72-771: The Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine (or the Cavite El Viejo Shrine ) is a national shrine located in Kawit , Cavite in the Philippines , where the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898, or Independence Day . To commemorate the event, now known as Araw ng Kalayaan or Independence Day , a national holiday , the Philippine flag is raised here by top government officials on June 12 each year. The house
144-610: A red-light district . This seedy reputation of the town was erased when Saint Mary Magdalene was made patroness , under the spiritual supervision of the Jesuits as ordered by Miguel García Serrano , O.S.A. (1618–1629), the fifth Archbishop of Manila . With the establishment in the wake of the Philippine Revolution , the Philippine Independent Church built a shrine to Saint Michael,
216-475: A 120 mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9 TB , a format called Holographic Versatile Disc . As of September 2014, no commercial product has been released. Another company, InPhase Technologies , was developing a competing format, but went bankrupt in 2011 and all its assets were sold to Akonia Holographics, LLC. While many holographic data storage models have used "page-based" storage, where each recorded hologram holds
288-438: A hologram can often be viewed with non-laser light. However, in common practice, major image quality compromises are made to remove the need for laser illumination to view the hologram. A computer-generated hologram is created by digitally modeling and combining two wavefronts to generate an interference pattern image. This image can then be printed onto a mask or film and illuminated with an appropriate light source to reconstruct
360-453: A large amount of data, more recent research into using submicrometre-sized "microholograms" has resulted in several potential 3D optical data storage solutions. While this approach to data storage can not attain the high data rates of page-based storage, the tolerances, technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower. In static holography, recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially, and
432-423: A long promenade and two long pools. Previously the house was fronted by a busy street. In the park is a bronze statue of Aguinaldo on horseback. Aguinaldo's house is a mansion over 14,000 square feet (1,300 m) in floor area designed by Aguinaldo himself. The house features secret passages and hiding places for documents and weapons and is filled with antique furniture and decorated throughout with motifs of
504-557: A permanent hologram is produced. There also exist holographic materials that do not need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows one to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include phase-conjugate mirrors ("time-reversal" of light), optical cache memories, image processing (pattern recognition of time-varying images), and optical computing . The amount of processed information can be very high (terabits/s), since
576-420: A set of point sources located at varying distances from the medium. The second (reference) beam illuminates the recording medium directly. Each point source wave interferes with the reference beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates', which combine to produce a random ( speckle ) pattern as in the photograph above. When
648-556: A small relay -controlled shutter, loaded a plate into the holder in the dark, left the room, waited a few minutes to let everything settle, then made the exposure by remotely operating the laser shutter. In 1979, Jason Sapan opened the Holographic Studios in New York City . Since then, they have been involved in the production of many holographs for many artists as well as companies. Sapan has been described as
720-552: A small (typically 5 mW) helium-neon laser and inexpensive home-made equipment. Holography had been supposed to require a very expensive metal optical table set-up to lock all the involved elements down in place and damp any vibrations that could blur the interference fringes and ruin the hologram. Cross's home-brew alternative was a sandbox made of a cinder block retaining wall on a plywood base, supported on stacks of old tires to isolate it from ground vibrations, and filled with sand that had been washed to remove dust. The laser
792-408: A very intense and extremely brief pulse of laser light is used, a hazardous procedure which is rarely done outside of scientific and industrial laboratory settings. Exposures lasting several seconds to several minutes, using a much lower-powered continuously operating laser, are typical. A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other part onto
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#1732773137131864-444: A way to create holograms that can be viewed with natural light instead of lasers. These are called rainbow holograms . Holography is a technique for recording and reconstructing light fields. A light field is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording , whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal cords ,
936-485: A way to express themselves and to renew Concrete Poetry . A small but active group of artists still integrate holographic elements into their work. Some are associated with novel holographic techniques; for example, artist Matt Brand employed computational mirror design to eliminate image distortion from specular holography . The MIT Museum and Jonathan Ross both have extensive collections of holography and on-line catalogues of art holograms. Holographic data storage
1008-493: Is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 107,535. It is one of the notable places that had a major role in the country's history during the 1800s and 1900s. Formerly known as Cavite el Viejo , it is the location of his home, and the name Kawit is from the word kalawit , the Aguinaldo Shrine , where independence from Spain
