Pontic Steppe
98-973: Alvin Ailey Jr. (January 5, 1931 – December 1, 1989) was an American dancer, director, choreographer , and activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT). He created AAADT and its affiliated Alvin Ailey American Dance Center (later Ailey School) as havens for nurturing Black artists and expressing the universality of the African-American experience through dance. Ailey's work fused theater, modern dance, ballet, and jazz with Black vernacular, creating hope-fueled choreography that continues to spread global awareness of Black life in America. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations
196-619: A Guggenheim Fellowship . With these funds, he created his first work set to pop music, choreographing Quintet to six songs from Eli and the Thirteenth Confession . This work debuted at the 1968 Edinburgh Festival, and premiered in New York at the Billy Rose Theatre as a part of AAADT's first Broadway season. The next year, he created Diversion No.1, including dances to Scarborough Fair and Oh Happy Day for
294-498: A dialect continuum , where the speech variety of a location differs only slightly from that of a neighboring location, but over a longer distance these differences can accumulate to the point where two remote locations speak what may be unambiguously characterized as separate languages. This makes drawing language boundaries difficult, and as such there is no unambiguous way to divide the Romance varieties into individual languages. Even
392-456: A November 27, 1960 premiered Knoxville: Summer of 1915, set to music by Samuel Barber and based on A Death in the Family and Three for Now , set to music by Jimmy Giuffre and John Lewis (pianist) , as well as Horton's The Beloved and John Butler's Portrait of Billie. The next year, he premiered Hermit Songs (10 December 1961) . Originally conceived as a group work, it premiered as
490-431: A coherent whole.” Choreography consisting of ordinary motor activities, social dances, commonplace movements or gestures, or athletic movements may lack a sufficient amount of authorship to qualify for copyright protection. A recent lawsuit was brought by professional dancer and choreographer Kyle Hanagami, who sued Epic Games, alleging that the video game developer copied a portion of Hanagami’s copyrighted dance moves in
588-686: A couple "cornered into a relationship of violence and need, smoking pot and mainlining heroin. The work spilled into the audience as Wayne chased Mathis through the aisles, dragging her onto the stage and striking her with a needle. In 1973, the AAADT headlined the First National Congress on Blacks in Dance , though Ailey sat out of conversaitions on how to advance the public perception and financial profiles of black dance companies. In 1975, Ailey restaged Revelations for nineteen dancers for
686-521: A dance, The Twelve Gates, in honor of Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn 's golden anniversary. This performance, featuring Truitte and de Lavallade, and with costumes by Holder, was performed for a single week at Jacob's Pillow. In the fall of 1964, Ailey added "American" to his company's name during a three-month European tour. In 1965, following physical tensions and negative reviews at the Florentine Festival, Ailey retired from his career as
784-612: A dancer. Ailey paused choreography until receiving a lucrative commission by the Swedish television for Riedaiglia , which was danced to a commissioned score by Georg Riedel and relied heavily on television director Lars Egler's direction. This dance immediately won the television award the Grand Prix Italia, and was later broadcast in the United States on Ambassadors of Dance. In the summer of 1968, Ailey received
882-606: A makeshift stage constructed around his casket. These included Dudley Williams performing "Song for You", Donna Wood dancing an excerpt from "Cry", and excerpts from Revelations performed by Mari Kajiwara, John Parks, and members of his dance company. Ailey was buried in Los Angeles. After his death, Ailey’s personal papers were housed at the Black Archives of Mid-America in Kansas City, Missouri. In 2021,
980-524: A modern dance company, and were closely supervised by the FBI - the latter referred to Ailey's homosexuality as "lewd and criminal tendencies" and threatened his company with bankruptcy if he showed any signs of effeminate or homosexual behavior while on tour. Despite their work with the State Department, the company was able to book only a few performances per season in America. For a major concert at
1078-1084: A new, more naturalistic style of choreography, including by Russian choreographer Michel Fokine (1880-1942) and Isadora Duncan (1878-1927), and since then styles have varied between realistic representation and abstraction. Merce Cunningham , George Balanchine , and Sir Frederick Ashton were all influential choreographers of classical or abstract dance, but Balanchine and Ashton, along with Martha Graham , Leonide Massine , Jerome Robbins and others also created representational works. Isadora Duncan loved natural movement and improvisation . The work of Alvin Ailey (1931-1989), an African-American dancer, choreographer, and activist, spanned many styles of dance, including ballet, jazz , modern dance, and theatre. Dances are designed by applying one or both of these fundamental choreographic methods: Several underlying techniques are commonly used in choreography for two or more dancers: Movements may be characterized by dynamics, such as fast, slow, hard, soft, long, and short. Today,
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#17327830587431176-472: A nightclub act called "Al and Rita". Eventually, he returned to study dance with Horton in Los Angeles. Ailey joined Horton's dance company in 1953. While there, he took daily technique classes, studied art and music, and taught children's classes. In 1953, he made his debut in Horton's Revue Le Bal Caribe . In a workshop the summer of 1953, Ailey created his first dance composition, Afternoon Blues . This work
