Design thinking refers to the set of cognitive , strategic and practical procedures used by designers in the process of designing , and to the body of knowledge that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems.
66-425: Aga Khan Prize may refer to: Aga Khan Award for Architecture Aga Khan Prize for Fiction , given out by the editors of The Paris Review Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aga Khan Prize . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
132-629: A General Theory of Planning" showing that many design and planning problems are wicked problems as opposed to "tame", single disciplinary, problems of science. L. Bruce Archer extends inquiry into designerly ways of knowing, claiming: "There exists a designerly way of thinking and communicating that is both different from scientific and scholarly ways of thinking and communicating, and as powerful as scientific and scholarly methods of inquiry when applied to its own kinds of problems." Donald Schön publishes The Reflective Practitioner in which he aims to establish "an epistemology of practice implicit in
198-460: A brief which includes constraints that gives the project team a framework from which to begin, benchmarks by which they can measure progress, and a set of objectives to be realized, such as price point , available technology, and market segment . In their book Creative Confidence , Tom and David Kelley note the importance of empathy with clients, users, and customers as a basis for innovative design. Designers approach user research with
264-493: A global network of approximately 500 nominators – women and men who live in Muslim societies and whose identities are kept anonymous throughout the award process. Independent nominations are also accepted in accordance with the award's published guidelines and procedures. Several hundred submissions are typically received in each cycle, and the master jury narrows the field to a short-list. Professional, technical reviewers visit
330-404: A method of creative action", and continuing with the shift from creative engineering to innovation management in the 2000s. Design thinking was adapted for business purposes by Faste's Stanford colleague David M. Kelley , who founded the design consultancy IDEO in 1991. Bryan Lawson's 1980 book How Designers Think , primarily addressing design in architecture, began a process of generalising
396-420: A novel need or solutions that satisfy an old need in an entirely new way, (2) higher performance levels of a solution, (3) lower production costs or (4) increased salability. Arnold recommended a balanced approach—product developers should seek opportunities in all four areas of design thinking: "It is rather interesting to look over the developmental history of any product or family of products and try to classify
462-659: A panacea for innovation have been expressed by some critics (see § Criticisms ). Historically, designers tended to be involved only in the later parts of the process of new product development , focusing their attention on the aesthetics and functionality of products. Many businesses and other organisations now realise the utility of embedding design as a productive asset throughout organisational policies and practices, and design thinking has been used to help many different types of business and social organisations to be more constructive and innovative. Designers bring their methods into business either by taking part themselves from
528-404: A participatory and informally argumentative "second generation" of design methods for the 1970s and beyond that would be more adequate for the complexity of wicked problems. Rather than accept the problem as given, designers explore the given problem and its context and may re-interpret or restructure the given problem in order to reach a particular framing of the problem that suggests a route to
594-763: A primary school in Gando , Burkina Faso , that combines high-caliber architectural design with local materials, techniques and community participation. The Bibliotheca Alexandria in Egypt and the Petronas Towers in Malaysia are examples of high-profile landmark buildings. Award recipients: The 2007 Award Presentation Ceremony was held at the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This cycle marked
660-489: A process of co-evolution of problem and solution. New solution ideas can lead to a deeper or alternative understanding of the problematic context, which in turn triggers more solution ideas. Conventionally, designers communicate mostly in visual or object languages to translate abstract requirements into concrete objects. These 'languages' include traditional sketches and drawings but also extend to computer models and physical prototypes. The use of representations and models
726-411: A reform for all of higher education" misuse ideas from the fields that they purport to borrow from, and devalue discipline-specific expertise, giving students "'creative confidence' without actual capabilities". Natasha Iskander criticized a certain conception of design thinking for reaffirming "the privileged role of the designer" at the expense of the communities that the designer serves, and argued that