1080-423: Is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of medium is of great importance, as many electronic products incorporate storage devices. As current storage techniques such as Blu-ray Disc reach the limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction-limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has
1152-481: Is an active area of research. The most common materials are photorefractive crystals , but in semiconductors or semiconductor heterostructures (such as quantum wells ), atomic vapors and gases, plasmas and even liquids, it was possible to generate holograms. A particularly promising application is optical phase conjugation . It allows the removal of the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through
1224-478: Is assisted by the vice mayor, who presides over a legislative council . The current mayor of the historical town is Angelo Emilio G. Aguinaldo, a descendant of the first officially recognized President of the Philippines , General Emilio Aguinaldo . The current vice mayor is Edward R. Samala Jr. Hologram Holography is a technique that enables a wavefront to be recorded and later reconstructed. It
1296-421: Is best known as a method of generating three-dimensional images , and has a wide range of other uses, including data storage, microscopy, and interferometry. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of wave . A hologram is a recording of an interference pattern that can reproduce a 3D light field using diffraction . In general usage, a hologram is a recording of any type of wavefront in
1368-481: Is commonly glass, but may also be plastic. When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and interfere with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on the recording medium. The pattern itself is seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene's light interfered with the original light source – but not the original light source itself. The interference pattern can be considered an encoded version of
1440-495: Is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. However, it is even more similar to Ambisonic sound recording in which any listening angle of a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction. In laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of laser light, which is very pure in its color and orderly in its composition. Various setups may be used, and several types of holograms can be made, but all involve
1512-399: Is expanded into a wave that appears to diverge from the focal point of the lens. Thus, when the recorded pattern is illuminated with the original plane wave, some of the light is diffracted into a diverging beam equivalent to the original spherical wave; a holographic recording of the point source has been created. When the plane wave is incident at a non-normal angle at the time of recording,
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#17327731371311584-459: Is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified but is accurate enough to give an understanding of how the holographic process works. For those unfamiliar with these concepts, it is worthwhile to read those articles before reading further in this article. A diffraction grating is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals. A light wave that
1656-400: Is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light. A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two plane waves from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a straight-line fringe pattern whose intensity varies sinusoidally across
1728-512: Is located where this light, after being reflected or scattered by the subject, will strike it. The edges of the medium will ultimately serve as a window through which the subject is seen, so its location is chosen with that in mind. The reference beam is expanded and made to shine directly on the medium, where it interacts with the light coming from the subject to create the desired interference pattern. Like conventional photography, holography requires an appropriate exposure time to correctly affect
1800-528: Is now a museum. This shrine is the ancestral home of Emilio Aguinaldo , officially the first President of the Philippines , the only president of the First Philippine Republic . The house was built in 1845 made from wood and thatch and reconstructed in 1849. Here, Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869. On June 12, 1898, the independence from was proclaimed from the window of the grand hall. The Declaration of Philippine Independence
1872-462: Is typical of the houses during the era. Today, it houses a museum of Aguinaldo's memorabilia and other historical artifacts. A hologram depicting Aguinaldo during the eve of June 12, 1898, is one of the exhibits. Located on the second floor is the grand hall, a large meeting room with the historic front window from where the Declaration of Independence was read. The front Independence balcony
1944-411: Is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light . When suitably lit, the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field, and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the different angles of viewing. That is, the view of the image from different angles shows
2016-526: The Greek words ὅλος ( holos ; "whole") and γραφή ( graphē ; " writing " or " drawing "). The Hungarian - British physicist Dennis Gabor invented holography in 1948 while he was looking for a way to improve image resolution in electron microscopes . Gabor's work was built on pioneering work in the field of X-ray microscopy by other scientists including Mieczysław Wolfke in 1920 and William Lawrence Bragg in 1939. The formulation of holography
2088-805: The University of Nottingham art gallery in 1969. This was followed in 1970 by a solo show at the Lisson Gallery in London, which was billed as the "first London expo of holograms and stereoscopic paintings". During the 1970s, a number of art studios and schools were established, each with their particular approach to holography. Notably, there was the San Francisco School of Holography established by Lloyd Cross , The Museum of Holography in New York founded by Rosemary (Posy) H. Jackson,