1274-455: A positive stereotype of "supremely physical, supremely sensitive beings" at the expense of "genuineness". Ailey responded to such criticism by stating, "The black pieces we do that come from blues, spirituals and gospels are part of what I am. They are as honest and truthful as we can make them. I'm interested in putting something on stage that will have a very wide appeal without being condescending; that will reach an audience and make it part of
1372-598: A potential source of separatist movements; therefore, they have generally fought to eliminate it, by extensively promoting the use of the official language, restricting the use of the other languages in the media, recognizing them as mere "dialects", or even persecuting them. As a result, all of these languages are considered endangered to varying degrees according to the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages , ranging from "vulnerable" (e.g. Sicilian and Venetian ) to "severely endangered" ( Franco-Provençal , most of
1470-567: A program shared with The 5th Dimension . This work, created to attract audiences to the AAADT's UCLA season, was one of Ailey's most commercial pieces. In a twelve-day residency at Connecticut College in 1968, Ailey created Masekela Langage , a piece set in South Africa . This work directly addresses racial politics with the intention of drawing a parallel between the Apartheid and the shooting to death of Fred Hampton . This politicism
1568-469: A return to mundane life. Ailey danced in the other two premieres at this performance, Redonda and Ode and Homage . Redonda , which was later retitled Cinco Latinos , brought together five short pieces described as "Latin Theme" in a work similar to Horton's. Ode and Homage , set to a score by Peggy Glanville-Hicks , was a "dance of faith, respectfully dedicated to the memory of Lester Horton". Following
1666-664: A school trip and Katherine Dunham Dance Company 's "Tropical Review" on solitary trips to the Los Angeles Philharmonic Auditorium. Also in high school, Ailey discovered his homosexuality, which added another layer of difference and isolation to his already racially segregated experience. Thus, "like many young gay men eager to corral the sensual impulses of the body, he turned to dance study." He briefly studied tap, followed by exploring "primitive dance" as taught by Dunham dancer Thelma Robinson . Neither of these styles were right for Ailey, possibly due to
1764-846: A single country. Portuguese is the official language of six African countries ( Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Equatorial Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ), and is spoken as a native language by perhaps 16 million residents of that continent. In Asia, Portuguese is co-official with other languages in East Timor and Macau , while most Portuguese-speakers in Asia—some 400,000 —are in Japan due to return immigration of Japanese Brazilians . In North America 1,000,000 people speak Portuguese as their home language, mainly immigrants from Brazil, Portugal, and other Portuguese-speaking countries and their descendants. In Oceania, Portuguese
1862-536: A societal force and "agent of division". In 1964, at a direct request from Langston Hughes , Ailey directed Jerico-Jim Crow with William Hairston. His one attempt at Broadway choreography, La Strada (musical) , opened and closed in one performance on December 14, 1969. In 1969, Ailey founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Center with the famed Martha Graham Dance Company principal and choreographer Pearl Lang as his co-director of
1960-486: A solo for Ailey performed to Leontyne Price 's recording of Samuel Barber's Hermit Songs . Hermit Songs, which is based on a loose narrative of a monk's privilege and penance, remained in the AADT's repertoire through 1991. Ailey's work during this time was different from that of many other modern dance choreographers of the time. By keeping a focus on narrative, he was able to draw an audience from outside New York City and
2058-502: A staging at the New York State Theater from August 12 to 24. While Ailey choreographed more than 100 ballets for his dancers, he insisted that the company perform pieces by other choreographers rather than stand as a singular vehicle for his voice. Though AAADT was formed to celebrate African-American culture and to provide performances for black dancers, who were frequently denied opportunities due to racist mores of
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#17327830587432156-595: A suite of folk songs and children's games based on Donald McKayle 's Games (which Ailey had performed in 1956) and his own memories of growing up in Texas. He also assembled a company of ten dancers and four musicians that could travel the world. This tour began on 3 February in Sydney, Australia, and ended on 12 May 1962 in Seoul, South Korea, performing sixty times in thirteen weeks. As necessary, Ailey reworked material to fit
2254-739: A travelogue history in observance of the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . For the August 19 performance, Ailey coreographed three pieces, "The Blues Ain't", "Light", and "My Mother My Father". While working with Ellington, Ailey and his company were invited to the International Music Festival in Rio de Janeiro . For this performance, feeling the occasion required a new work, Ailey premiered Rivers, Streams, and Doors . In August 1964, Ailey choreographed
2352-460: A tribute to Horton as a "kind of allusion to Lester's life" featuring James Truitte. He also choreographed and directed Morning Mourning (4 June 1954) , a piece based on the work of Tennessee Williams featuring de Lavallade and set to an original score by Gertrude Rivers Robinson. As Horton had done, Ailey designed the sets for Morning Mourning and collaborated on the lighting. That summer, Ailey also made his first large group piece, Creation of
