Airlangga (also spelled Erlangga ), regnal name Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramottunggadewa (born 1002 in Bali , Indonesia – died 1049 in Java ), was the only king of the Kingdom of Kahuripan .
91-473: The Kingdom was built from the territory of the Kingdom of Mataram after Mataram was sacked by King Wurawari of Lwaram. He gradually gained support, won back the kingdom once ruled by his uncle, and went on to become one of Java's most notable kings. Airlangga means "jumping water", thus his name means "he who crossed the water", described his life story; born in the court of Bali and during his youth crossed
182-590: A Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort Dharmaprasadottungadewi. The monastery bearing the name of Srivijaya suggests that his queen consort was probably a Srivijayan princess, a close relative, probably the daughter, of the Srivijayan king Sangramavijayattungavarman. She had taken refuge in East Java after her father was taken prisoner and her kingdom was raided through series of Indian Chola raids. The king seems to be sympathetic to
273-485: A hermit named Sang Prabhu Jatiningrat. The event also marked with the consecrated ceremony of Shiva image in Prambanan main temple. Boechari suggests that the enemy that challenged Pikatan was Rakai Walaing pu Kumbhayoni, a powerful Shaivite landlord and also the branch of the ruling dynasty as he claimed as the descendant of a king that ruled Java. King Lokapala (r. 855–885) was a patron of Shaivite Hinduism, "after
364-403: A hill protected by bulk of stone walls, this fortress hill is identified with Ratu Boko archaeological site. The eldest children of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani was Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu. Eventually the revolt was successfully defeated by Pikatan's youngest son—the valiant Dyah Lokapala also known by his title 'Lord of ( Rakai ) Kayuwangi'. As the reward for his heroic deed and bravery,
455-526: A mistake, as Jayavarman later revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata , severed the link and proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java in 802. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of Dharmasetu . He was mentioned as his other name Rakai Warak in Mantyasih inscription . Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom, and Coedes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and Samaratungga as
546-615: A new kingdom, and made peace with Srivijaya. The new kingdom was called the Kingdom of Kahuripan, the location of his capital, and stretched from Pasuruan in the east to Madiun in the west. In 1025, Airlangga increased the power and influence of Kahuripan as the Srivijaya Empire began to decline. Airlangga was known for his religious tolerance and was a patron of both the Hindu and Buddhist religions. In 1035 Airlangga constructed
637-571: A pacifist and a benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani that betrothed to Shaivite Rakai Pikatan , son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in Central Java. The political move that seems as an effort to secure peace and Shailendran rule on Java by reconciling the Mahayana Buddhist with Shaivite Hindus. The rule of Shaivite Rakai Pikatan (r. 838–850) and his Buddhist queen consort Pramodhawardhani marked
728-608: A phrase which means "Maharaja's kingdom in Mataram", as a form of mother personification which symbolises life, nature and the environment. The name of the Mataram kingdom was known during the reign of Sanjaya ( narapati rāja śrī sañjaya ) which states in the Canggal inscription , dated from 654 Śaka or 732 AD, that he ruled in Java island ( āsīddvīpavaraṁ yavākhyam ). Then according to Mantyasih inscription in 829 Śaka or 907 AD he
819-2722: A salient stretching eastwards into East Java Province. The 43 kelurahan comprise 1 in Pracimantoro District (Gedong), 2 in Giritontro District (Bayemharjo and Giritontro), 2 in Giriwoyo District (Girikikis and Giriwoyo), 1 in Batuwarno District (Selopuro), 2 in Tirtomoyo District (Ngarjosari and Tirtomoyo), 2 in Nguntoronadi District (Beji and Kedungrejo), 2 in Eromoko District (Ngadirejo and Puloharjo), 2 in Wuryantoro District (Mojopuro and Wuryantoro), 2 in Manyaran District (Pagutan and Punduhsari), 1 in Selogiri District (Kaliancar), 6 in Wonogiri District (Giripurwo, Giritirto, Giriwono, Wonoboyo, Wonokarto and Wuryorejo), 2 in Ngadirojo District (Kasihan and Mlokomanis Kulon), 2 in Sidoharjo District (Kayuloko and Sidoharjo), 2 in Jatiroto District (Jatiroto and Sanggrong), 2 in Kismantoro District (Gesing and Kismantoro), 2 in Purwantoro District (Purwantoro and Tegalrejo), 1 in Bulukerto District (Bulukerto), 1 in Puhpelem District (Giriharjo), 2 in Slogohimo District (Bulusari and Karang), 2 in Jatisrono District (Pelem and Tanjungsari), 2 in Jatipurno District (Balepanjang and Jatipurno), and 2 in Girimarto District (Gemawang and Sidokarto). Wonogiri Regency