2160-585: The 1972 New York exhibit of Dalí holograms had been preceded by the holographic art exhibition that was held at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan in 1968 and by the one at the Finch College gallery in New York in 1970, which attracted national media attention. In Great Britain, Margaret Benyon began using holography as an artistic medium in the late 1960s and had a solo exhibition at
2232-525: The Archangel in the barrio of Binakayan in 1902. Cavite el Viejo was then a big town, comprising the municipality of Kawit today, Cavite la Punta (now Cavite City), Noveleta (called Tierra Alta by the Spanish), and Imus . Eventually, these three barrios' populations grew and they eventually seceded to become independent municipalities. Aside from its role as the birthplace of independence, Kawit
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2304-591: The Christian religion began, spreading to all corners of the province. It was established as a town in 1587 or, as recognized by laws, August 1, 1600. For a long time, the place was called by the Spanish "Cavite el Viejo" or Old Cavite to distinguish it from "Cavite la Punta" or "Cavite el Puerto", the commercial port and naval base (now Cavite City ) whence came many Spanish marines on shore leave who made frequent visits to Cavite el Viejo, eventually turning it into
2376-480: The Philippine flag and other national symbols. The building is divided into three sections: the main house on the west side of the building, the family wing on the east, and the tower located in between. The middle section is a five-story tower with a spire at the very top. The mezzanine level on the second floor is sometimes counted as an extra floor. The ground floor of the house was previously unwalled which
2448-784: The Royal College of Art in London and the Lake Forest College Symposiums organised by Tung Jeong . None of these studios still exist; however, there is the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York and the HOLOcenter in Seoul, which offers artists a place to create and exhibit work. During the 1980s, many artists who worked with holography helped the diffusion of this so-called "new medium" in
2520-701: The age of 94 at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City. The same year, the government declared the mansion as a National Shrine on June 18 through the Republic Act of 4039 signed by President Diosdado Macapagal . The property which is adjacent to a river, was expanded to include Aguinaldo Park , a park in front of the house created for the Philippine Centennial celebration of 1998. The park with
2592-574: The art world, such as Harriet Casdin-Silver of the United States, Dieter Jung of Germany , and Moysés Baumstein of Brazil , each one searching for a proper "language" to use with the three-dimensional work, avoiding the simple holographic reproduction of a sculpture or object. For instance, in Brazil, many concrete poets (Augusto de Campos, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza and José Wagner Garcia, associated with Moysés Baumstein ) found in holography
2664-560: The balcony to be the actual location of the Independence Proclamation. Aguinaldo donated his home to the Philippine government on June 12, 1963, "to perpetuate the spirit of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 that put an end to Spanish colonization of the country". During the independence celebration, the Philippine flag designed by Emilio Aguinaldo was formally unfurled from the front window. It
2736-407: The base of a hook-shaped shoreline along Manila Bay extending to the tip of Cavite City . Legend, however, gives another version on how the town got its name. One day, a Spanish visitor asked a native blacksmith about the name of the village. The latter was busy at the time pounding on the anvil a piece of hot metal that looked like a hook. He hesitated to speak, not understanding what the stranger
2808-481: The church. The songs performed by the angels acted by little girls are mostly in Spanish and Tagalog . Like any other Philippine municipality, Kawit is headed by a municipal mayor, vice mayor, and 10 councilors, eight of them elected at large by the voting populace and two of them being sectoral representatives (one for the barangays and one for the youth, elected respectively through their federations). The mayor
2880-935: The desired wavefront. Alternatively, the interference pattern image can be directly displayed on a dynamic holographic display. Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the dangerous high-powered pulsed lasers which would be needed to optically "freeze" moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Early holography required high-power and expensive lasers. Currently, mass-produced low-cost laser diodes , such as those found on DVD recorders and used in other common applications, can be used to make holograms. They have made holography much more accessible to low-budget researchers, artists, and dedicated hobbyists. Most holograms produced are of static objects, but systems for displaying changing scenes on dynamic holographic displays are now being developed. The word holography comes from
2952-521: The end of the wing was christened by Aguinaldo as Galeria de los Pecadores (Hall of the Sinners) as military plots against the Spanish authorities were planned there. The next level is a mezzanine library which overlooks the grand hall below. A flight of stairs takes the visitor to the Ambassador Room used as a study by the general's son-in-law, Ambassador Jose Melencio. The next floor is
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3024-422: The form of an interference pattern. It can be created by capturing light from a real scene, or it can be generated by a computer, in which case it is known as a computer-generated hologram , which can show virtual objects or scenes. Optical holography needs a laser light to record the light field. The reproduced light field can generate an image that has the depth and parallax of the original scene. A hologram