2450-867: A version of Miss Julie , Mistress and Manservant , to a score by Ravel for the Shirley Broughton Dance Company. On January 31, 1960, the AADT premiered several new works at the 92nd Street YM-YWHA. These included Sonera , Ailey's first attempt at choreographing on point. Ailey also reworked Creation of the World for this performance as a duet for himself and Matt Turney of the Martha Graham Dance Company , which received great acclaim. He also premiered his most popular and critically acclaimed work, Revelations . In creating Revelations, Ailey drew upon his "blood memories" of growing up in Texas surrounded by Black people,
2548-739: A year later, enrolling at George Washington Carver Junior High School, and then graduating into Thomas Jefferson High School . He was able to explore the arts in high school, singing in glee club and writing poetry. He also took gymnastics. He frequently attended Lincoln Theatre and the Orpheum Theatre , where he was able to see a variety of African American performers, including Pearl Bailey , Fletcher Henderson , Billie Holiday , Lena Horne , Pigmeat Markham , Count Basie , and Duke Ellington . In 1946, Ailey had his first experience with concert dance, awakening an until then unknown spark of joy within him, when he saw Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo on
2646-742: Is Spanish , followed by Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , which together cover a vast territory in Europe and beyond, and work as official and national languages in dozens of countries. In Europe, at least one Romance language is official in France , Portugal , Spain , Italy , Switzerland , Belgium , Romania , Moldova , Transnistria , Monaco , Andorra , San Marino and Vatican City . In these countries, French, Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, Romansh and Catalan have constitutional official status. French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian are also official languages of
2744-764: Is an official language in Spain and in nine countries of South America , home to about half that continent's population; in six countries of Central America (all except Belize ); and in Mexico . In the Caribbean , it is official in Cuba , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico . In all these countries, Latin American Spanish is the vernacular language of the majority of the population, giving Spanish
2842-422: Is limited, and the literature is often hard to interpret or generalize. Many of its speakers were soldiers, slaves, displaced peoples, and forced resettlers, and more likely to be natives of conquered lands than natives of Rome. In Western Europe, Latin gradually replaced Celtic and other Italic languages , which were related to it by a shared Indo-European origin. Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated
2940-608: Is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world. On July 15, 2008, the United States Congress passed a resolution designating AAADT a "vital American cultural ambassador to the World". That same year, in recognition of AAADT's 50th anniversary, then Mayor Michael Bloomberg declared December 4 "Alvin Ailey Day" in New York City , while then-Governor David Paterson honored
3038-1088: Is spoken by many residents of Alghero , on the island of Sardinia , and it is co-official in that city. Galician , with more than three million speakers, is official together with Spanish in Galicia , and has legal recognition in neighbouring territories in Castilla y León . A few other languages have official recognition on a regional or otherwise limited level; for instance, Asturian and Aragonese in Spain; Mirandese in Portugal; Friulian , Sardinian and Franco-Provençal in Italy; and Romansh in Switzerland. The remaining Romance languages survive mostly as spoken languages for informal contact. National governments have historically viewed linguistic diversity as an economic, administrative or military liability, as well as
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3136-548: Is taken from the dance techniques of ballet , contemporary dance , jazz dance , hip hop dance , folk dance , techno , K-pop , religious dance, pedestrian movement, or combinations of these. The word choreography literally means "dance-writing" from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance, see choreia ) and "γραφή" (writing). It first appeared in the American English dictionary in the 1950s, and "choreographer"
3234-840: Is the longest-running choreography competition in the world (started c. 1982 ), organised by the Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover e.V. It took place online during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, returning to the stage at the Theater am Aegi in 2022. Gregor Zöllig, head choreographer of dance at the Staatstheater Braunschweig was appointed artistic director of the competition in 2020. The main conditions of entry are that entrants must be under 40 years of age, and professionally trained. The competition has been run in collaboration with
3332-496: Is the second most spoken Romance language, after French, due mainly to the number of speakers in East Timor . Its closest relative, Galician, has official status in the autonomous community of Galicia in Spain , together with Spanish. Outside Europe, French is spoken natively most in the Canadian province of Quebec , and in parts of New Brunswick and Ontario . Canada is officially bilingual , with French and English being