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#1732776645819792-674: A role in realizing them. This includes clients, builders, artisans and decision makers. Architecture is viewed as a collaborative endeavour in which architects play a role. In the four decades since its establishment, the Award has documented more than 9,000 projects and actively contributed to the architectural discourse. It has promoted the view that architecture is deeply connected with society and can respond to issues that are of local, national and even international relevance. The Award has brought together practitioners from different geographies and fields like philosophy, social sciences, and
858-445: A sequence of orderly steps: inspiration , ideation, and implementation . Projects may loop back through inspiration, ideation, and implementation more than once as the team refines its ideas and explores new directions. Generally, the design innovation process starts with the inspiration phase: observing how things and people work in the real world and noticing problems or opportunities. These problem formulations can be documented in
924-441: A solution. In empirical studies of three-dimensional problem solving, Bryan Lawson found architects employed solution-focused cognitive strategies, distinct from the problem-focused strategies of scientists. Nigel Cross suggests that "Designers tend to use solution conjectures as the means of developing their understanding of the problem". In the creation of new design proposals, designers have to infer possible solutions from
990-665: A specific cognitive style (thinking like a designer), a general theory of design (a way of understanding how designers work), and a set of pedagogical resources (through which organisations or inexperienced designers can learn to approach complex problems in a designerly way). The different uses have given rise to some confusion in the use of the term. An iterative, non-linear process, design thinking includes activities such as context analysis , user testing , problem finding and framing , ideation and solution generating, creative thinking , sketching and drawing , prototyping , and evaluating . Core features of design thinking include
1056-742: A subject was introduced into secondary schools' educational curricula in the UK in the 1970s, gradually replacing and/or developing from some of the traditional art and craft subjects, and increasingly linked with technology studies. This development sparked related research studies in both education and design. In the K–12 education sector, design thinking is used to enhance learning and promote creative thinking, teamwork, and student responsibility for learning. A design-based approach to teaching and learning has been developed more widely throughout education. New courses in design thinking have also been introduced at
1122-655: A sustainable and dignified shelter for a marginalized segment of society. The remaining projects were recognized for their contribution in evolving an architectural vocabulary in response to contemporary social and environmental challenges. Award recipients: The 2001 Award Presentation Ceremony took place at the Citadel of Aleppo in Syria . During this cycle, the Chairman's Award was given to Geoffrey Bawa to honour and celebrate his lifetime achievements in and contribution to
1188-529: Is administered from Geneva as part of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture , and Farrokh Derakhshani has served as Director of the Award since 1982. The Aga Khan Foundation funded the television series Architects on the Frontline which was about entries to the competition. The media watchdog Ofcom criticised BBC World News for breaking United Kingdom broadcasting rules with the series, which praised
1254-423: Is an architectural prize established by Aga Khan IV in 1977. It aims to identify and reward architectural concepts that successfully address the needs and aspirations of Muslim societies in the fields of contemporary design , social housing , community development and improvement, restoration , reuse and area conservation , as well as landscape design and improvement of the environment . The award
1320-530: Is associated with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). The Aga Khan Award for Architecture is presented in three-year cycles and has a monetary prize totalling US$ 1 million that is shared by multiple winning projects. It recognizes projects, teams, and stakeholders in addition to buildings and people. The Chairman's Award is given in honour of accomplishments that fall outside
1386-402: Is characterized by the alternation of divergent and convergent thinking , typical of design thinking process. To achieve divergent thinking, it may be important to have a diverse group of people involved in the process. Design teams typically begin with a structured brainstorming process of " thinking outside the box ". Convergent thinking, on the other hand, aims for zooming and focusing on
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#17327766458191452-409: Is closely associated with features of design thinking such as the generation and exploration of tentative solution concepts, the identification of what needs to be known about the developing concept, and the recognition of emergent features and properties within the representations. A five-phase description of the design innovation process is offered by Plattner , Meinel, and Leifer as: (re)defining