3096-460: The hologram is illuminated by the original reference beam, each of the individual zone plates reconstructs the object wave that produced it, and these individual wavefronts are combined to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical with the wavefront scattered from the object onto the recording medium, so that it appears that the object is still in place even if it has been removed. Early on, artists saw
3168-405: The hologram. Holography may be better understood via an examination of its differences from ordinary photography : For a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to understand interference and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more wavefronts are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction
3240-490: The holographic method". Optical holography did not really advance until the development of the laser in 1960. The development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by Yuri Denisyuk in the Soviet Union and by Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks at the University of Michigan , US. Early optical holograms used silver halide photographic emulsions as
3312-620: The house is Aguinaldo's personal car, a 1924 Packard limousine restored in November 2009. In the middle of the garden behind the house is a marble tomb where the first president is interred. The Aguinaldo Shrine museum on the ground floor is maintained by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines . Kawit Kawit , officially the Municipality of Kawit ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Kawit ),
3384-420: The interaction of light coming from different directions and producing a microscopic interference pattern which a plate , film, or other medium photographically records. In one common arrangement, the laser beam is split into two, one known as the object beam and the other as the reference beam . The object beam is expanded by passing it through a lens and used to illuminate the subject. The recording medium
3456-434: The medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light. The recorded light pattern is a diffraction grating. When it is illuminated by only one of the waves used to create it, it can be shown that one of the diffracted waves emerges at the same angle at which the second wave was originally incident, so that the second wave has been 'reconstructed'. Thus,
3528-410: The object in such a way that some of the scattered light falls onto the recording medium. A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram requires the laser beam to be aimed through a series of elements that change it in different ways. The first element is a beam splitter that divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed in different directions: Several different materials can be used as
3600-421: The operation is performed in parallel on a whole image. This compensates for the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a microsecond , is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side, one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on
3672-422: The other bedroom of Aguinaldo which he used during the latter part of his life. A tiled terrace on this level gives a commanding view of the town to as far as Manila . A very narrow ladder takes one to the top of the tower which is allegedly the favorite spot of Aguinaldo. The grounds of the house is lush with greenery bordered by a river on the east and backed by a fish pond to the south. On display outside
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#17327731371313744-402: The other side, the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. In optics, addition and Fourier transform are already easily performed in linear materials, the latter simply by a lens. This enables some applications, such as a device that compares images in an optical way. The search for novel nonlinear optical materials for dynamic holography
3816-449: The pattern formed is more complex, but still acts as a negative lens if it is illuminated at the original angle. To record a hologram of a complex object, a laser beam is first split into two beams of light. One beam illuminates the object, which then scatters light onto the recording medium. According to diffraction theory, each point in the object acts as a point source of light so the recording medium can be considered to be illuminated by
3888-426: The potential of holography as a medium and gained access to science laboratories to create their work. Holographic art is often the result of collaborations between scientists and artists, although some holographers would regard themselves as both an artist and a scientist. Salvador Dalí claimed to have been the first to employ holography artistically. He was certainly the first and best-known surrealist to do so, but
3960-423: The potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of just the surface. Currently available SLMs can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024×1024-bit resolution which would result in about one- gigabit-per-second writing speed. In 2005, companies such as Optware and Maxell produced
4032-409: The recorded light pattern is a holographic recording as defined above. If the recording medium is illuminated with a point source and a normally incident plane wave, the resulting pattern is a sinusoidal zone plate , which acts as a negative Fresnel lens whose focal length is equal to the separation of the point source and the recording plane. When a plane wave-front illuminates a negative lens, it
4104-402: The recording medium. One of the most common is a film very similar to photographic film ( silver halide photographic emulsion ), but with much smaller light-reactive grains (preferably with diameters less than 20 nm), making it capable of the much higher resolution that holograms require. A layer of this recording medium (e.g., silver halide) is attached to a transparent substrate, which