3430-445: The 92nd Street YM-YWHA on March 30, 1958 in a concert shared with choreographer Ernest Parham, with headlining guest artist Talley Beatty . The performance included Ailey's first masterpiece, Blues Suite , which drew from Ailey's Texas childhood and House of Flowers , following men and women as they caroused and cavorted over the course of an evening while blues music played in the background until church bells began to ring, signaling
3528-704: The Brooklyn Academy of Music on 28 April 1963, Ailey reworked movements of Revelations into "Reflections in D" (set to music by Duke Ellington ) which, combined with "Suspensions", and "Gillespiana" made the latest version of Three for Now . Ailey also premiered Labyrinth , telling the story of Theseus and the Minotaur , which was later reborn as Ariadne . Also in 1963, Ailey began his professional relationship with Duke Ellington . Ellington invited Ailey to perform in My People (First Negro Centennial) ,
3626-628: The European Union . Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan were the official languages of the defunct Latin Union ; and French and Spanish are two of the six official languages of the United Nations . Outside Europe, French , Portuguese and Spanish are spoken and enjoy official status in various countries that emerged from the respective colonial empires . With almost 500 million speakers worldwide, Spanish
3724-462: The Ku Klux Klan as a child. The elder Alvin Ailey abandoned the young Alvin and Lula shortly after Alvin was born, leaving Lula to work in cotton fields and as a domestic in white homes — the only employment available to her. By the time Ailey was five, he joined his mother picking cotton. After a white man raped Lula in 1936, Ailey began to fear white men. As an escape, Ailey found refuge in
3822-568: The Latin or Neo-Latin languages , are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin . They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family . The five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are: The Romance languages spread throughout the world owing to the period of European colonialism beginning in
3920-531: The New Dance Group 's Hanya Holm , Anna Sokolow , Charles Weidman , and Karel Shook . Drawn to dance, but unable to find a choreographer whose work fulfilled him and wanting to continue the work he had begun at the Horton school, Ailey started gathering dancers to perform his own unique vision of dance. In 1958 Ailey founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater to present his vision of honoring Black culture through dance. The company had its debut at
4018-593: The Occitan varieties). Since the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, increased sensitivity to the rights of minorities has allowed some of these languages to start recovering their prestige and lost rights. Yet it is unclear whether these political changes will be enough to reverse the decline of minority Romance languages. Between 350 BC and 150 AD, the expansion of the Roman Empire , together with its administrative and educational policies, made Latin
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4116-659: The Republic of Moldova , where it is the dominant language and spoken by a majority of the population, but neighboring areas in Serbia ( Vojvodina and the Bor District ), Bulgaria, Hungary, and Ukraine ( Bukovina , Budjak ) and in some villages between the Dniester and Bug rivers. As with Italian, Romanian is spoken outside of its ethnic range by immigrant communities. In Europe, Romanian-speakers form about two percent of
4214-615: The Tanja Liedtke Foundation since her death in 2008, and from 2021 a new production prize has been awarded by the foundation, to complement the five other production awards. The 2021 and 2022 awards were presented by Marco Goecke , then director of ballet at the Staatstheater Hannover . There are a number of other international choreography competitions, mostly focused on modern dance. These include: The International Online Dance Competition (IODC)
4312-417: The declension system of Latin and, as a result, have SVO sentence structure and make extensive use of prepositions . By most measures, Sardinian and Italian are the least divergent languages from Latin, while French has changed the most. However, all Romance languages are closer to each other than to classical Latin . Documentary evidence about Vulgar Latin for the purposes of comprehensive research
4410-422: The design itself. A choreographer is one who creates choreographies by practising the art of choreography, a process known as choreographing . It most commonly refers to dance choreography . In dance, choreography. may also refer to the design itself, which is sometimes expressed by means of dance notation . Dance choreography is sometimes called dance composition . Aspects of dance choreography include
4508-489: The physical location and old-fashioned sensibility of the lessons. Therefore, he did not become serious about dance until 1949 when his classmate and friend Carmen De Lavallade dragged him to the Melrose Avenue studio of Lester Horton and he began exploring modern dance. Ailey studied a wide range of dance styles and techniques — from ballet to Native American inspired movement studies — at Horton's school, which
4606-518: The "arranger of dance as a theatrical art", with one well-known master being of the late 18th century being Jean-Georges Noverre , with others following and developing techniques for specific types of dance, including Gasparo Angiolini , Jean Dauberval , Charles Didelot , and Salvatore Viganò . Ballet eventually developed its own vocabulary in the 19th century, and romantic ballet choreographers included Carlo Blasis , August Bournonville , Jules Perrot and Marius Petipa . Modern dance brought
4704-482: The 15th century; there are more than 900 million native speakers of Romance languages found worldwide, mainly in the Americas , Europe , and parts of Africa . Portuguese, French and Spanish also have many non-native speakers and are in widespread use as lingua francas . There are also numerous regional Romance languages and dialects. All of the five most widely spoken Romance languages are also official languages of