1518-649: The Kraton Surakarta in Surakarta , Indonesia. Award recipients: The 1998 award ceremony took place at the Alhambra in Granada , Spain . The Master Jury selected seven winning projects of the 424 presented. During this cycle, special emphasis was placed on projects that responded creatively to the emerging forces of globalization . Issues such as demographic pressure , environmental degradation , and
1584-721: The seat of Imamat of the Shia Ismaili Muslims , the Aga Khan had become responsible for the wellbeing of the Ismaili community, which mostly live in the developing countries of Asia , Africa and the Middle East . He was concerned at the absence of design thinking that could respond to specific challenges in those parts of the world. A relentless push for development had led to cheap copies of foreign architectural designs that held no connection or respect for
1650-469: The 1950s and design methods in the 1960s led to the idea of design thinking as a particular approach to creatively solving problems. Among the first authors to write about design thinking were John E. Arnold in "Creative Engineering" (1959) and L. Bruce Archer in "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963–64). In his book "Creative Engineering" (1959) Arnold distinguishes four areas of creative thinking: (1) novel functionality, i.e. solutions that satisfy
1716-462: The 1950s and '60s, with roots in the study of design cognition and design methods . It has also been referred to as "designerly ways of knowing, thinking and acting" and as "designerly thinking". Many of the key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across different design domains, of design cognition and design activity in both laboratory and natural contexts. The term design thinking has been used to refer to
1782-496: The 30th anniversary of the award. A total of 343 projects were presented for consideration, and 27 were reviewed on site by international experts. The award recipients were: The 2010 Award Presentation Ceremony was held at the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar . A total of 401 projects were nominated of which 19 were shortlisted. The Chairman's Award went to Oleg Grabar . The award recipients were: The 2013 Award ceremony
1848-531: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1977. At the time, very few architectural prizes of international scope existed. It has been noted that the award emerged from "the Aga Khan's sadness at the state of architecture in the Islamic world of the 1970s", and his conviction of the importance that the built environment holds in shaping a society's quality of life. Twenty years earlier, upon inheriting
1914-614: The Aga Khan recruited a number of people to help define the award. Among the first were Oleg Grabar a professor at the Harvard Department of Fine Arts, William Porter then Dean of the MIT School of Architecture and Planning , architectural historian Renata Holod , and Pakistani architect Hasan Udhin Khan. They were joined by others, including Nader Ardalan, Hugh Casson , Charles Correa , and Hassan Fathy . Members of
1980-747: The Chairman's Award was given to Hassan Fathy in recognition of his lifelong commitment to architecture in the Muslim world . Prominent architect Muzharul Islam was a member of the Master Jury of the first Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Award recipients: The 1983 award ceremony took place at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul . Award recipients: The 1986 award ceremony took place at El Badi Palace in Marrakesh , Morocco . The brief prepared by
2046-543: The Master Jury selected 11 winners. Two themes were noted as areas of focus in this cycle: Revival of past vernacular traditions, and projects that reflect the efforts of individual patrons and of non-governmental organisations in improving society. Projects such as the Great Omari Mosque and the Rehabilitation of Asilah seek to reconstruct and preserve heritage buildings for continued use, demonstrating
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2112-726: The Steering Committee for this award cycle focused on the preservation and continuation of cultural heritage, community building and social housing, and excellence in contemporary architectural expression. Six winners were chosen from among 213 entries. The conservation of Mostar Old Town and restoration of Al-Aqsa Mosque were examples of cultural heritage, the first theme, while the Yama Mosque and Bhong Mosque were noted for their innovation in translating traditional techniques and materials to meet contemporary requirements. The Social Security Complex and Dar Lamane Housing address
2178-440: The abilities to: Designing deals with design problems that can be categorized on a spectrum of types of problems from well-defined problems to ill-defined ones to problems that are wickedly difficult . In the 2010s, the category of super wicked global problems emerged as well. Wicked problems have features such as no definitive formulation, no true/false solution, and a wide discrepancy between differing perspectives on