4176-409: The recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced diffraction grating absorbed much of the incident light. Various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index (known as "bleaching") were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced. A major advance in the field of holography was made by Stephen Benton , who invented
4248-407: The recording medium. Unlike conventional photography, during the exposure the light source, the optical elements, the recording medium, and the subject must all remain motionless relative to each other, to within about a quarter of the wavelength of the light, or the interference pattern will be blurred and the hologram spoiled. With living subjects and some unstable materials, that is only possible if
4320-458: The same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase. This is useful, for example, in free-space optical communications to compensate for atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight). Since the beginning of holography, many holographers have explored its uses and displayed them to the public. In 1971, Lloyd Cross opened the San Francisco School of Holography and taught amateurs how to make holograms using only
4392-424: The scene, requiring a particular key – the original light source – in order to view its contents. This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the scene and scattered onto
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#17327731371314464-516: The streets of Kawit with different floats depicting different biblical scenes from Adam and Eve up to Mary and Joseph. The "Panunuluyan" takes place in several houses and is done in singing until it reaches the 400-year-old St. Mary Magdalene Church , where the Virgin Mary and Joseph are welcomed by angels in a giant belen (Nativity Scene), which covers the whole main Retablo or altarpiece of
4536-414: The subject viewed from similar angles. A hologram is traditionally generated by overlaying a second wavefront, known as the reference beam, onto a wavefront of interest. This generates an interference pattern, which is then captured on a physical medium. When the recorded interference pattern is later illuminated by the second wavefront, it is diffracted to recreate the original wavefront. The 3D image from
4608-474: Was 107,535 people, with a density of 4,700 inhabitants per square kilometer or 12,000 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Kawit Source: Philippine Statistics Authority An original Kawit tradition that takes place every Christmas Eve , a dramatic retelling of the Virgin Mary and Joseph's search in Bethlehem for a place to stay called "Panunuluyan". This reenactment happens on
4680-422: Was added by Aguinaldo during the 1919 renovations. The dining room located on the same floor is highlighted by a raised-relief map of the Philippines on its ceiling. Also on this level is the bedroom of Aguinaldo, the kitchen, a conference room, and a partially covered terrace on the western end of the building. On the east wing are three bedrooms for the general's three daughter's. A covered balcony (azotea) at
4752-586: Was also the site of the Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican , one of several Filipino victories during the Revolution. In 1907, the town was renamed to Kawit, its present name, by virtue of Act No. 1718 by the Philippine Commission . Kawit is politically subdivided into 23 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Kawit
4824-736: Was an unexpected result of Gabor's research into improving electron microscopes at the British Thomson-Houston Company (BTH) in Rugby , England, and the company filed a patent in December 1947 (patent GB685286). The technique as originally invented is still used in electron microscopy, where it is known as electron holography . Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 "for his invention and development of
4896-449: Was asking, but when pressed for an answer, and thinking that he wanted to know what he was doing, he merely said kawit . The Spanish left muttering the word kawit . In the course of the time, the word evolved into cauite , and finally cavite . Kawit was the most thriving settlement prior to the coming of the Spanish. In fact, the town provided the first anchorage of the Spanish in the province, whence colonization and proselytization of
4968-462: Was declared on June 12, 1898. It is also the birthplace of Emilio Aguinaldo , the first president of the Philippines , who from 1895 to 1897, served as the municipality's chief executive. Kawit is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Imus and 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Manila . The name Kawit is derived from the Tagalog word kawit or kalawit (hook), which is suggestive of its location at
5040-532: Was first flown during the Battle of Alapan in Imus two weeks earlier on May 28, 1898 (now celebrated as Philippine National Flag Day each year). The Philippine national anthem was also first played on the grounds by the marching band of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias ) but as an instrumental music; the lyrics were not written until 1899 by José Palma . Emilio Aguinaldo died on February 6, 1964, at
5112-503: Was read by its author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista The Declaration of Independence was ratified by the Malolos Congress on September 21, 1898. President Aguinaldo greatly enlarged his home from 1919 to 1921, transforming it into a monument to flag and country. He constructed an elaborate "Independence balcony", which Aguinaldo and top Philippine officials used during independence day celebrations. Many visitors today assume
5184-420: Was securely mounted atop the cinder block wall. The mirrors and simple lenses needed for directing, splitting and expanding the laser beam were affixed to short lengths of PVC pipe, which were stuck into the sand at the desired locations. The subject and the photographic plate holder were similarly supported within the sandbox. The holographer turned off the room light, blocked the laser beam near its source using
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