4802-435: The 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became more separated from theatrical dance performances. During this time the word choreography was applied to the written record of dances, which later became known as dance notation , with the meaning of choreography shifting to its current use as the composition of a sequence of movements making up a dance performance. The ballet master or choreographer during this time became
4900-530: The Broadway show, House of Flowers . Ross had been hired to replace George Balanchine as the show's choreographer and he wanted to use the pair, who had become known as a famous dance team in Los Angeles, as featured dancers. The show's book was written and adapted by Truman Capote from one of his novellas with music from Harold Arlen and starred Pearl Bailey and Diahann Carroll . Ailey and De Lavallade met Geoffrey Holder , who performed alongside them in
4998-694: The European Union (with France, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain being part of it). The term Romance derives from the Vulgar Latin adverb romanice , "in Roman ", derived from romanicus : for instance, in the expression romanice loqui , "to speak in Roman" (that is, the Latin vernacular ), contrasted with latine loqui , "to speak in Latin" (Medieval Latin, the conservative version of
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#17327830587435096-715: The Romanian and Italian languages, as well as their common Latin origin. The total of 880 million native speakers of Romance languages (ca. 2020) are divided as follows: Catalan is the official language of Andorra . In Spain, it is co-official with Spanish in Catalonia , the Valencian Community (under the name Valencian ), and the Balearic Islands , and it is recognized, but not official, in an area of Aragon known as La Franja . In addition, it
5194-411: The U.S. government to covertly mold the "signature style of Afro-American concert dance". He also notes that State Department propaganda aided in promoting the international celebrity of the AADT. The relationship with the State Department did not go well and ended after a few years. Ailey struggled with the state department tours, which insisted on marketing the company as an "ethnic" company rather than
5292-408: The World (13 July 1954), set to a score by Darius Milhaud . Under Ailey, the Horton company had commercial engagements on television programs Party at Ciro's , The Red Skelton Show , and the Jack Benny show . Ailey and de Lavallade also performed in a segment of Carmen Jones . In December, 1954 De Lavallade and Ailey were recruited by Herbert Ross (who had coreographed Carmen Jones) to join
5390-432: The addition of the Elaine Wynn and Family Education Wing, the Ailey school is still growing and is now the largest place in New York City committed to training dancers. From her joining in 1965, the dancer Judith Jamison served as Ailey's muse. In 1971 she premiered Cry , which he dedicated to his mother and black women everywhere. She took over as artistic director following his death in 1989. Other important figures in
5488-486: The adoption of Latin. To some scholars, this suggests the form of Vulgar Latin that evolved into the Romance languages was around during the time of the Roman Empire (from the end of the first century BC), and was spoken alongside the written Classical Latin which was reserved for official and formal occasions. Other scholars argue that the distinctions are more rightly viewed as indicative of sociolinguistic and register differences normally found within any language. With
5586-408: The avant garde. In the fall of 1961, the US State Department invited the AADT (under the banner of the Lavallade-Ailey American Dance Company) to tour Southeast Asia and Australia as a part of President Kennedy's Special International Program for Cultural Presentations. This led Ailey to assemble a repertory that the State Department would find appropriate, including a new dance, Been Here and Gone,
5684-455: The chorus, during the production. Holder married De Lavallade and became a life-long artistic collaborator with Ailey. After House of Flowers closed, Ailey appeared in Harry Belafonte 's touring revue Sing, Man, Sing with Mary Hinkson as his dance partner, and the 1957 Broadway musical Jamaica , which starred Lena Horne and Ricardo Montalbán . Throughout the late 1950s, Ailey continued to study dance technique sporadically, learning with
5782-405: The church, sneaking out at night to watch adults dance, and in writing a journal, a practice that he maintained his entire life. Even this could not shield him from a childhood spent moving from town to town as his mother sought employment, being abandoned with relatives whenever she took off on her own. Looking for greater job prospects, Ailey's mother departed for Los Angeles in 1941. He arrived
5880-461: The church, spirituals, and the blues. The ballet charts the full range of feelings, from the majestic "I Been ’Buked" to the rapturous "Wade in the Water", closing with the electrifying finale, " Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham ". In 1960, Edele Holz offered Ailey rehearsal space at what would become the Clark Center for the Performing Arts . Shortly after the center opened in October of that year, AADT had its first concert. This concert included
5978-422: The company include Sylvia Waters, who in 1974, after performing with the company for six year was asked by Ailey to lead The Alvin Ailey Repertory Ensemble — a junior company, known today as Ailey 2, that prepares leading students for professional dance careers - and Masazumi Chaya , who danced with the company for 15 years then became rehearsal director, and was appointed associate artistic director in 1991. Ailey