2244-428: The artistic, intuitive processes that [design and other] practitioners bring to situations of uncertainty, instability, uniqueness and value conflict". IDEO design consultancy is formed by combining three industrial design companies. They are one of the first design companies to showcase their design process, based on design methods and design thinking. The design approach also becomes extended and adapted to tackle
2310-461: The arts, who have served as jurors, steering committee members, technical reviewers, or attended seminars. The Aga Khan Award runs in three-year cycles and is governed by a steering committee chaired by the Aga Khan . A new committee is constituted each cycle to establish the eligibility criteria for projects, provide thematic direction with reference to current concerns, and to develop plans for
2376-400: The available problem information, their experience, and the use of non-deductive modes of thinking such as the use of analogies. This has been interpreted as a form of Peirce 's abductive reasoning , called innovative abduction. In the process of designing, the designer's attention typically oscillates between their understanding of the problematic context and their ideas for a solution in
2442-560: The changes into one of the four areas ... Your group, too, might have gotten into a rut and is inadvertently doing all of your design thinking in one area and is missing good bets in other areas." Although L. Bruce Archer 's "Systematic Method for Designers" (1963–64) was concerned primarily with a systematic process of designing, it also expressed a need to broaden the scope of conventional design: "Ways have had to be found to incorporate knowledge of ergonomics, cybernetics, marketing and management science into design thinking ". Archer
2508-433: The cognitive processes of innovation as well as training in subjects such as economics, computer science, business, communication, and the history of technology. Design thinking has been central to user-centered design and human-centered design —the dominant methods of designing human-computer interfaces—for over 40 years. Design thinking is also central to recent conceptions of software development in general. Some of
2574-560: The competition; viewers were not informed that it was sponsored content. Prizes totalling up to US$ 1m are presented every three years to projects selected by the Master Jury. Since 1977, documentation has been compiled on over 7500 building projects located throughout the world, of which over 100 projects have received awards. The 1980 award ceremony took place at the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore , Pakistan . During this cycle,
2640-511: The concept of "empathy" employed in some formulations of design thinking ignores critical reflection on the way identity and power shape empathetic identification. She claimed that promoting simplified versions of design thinking "makes it hard to solve challenges that are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty—like climate change—where doing things the way we always have done them is a sure recipe for disaster". Similarly, Rebecca Ackermann said that radical broadening of design thinking elevated
2706-409: The concept of design thinking. A 1982 article by Nigel Cross , "Designerly Ways of Knowing", established some of the intrinsic qualities and abilities of design thinking that also made it relevant in general education and thus for wider audiences. Peter G. Rowe 's 1987 book Design Thinking , which described methods and approaches used by architects and urban planners, was a significant early usage of
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2772-496: The crisis of the nation-state , and the changes in lifestyle, cultural values, and relationships among social groups and between governments and people at large they prompted, were considered. Of the winning projects, the rehabilitation of the Old City of Hebron and Slum Networking of Indore City sought to reclaim community space in environments strained by social, physical and environmental degradation. The Lepers Hospital created
2838-414: The design thinking innovation process is implementation, when the best ideas generated during ideation are turned into something concrete. At the core of the implementation process is prototyping: turning ideas into actual products and services that are then tested, evaluated, iterated , and refined. A prototype, or even a rough mock-up helps to gather feedback and improve the idea. Prototypes can speed up
2904-482: The designer into "a kind of spiritual medium" whose claimed empathy skills could be allowed to supersede context-specific expertise within professional domains, and suggested that "many big problems are rooted in centuries of dark history, too deeply entrenched to be obliterated with a touch of design thinking's magic wand". Drawing on psychological studies of creativity from the 1940s, such as Max Wertheimer's "Productive Thinking" (1945), new creativity techniques in
