopia and was not yet crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I . The group of Ethiopian royalty visited Jerusalem, Cairo, Alexandria , Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, and Athens. With them they took six lions which were presented to various zoos and dignitaries. In

2106-453: The third-largest town in Tigray. Telephone service reached Adwa by 1935, but no phone numbers are listed for the town in 1954. On 6 October 1935, Italian forces entered Adwa, after two days of bombardment had shocked Ras Seyoum Mengesha into a hasty retreat, abandoning large stocks of food and other supplies. The Italian Gavinana Division brought with them a stone monument in honor of the Italian soldiers who had fallen in 1896. This monument

2160-537: The throne so this title was effectively abolished. An Itege ( Amharic : እቴጌ ’ətēgē ) was an Empress Consort . This refers to the wives of reigning emperors. Empresses were generally crowned as consorts by the emperor at the Imperial Palace. However, Taytu Betul , consort of Menelik II, became the first Itege to be crowned by the Emperor at church rather than at the Palace. Her coronation took place on

2214-818: The title as Abeto-hoy ( Amharic : አቤቶ ሆይ , "Great Prince"), and this form is still used by the current Iyasuist claimant Girma Yohannes Iyasu . Lij Tedla Melaku, an influential Ethiopian philosopher, monarchist, and a member of the Gondar-Lasta branch of the Solomonic-Zagwe Imperial House and the Shewan nobility was also invested with the title of Abeto by the Crown Council of Ethiopia in 2019. Ras ( Amharic : ራስ , romanized :  ras , lit.   'head', compare with Arabic Rais ) – One of

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2268-399: The title of Negus and Iyasu was the uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia. Ras Seyoum fathered several children from various wives. With his first wife, Woizero Tewabech he had Leult Wolete Israel Seyum who herself married the Crown Prince , Asfaw Wossen . By a previous marriage he had Woizero-Hoy Kebbedech Seyum . By a subsequent marriage he had Leul Mangasha Seyum . In

2322-554: The title of Negus of Wollo. Tafari Makonnen, who later became Emperor Haile Selassie, was bestowed the title of Negus in 1928; he would be the last person to bear the title. Despite this, European sources referred to the Ethiopian monarch as the Negus well into the 20th century, switching to Emperor only after the Second World War – around the same time the name Abyssinia fell out of use in favour of Ethiopia in

2376-420: The title of Ras descending through to Balambaras were also bestowed upon members of the Mekwanint . A member of the Mesafint , however, would traditionally be given precedence over a member of the Mekwanint of the same rank. For example, Ras Mengesha Yohannes , son of Emperor Yohannes IV and thus a member of the Mesafint , would have outranked Ras Alula Engida , who was of humble birth and therefore

2430-590: The west. Leul or Leoul ( Ge'ez : ልዑል lə‘ul , "Prince") was a princely style used by sons and grandson of Ethiopia's dynastic monarchs. It is equivalent to that of Your Highness and was formerly only used as a form of address. The term was introduced as an official title in 1916 by the former foreign minister Blatten Geta Heruy Wolde-Selassie ; it was first applied to Dejazmatch Tafari and his wife Princess Menen, who were respectively designated Leul-Ras and Le'elt Woizero. Le'elt ( Ge'ez : ልዕልት lə‘əlt , "Princess"). This title came into use in 1916 upon

2484-635: The wives of those bearing the title of Leul Dejazmach and other high ranking women of royal blood. Alternatively, an Emebet (እመቤት ’əmäbēt , "Royal Lady") was a title reserved for the unmarried granddaughters of the monarch in the female line (they were generally granted the title of leult upon marriage), and to the daughters of the Leul Ras . Bitwoded ( Amharic : ቢትወደድ , romanized :  bitwädäd , lit.   'beloved') – An office thought to have been created by Zara Yaqob who appointed two of these, one of

2538-451: Was born on 24 June 1886 in the town of Agawmedir (Zimbriee), in the province of Gojjam to his mother Woizero Kafay, daughter of Ras Wale Betul Abba Tattan, Viceroy of Tigray. His father was Ras Mangasha Yohannes , the son of Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia , from the royal house of Tigray. It is known that in his teenage years (1902-1910), Le'ul Ras Seyoum moved with his family from Gojjam to Tigray. His father, Ras Mangasha Yohannes

2592-494: Was erected immediately after their arrival and inaugurated on 15 October in the presence of General Emilio De Bono . The town had passed from Italian hands before 12 June 1941, when the newly arrived 34th Indian State Force Brigade set up a post office there. During the Woyane rebellion , 600 territorial troops retreated to Adwa on 22 September 1943. By 1958 Adwa was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township. During

2646-622: Was formally re-appointed 'Teklay Gejee of Tigray' (Governor of Tigray Province), and remained in Addis Abeba until 1941 when he was given leave to return to Tigray until the 'Woyane Rebellion', which resulted in his return to the capital, Addis Abeba, where he resided under a form of 'house arrest'. Italian occupation of Ethiopia . He spent much of his time under "house arrest" in Addis Ababa . Tigray Province. Emperor Haile Selassie held Ras Seyum in very deep regard, and depended on him as

2700-410: Was given the feminine version of nigusa nigist to indicate that she reigned in her own right. She was accorded the dignity of Girmawit ("[Her] Imperial Majesty") and the title of Siyimta Igzi'abher ( Ge’ez : ሥይምተ እግዚአብሔር səyəmtä ’əgziabhēr , "Elect of God"). She was commonly referred to as nigist , translated as "Queen". The 1955 Constitution of Ethiopia excluded women from the succession to

2754-418: Was not fully fluent). The Negesta Nagastat ( Ge’ez : ንግሥተ ነገሥታት nəgəstä nägästât ) was Empress Regnant in her own right, literally "Queen of Kings", or "Queen of Queens", or "female ruler of an empire." Zewditu (reigned 1917–1930) was the only woman to be crowned in Ethiopia in her own right since ancient times. Rather than take the title itege , which was reserved for empress consorts , Zewditu

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2808-836: Was promoted to the Ethiopian National Football League after winning the Ethiopian football club championships held in Mekelle . ALTEX beat Meta Beer Football Club 2-1 in the final. ALTEX is the first club from Adwa town to represent the town in Ethiopian association football history. Dejazmach Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea . The Mesafint ( Ge'ez : መሳፍንት masāfint , modern transcription mesāfint , singular መስፍን masfin , modern mesfin , "prince"),

2862-407: Was the " natural " son and heir of Emperor Yohannes IV. Because of his descent, Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mangasha was a rival to Emperor Menelik II , who had risen from ruling Shewa Province to become the Emperor upon Yohannes' death. Le'ul Ras Seyoum wed Woizero Tewabech . Tewabech was the daughter of Negus Mikael of Wollo and the sister of Lij Iyasu . Mikael was later honoured with

2916-452: Was used as far back as Ezana of Axum (320's–360 CE/AD). The full title of the Emperor of Ethiopia was Negusa Nagast and Seyoume Igziabeher ( Ge'ez : ሥዩመ እግዚአብሔር ; "Elect of God"). The title Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah") always preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal title but rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed

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