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#17327830587436076-437: The company performed a two-week engagement at the ANTA Theater . At this performance, he premiered Flowers , set to music by Blind Faith , Pink Floyd , and Janis Joplin with Big Brother and the Holding Company . Flowers, which featured Lynn Seymour , depicted the death of a rock star caused by drug addiction, inspired by Joplin's death on October 3, 1970, and dedicated to "a slew of rockers making youth-oriented music". By
6174-403: The company toured to Russia, where it was ecstatically received. The AAADT became the first American modern dance company to perform in the Soviet Union. Their performances were broadcast on Moscow television and seen by over 22 million viewers. On closing night, because the Russian audiences would not stop applauding, the company gave over 30 curtain calls. Returning home with news of this triumph,
6272-528: The compositional use of organic unity , rhythmic or non-rhythmic articulation, theme and variation, and repetition. The choreographic process may employ improvisation for the purpose of developing innovative movement ideas. In general, choreography is used to design dances that are intended to be performed as concert dance . The art of choreography involves the specification of human movement and form in terms of space, shape, time and energy, typically within an emotional or non-literal context. Movement language
6370-612: The copyright claims after the district court concluded that his two-second, four-beat sequence of dance steps was not protectable under copyright law. Romance language Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Romance languages , also known as
6468-462: The criterion of mutual intelligibility can become ambiguous when it comes to determining whether two language varieties belong to the same language or not. The following is a list of groupings of Romance languages, with some languages chosen to exemplify each grouping. Not all languages are listed, and the groupings should not be interpreted as well-separated genetic clades in a tree model . The Romance language most widely spoken natively today
6566-464: The dance; that will get everybody into the theater. If it's art and entertainment — thank God, that's what I want to be." In 1960, James Truitte joined the dance company, and later became an authority on Lester Horton 's technique. Choreographer Choreography is the art or practice of designing sequences of movements of physical bodies (or their depictions) in which motion or form or both are specified. Choreography may also refer to
6664-438: The documentary Ailey by director Jamila Wignot was released in the United States. Wignot first discovered the work of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater by attending a performance while she was a student at Wellesley College ; in her documentary more than twenty years later, Alexandra Villarreal of The Guardian writes, "What emerges is a towering figure who won worldwide acclaim with art steeped in personal experience, yet
6762-415: The dominant native language in continental Western Europe. Latin also exerted a strong influence in southeastern Britain , the Roman province of Africa , western Germany , Pannonia and the whole Balkans . During the Empire's decline, and after its fragmentation and the collapse of its Western half in the fifth and sixth centuries, the spoken varieties of Latin became more isolated from each other, with
6860-520: The end of the January 1971 performance, the entire run was sold out. After 13 years, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre was a monumental success. In August 1972, the company was briefly renamed Alvin Ailey City Center Dance Theater and became a resident company of New York City Center . In September of that year, Ailey created Shaken Angels , another rock-based piece. This piece, set to recorded music by Alice Cooper , Pink Floyd , and Bill Withers , featured Dennis Wayne and Bonnie Mathis in story about
6958-448: The end of the colonial domination. As a result, Italian outside Italy and Switzerland is now spoken only as a minority language by immigrant communities in North and South America and Australia . In some former Italian colonies in Africa—namely Libya , Eritrea and Somalia —it is spoken by a few educated people in commerce and government. Romania did not establish a colonial empire. The native range of Romanian includes not only
7056-902: The jazz music of Duke Ellington . Throughout his career, Ailey continued to pursue work as a commercial theater choreographer, re-staging Carmen Jones (August 1959) and Jamaica (1960) for Summer stock theater and staging dances for the theatrical review African Holiday (1960) and Dark Side of the Moon (May 1960). These commercial engagements remained segregated, with African-American casts generally hired to entertain mostly white audiences. Ailey also studied acting with Stella Adler from 1960 to 1962, acting in non-dancing roles in dramatic plays including Call Me by My Rightful Name (January 1961) with costars Robert Duvall and Joan Hackett , and Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright , also starting Roscoe Lee Browne , Al Freeman Jr. , Claudia McNeil , Diana Sands , and Cicely Tyson . These plays all constructed race as
7154-597: The language used in writing and formal contexts or as a lingua franca), and with barbarice loqui , "to speak in Barbarian " (the non-Latin languages of the peoples living outside the Roman Empire). From this adverb the noun romance originated, which applied initially to anything written romanice , or "in the Roman vernacular". Most of the Romance-speaking area in Europe has traditionally been