2970-486: The different proposals to select the best choice, which permits continuation of the design thinking process to achieve the final goals. After collecting and sorting many ideas, a team goes through a process of pattern finding and synthesis in which it has to translate ideas into insights that can lead to solutions or opportunities for change. These might be either visions of new product offerings, or choices among various ways of creating new experiences. The third space of
3036-441: The diverse and popularized applications of design thinking, particularly in the business/innovation fields, have been criticized for promoting a very restricted interpretation of design skills and abilities. Lucy Kimbell accused business applications of design thinking of "de-politicizing managerial practice" through an "undertheorized" conception of design thinking. Lee Vinsel suggested that popular purveyors of design consulting "as
3102-448: The earliest stages of product and service development processes or by training others to use design methods and to build innovative thinking capabilities within organisations. All forms of professional design education can be assumed to be developing design thinking in students, even if only implicitly, but design thinking is also now explicitly taught in general as well as professional education, across all sectors of education. Design as
3168-933: The field of architecture. Award recipients: The 2004 award ceremony took place at the Humayun's Tomb in New Delhi , India. During the ninth cycle, 378 projects were nominated. Of these, 23 were site-reviewed, and the Master Jury selected seven award recipients. Notable among the recipients are the Sandbag Shelter Prototypes , developed by Nader Khalili to enable victims of natural disasters and war to build their own shelter using earth-filled sandbags and barbed wire. The resulting structures – made up of arches, domes and vaulted spaces built using superadobe techniques – provide earthquake resistance, shelter from hurricanes and flood resistance, while being aesthetically pleasing. Other winning projects include
3234-418: The goal of understanding their wants and needs, what might make their life easier and more enjoyable and how technology can be useful for them. Empathic design transcends physical ergonomics to include understanding the psychological and emotional needs of people—the way they do things, why and how they think and feel about the world, and what is meaningful to them. Ideation is idea generation. The process
3300-403: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aga_Khan_Prize&oldid=932676620 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aga Khan Award for Architecture The Aga Khan Award for Architecture ( AKAA )
3366-458: The issues of community and social housing while remaining sensitive to local culture. The Chairman's Award for Lifetime Achievements was given to Iraqi architect Rifat Chadirji . Award recipients: The 1989 award ceremony took place at the Citadel of Salah Ed-Din in Cairo. The fourth cycle of the award considered 241 project nominations. Of these, 32 were short-listed for technical review and
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#17327766458193432-419: The long-term future of the award. The committee is also responsible for seminars and field visits, the award ceremony, publications and exhibitions. At the commencement of each cycle, the steering committee is convened to select a master jury that is diverse in its perspectives and has in past cycles included sociologists, philosophers, artists as well as architects. In each cycle, submissions are received from
3498-406: The mandate of the Master Jury. It recognises lifetime achievements of individuals and has been presented four times: in 1980 to Egyptian architect and urban planner Hassan Fathy , in 1986 to Iraqi architect and educator Rifat Chadirji , in 2001 to Sri Lankan architect Geoffrey Bawa , and in 2010 to historian of Islamic art and architecture Oleg Grabar . Prince Karim Aga Khan IV established
3564-409: The need for a contemporary visual language for the Islamic built environment, as well as for architects trained in modern technologies and sensitive to the diversity, values and dignity of Muslim culture – would inform the creation of the Award. By the 1970s, the decline of the built environment of Muslim societies and loss of cultural identity had become apparent to others as well. From the outset
3630-583: The places where they were being built. The Aga Khan also worried about the rapid disappearance of centuries of distinctive architectural tradition that embodied a continuity of Islamic values, resulting in an absence of "architecture that could speak to and about the Muslim world". These problems were most acutely felt during the planning of the Aga Khan University and teaching hospital in Karachi. Questions raised in this process – including
3696-410: The problem, needfinding and benchmarking, ideating, building, and testing . Plattner, Meinel, and Leifer state: "While the stages are simple enough, the adaptive expertise required to choose the right inflection points and appropriate next stage is a high order intellectual activity that requires practice and is learnable." The process may also be thought of as a system of overlapping spaces rather than