7252-731: The main rules for choreography are that it must impose some kind of order on the performance, within the three dimensions of space as well the fourth dimension of time and the capabilities of the human body. In the performing arts , choreography applies to human movement and form. In dance , choreography is also known as dance choreography or dance composition. Choreography is also used in a variety of other fields, including opera , cheerleading , theatre , marching band , synchronized swimming , cinematography , ice skating , gymnastics , fashion shows , show choir , cardistry , video game production, and animated art . The International Choreographic Competition Hannover, Hanover , Germany,
7350-547: The most native speakers of any Romance language. In Africa it is one of the official languages of Equatorial Guinea . Spanish was one of the official languages in the Philippines in Southeast Asia until 1973. In the 1987 constitution, Spanish was removed as an official language (replaced by English), and was listed as an optional/voluntary language along with Arabic. It is currently spoken by a minority and taught in
7448-624: The official languages and government services in French theoretically mandated to be provided nationwide. In parts of the Caribbean, such as Haiti , French has official status, but most people speak creoles such as Haitian Creole as their native language. French also has official status in much of Africa, with relatively few native speakers but larger numbers of second language speakers. Although Italy also had some colonial possessions before World War II , its language did not remain official after
7546-575: The organization on behalf of New York State . Ailey was born to Alvin Ailey and Lula Elizabeth Cliff in Rogers, Texas , in his maternal grandfather's home at the height of the Great Depression . As a child in the violently racist and segregated south, during his youth Ailey was barred from interacting with mainstream society. When he was five, Ailey's mother was raped by four white men (one likely an employer), and Ailey recalled seeing members of
7644-584: The other continents to such an extent that about two-thirds of all Romance language speakers today live outside Europe. Despite other influences (e.g. substratum from pre-Roman languages, especially Continental Celtic languages ; and superstratum from later Germanic or Slavic invasions), the phonology , morphology , and lexicon of all Romance languages consist mainly of evolved forms of Vulgar Latin. However, some notable differences exist between today's Romance languages and their Roman ancestor. With only one or two exceptions, Romance languages have lost
7742-417: The popular game Fortnite. Hanagami published a YouTube video in 2017 featuring a dance he choreographed to the song "How Long" by Charlie Puth, and Hanagami claimed that Fortnight's "It's Complicated" "emote" copied a portion of his "How High" choreography. Hanagami's asserted claims for direct and contributory copyright infringement and unfair competition. Fortnite-maker Epic Games ultimately won dismissal of
7840-597: The population in Italy , Spain , and Portugal . Romanian is also spoken in Israel by Romanian Jews, where it is the native language of five percent of the population, and is spoken by many more as a secondary language. The Aromanian language is spoken today by Aromanians in Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Greece. Flavio Biondo was the first scholar to have observed (in 1435) linguistic affinities between
7938-554: The rise of the Roman Empire, spoken Latin spread first throughout Italy and then through southern , western , central , and southeastern Europe , and northern Africa along parts of western Asia . Latin reached a stage when innovations became generalised around the sixth and seventh centuries. After that time and within two hundred years, it became a dead language since "the Romanized people of Europe could no longer understand texts that were read aloud or recited to them." By
8036-434: The school curriculum. Portuguese, in its original homeland, Portugal , is spoken by almost the entire population of 10 million. As the official language of Brazil , it is spoken by more than 200 million people, as well as in neighboring parts of eastern Paraguay and northern Uruguay . This accounts for slightly more than half the population of South America, making Portuguese the most spoken official Romance language in
8134-530: The school. Their aim was to provide access to arts and dance to under-resourced communities. They started off in Brooklyn with 125 students. A year later the school relocated to Manhattan behind the Lincoln Center complex. In 1984, Denise Jefferson assumed directorship. Under her leadership, the school developed a Bachelor of Fine Arts Program in partnership with Fordham University in 1998. The school
8232-718: The shifting roster of collaborators. Many of the works, including Roots of the Blues and Revelations were specifically reworked to feature the headlining de Lavallade. The tour had followups at the World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar , Senegal in 1966, East & West Africa in 1967, and the Edinburgh Festival in 1968. Biographer Thomas DeFrantz notes how the Ailey company's status as "the sole exponent of an emerging standard of African American concert dance" allowed
8330-492: The success of his first concert, Ailey continued choreographing for a shifting roster of dancers who were available for dances at the 92nd Street YM-YWHA, working with designers Normand Maxon, Ves Harper, and Nicola Cernovich. These works included the integrated Ariette Oubliée (December 21, 1958, a choreographic fantasy pantomime set to Debussy's similarly named song cycle and featuring Don Price and de Lavallade. He also choreographed for other companies in collaborations, such as