3762-420: The process of innovation because they allow quick identification of strengths and weaknesses of proposed solutions, and can prompt new ideas. In the 2000s and 2010s there was a significant growth of interest in applying design thinking across a range of diverse applications—for example as a catalyst for gaining competitive advantage within business or for improving education, but doubts around design thinking as
3828-482: The short-listed projects to understand the living impact of each one on people and the surrounding area. They prepare exhaustive documentation, providing fact-based analysis for the master jury's consideration. Over the decades, many notable figures have served on the award's steering committees and master juries, including Homi K. Bhabha , Frank Gehry , Zaha Hadid , Glenn Lowry , Fumihiko Maki , Jacques Herzog , Ricardo Legoretta and Farshid Moussavi . The award
3894-812: The significance of these spaces within their communities. Meanwhile, the Grameen Bank Housing Programme and Sidi el-Aloui Primary School apply architectural solutions to address current socioeconomic issues. Award recipients: The 1992 award ceremony took place at the Registan Square in Samarkand , Uzbekistan . Uzbek government also released a postal stamp to commemorate the award ceremony & restoration of Registan Square in Partnership with Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Award recipients: The 1995 award ceremony took place at
3960-455: The situation. Horst Rittel introduced the term in the context of design and planning, and with Melvin Webber contrasted this problem type with well-defined or "tame" cases where the problem is clear and the solution available through applying rules or technical knowledge. Rittel contrasted a formal rationalistic "first generation" of design methods in the 1950s and 1960s against the need for
4026-733: The team travelled widely – from Morocco to Indonesia. They debated the cultural role of architecture, the parameters of the award and how to structure its processes. The award was shaped by consultations held with chambers of architects and ministries of urbanism and culture. The first Aga Khan Award for Architecture Seminar was held during April 1978 in Aiglemont, Gouvieux, France. Subsequent seminars have been held in Istanbul, Jakarta, Fez, Amman, Beijing, Dakar, Sana'a, Cairo, Granada and elsewhere. In seeking to define what "Islamic architecture" meant, it became apparent that no singular definition
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#17327766458194092-1098: The term in the design research literature. An international series of research symposia in design thinking began at Delft University of Technology in 1991. Richard Buchanan 's 1992 article "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" expressed a broader view of design thinking as addressing intractable human concerns through design, reprising ideas that Rittel and Webber developed in the early 1970s. The 1962 Conference on Systematic and Intuitive Methods in Engineering, Industrial Design, Architecture and Communications, London, UK, catalyses interest in studying design processes and developing new design methods. Books on methods and theories of design in different fields are published by Morris Asimow (1962) ( engineering ), L. Bruce Archer (1963–64) ( industrial design ), Christopher Alexander (1964) ( architecture ), and John Chris Jones (1970) ( product and systems design ). Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber publish "Dilemmas in
4158-685: The university level, especially when linked with business and innovation studies. A notable early course of this type was introduced at Stanford University in 2003, the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design , known as the d.school. Design thinking can now be seen in International Baccalaureate schools across the world, and in Maker Education organizations. A hallmark of these programs is that they are interdisciplinary and offer courses that investigate
4224-450: Was also developing the relationship of design thinking with management: "The time is rapidly approaching when design decision making and management decision making techniques will have so much in common that the one will become no more than the extension of the other". Arnold initiated a long history of design thinking at Stanford University, extending through many others such as Robert McKim and Rolfe Faste, who taught "design thinking as
4290-629: Was held at the Castle of São Jorge in Lisbon, Portugal in September 2013. The winning projects are: The 2016 Award ceremony for the six winners was held in Al-Ain , UAE on 6 November 2016: Design thinking Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation of products and services within business and social contexts. Design thinking has a history extending from
4356-411: Was to be found. Instead, the seminars brought to light the diversity of what constituted Islamic architecture. This was recognized as a strength and a dormant source of creativity that the Award would seek to revive. Unlike conventional prizes that applaud the accomplishments of individual architects, the Aga Khan Award selects projects that improve the quality of life and recognizes all those who have
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