8428-446: The time, Ailey proudly employed artists based solely on artistic talent and integrity, regardless of their background. In addition to his work as artistic director and choreographer with AADT, Ailey also choreographed ballets for other companies including American Ballet Theatre, Joffrey Ballet, Royal Danish Ballet, and The Metropolitan Opera. For American Ballet Theatre, he created The River (1970), one of several choreographies he set to
8526-469: The western dialects coming under heavy Germanic influence (the Goths and Franks in particular) and the eastern dialects coming under Slavic influence. The dialects diverged from Latin at an accelerated rate and eventually evolved into a continuum of recognizably different typologies. The colonial empires established by Portugal , Spain , and France from the fifteenth century onward spread their languages to
8624-529: Was a three-minute solo blues adaptation of L'Aprés-midi d’un Faune , which he had seen performed by the Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. In this piece, Ailey played the eponymous Faun to a selection from On the Town . Horton died suddenly November 1953 from a heart attack, leaving the company without leadership. In order to complete the organization's pressing professional engagements, and because no one else
8722-699: Was caused by terminal blood dyscrasia in order to shield his mother from the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. On December 9, 1989, more than 4,000 mourners attended his funeral at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine . The funeral, which lasted two hours, featured his friend Maya Angelou reading an oral interpretation of her poem "For Alvin Ailey", drumming by Max Roach , a reading of a statement from President George H. W. Bush , and eulogies by de Lavallade, Jamison, and New York City mayor David Dinkins . The funeral also included performances of Ailey's choreography on
8820-430: Was dissatisfied with the residency due to cramped quarters and BAM director Harvey Lichtenstein 's racialized business tactics. In 1970, with few bookings on the radar — and on the eve of a tour to Russia as part of a cultural exchange agreement — Ailey announced at a press conference that he was closing the company. In response, the State Department sponsored an Ailey tour of North Africa to tide things over. That August,
8918-497: Was first used as a credit for George Balanchine in the Broadway show On Your Toes in 1936. Before this, stage credits and movie credits used phrases such as "ensembles staged by", "dances staged by", or simply "dances by" to denote the choreographer. In Renaissance Italy , dance masters created movements for social dances which were taught, while staged ballets were created in a similar way. In 16th century France, French court dances were developed in an artistic pattern. In
9016-531: Was introduced in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a Grand Prix worth US$ 1,000 . Section 102(a)(4) of the Copyright Act provides protection in “choreographic works” that were created after January 1, 1978, and are fixed in a tangible medium of expression. Under copyright law, choreography is “the composition and arrangement of a related series of dance movements and patterns organized into
9114-629: Was one of the first racially integrated dance schools in the United States. Though Horton became his mentor, Ailey did not commit to dancing full-time, recognizing the lack of opportunities for black male dancers. Instead, he pursued academic courses, studying romance languages and writing at UCLA (1949), Los Angeles City College (1950–1951), and San Francisco State (1952). During this time, he sporadically returned to Horton to work between courses. Living in San Francisco , he met Maya Angelou , then known as Marguerite Johnson, with whom he formed
9212-445: Was renamed The Ailey School in 1999. Several years later, the school moved into The Joan Weill Center for Dance. Following Jefferson's death in 2010, Tracy Inman and Melanie Person assumed stewardship of the school as co-directors of the school. In 2012, after leading Ailey 2 for 38 years, Sylvia Waters retired. The second company's resident choreographer and associate director Troy Powell took over her role as artistic director. With
9310-474: Was too afraid to openly share his full identity even in death." Though Ailey's work has been met with popular and critical acclaim, there have been detractors of his theatrical style. Marcia Siegel accused the company of "selling soul", and of amplifying and transforming the emotivity characteristic of Martha Graham and his modern dance teachers into "metaphors of the American black experience" ,while creating
9408-481: Was uncomfortable with the label "Black choreographer" and preferred being known simply as a choreographer, while also acknowledging to the Chicago Tribune in 1987: "Of course there is something black in my work: me and my 56 years." He was known to be private about his personal life. Ailey died from an AIDS -related illness on December 1, 1989, at the age of 58. He asked his doctor to announce that his death
9506-461: Was uncommon for Ailey's work. The piece received immediate acclaim, and is regularly revived by the AAADT. After a successful week-long engagement at the Billy Rose Theatre, the company was invited to become the resident company at Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1969. This residency included a revival of Revelations. While working with BAM, he sponsored free classes for children and young adults "geared to channel formidable youth rage into art". Ailey
9604-417: Was willing to, Ailey took over as artistic director and choreographer. In particular, Horton's company was committed to performing at Jacob's Pillow in the summer of 1954. Ailey worked collaboratively with the Horton company dancers and choreographed based on them, gaining the support of the company's dancers who had much more experience than Ailey. These works included According to St. Francis (4 June 1954),
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