910-552: A scandal or not even taken place. This suspicion was because although Airlangga was the eldest son of Mahendradatta, curiously he was not chosen as the crown prince of Bali, his younger brother Marakata and later Anak Wungçu rose to the Balinese throne instead. Moreover, Mahendradatta sent Airlangga back to Java during his teenage years. Mahendradatta was known to be promoting the cult of Durga in Bali, and curiously later associated with
1001-472: A terrible calamity that befell the East Javanese kingdom of Ishana dynasty in the early years of the 11th century. In 1006, a rebellion incited by a vassal king Wurawari from Lwaram destroyed the capital of Watugaluh. The reigning king, Dharmawangsa, successor to Sri Makutawangsawardhana, was murdered along with his entire family and many of his subjects. Only the young Airlangga, who was aged about 16 at
SECTION 10
#17327758469711092-465: A war challenging Pikatan's reign, the inscription, however, did not mention who was the enemy that challenged Pikatan's authority. The earlier historians suggest that it was Balaputra that rose against Pikatan, however, later historians suggest it was another enemy, argued by that time Balaputra already ruled in Srivijaya. The Shivagrha inscription only mentioned that the battle happened in a fortress on
1183-416: Is an area of agriculture and plantation , so most of people in the regency work as farmers . Generally, all areas of the regency produce much agriculture and plantation output. Casava , cacao , and cashew are examples of the plantation output that are relatively good. Wonogiri also has many special foods. They include nasi tiwul, emping, bakso, mie ayam, gudangan, etc. Most of Wonogiri Regency's area
1274-504: Is described as Sanna's son, rather than his nephew. It also mentions that Sanna was defeated by Purbasora, King of Galuh , and retreated to Mount Merapi . So, to avenge the defeat of his father, Sanjaya attacked Galuh and killed Purbasora and his family. Afterwards, Sanjaya reclaimed Sanna's kingdom and ruled West Java , Central Java, East Java, and Bali . He also battled the Malayu and Keling (against their king, Sang Srivijaya). Although
1365-556: Is highly possible her pedharmaan or mortuary temple dedicated by her son, King Lokapala or by her descendants. King Pikatan, Lokapala (Rakai Kayuwangi), and Watuhumalang ruled from their court in Mamrati or Amrati, they are known as "Amrati Kings". The exact location of Mamrati is unknown, suggested somewhere in Kedu Plain (modern day Magelang and Temanggung regencies ), located north from Mataram along Progo River valley. It
1456-545: Is rocky and hilly due to its location on the Sewu highlands . Since these highlands are of the karst type, many caves can easily be found in Wonogiri Regency and at least 41 caves have been discovered so far starting with the famous Song Gilap cave , Song Putri cave at Pracimantoro, Ngantap cave , Putri Kencana cave at Giritontro and including many unnamed caves all over the regency. Wonogiri Regency also has
1547-550: Is the oldest surviving structure found in Central Java. The earlier kingdom linked as the predecessor of Mataram kingdom is Kalingga , located somewhere in Central Java northern coast. The story of Sanna and Sanjaya are also described in the Carita Parahyangan , a book from a later period composed around late 16th-century, which mainly describes the history of Pasundan (the Sunda kingdom ). However, in this book, Sanjaya
1638-564: The Bali Strait to stay in Java and later ruled the kingdom in East Java. He belongs to both Ishana and Warmadewa lineages. Airlangga was born from a dynastic marriage between Ishana of Java and Warmadewa of Bali . His mother, queen Mahendradatta , was a princess of the Ishana dynasty , the sister of King Dharmawangsa of Mataram , while his father, King Udayana Warmadewa of Bali,
1729-571: The Kalasan inscription , dated 778 and written in the Pranagari script in Sanskrit, the Kalasan temple was erected by the will of Guru Sang Raja Sailendravamçatilaka (the teacher of the ornament of Sailendra family), who persuaded Panangkaran (Sanjaya's successor) to construct a holy building for the goddess ( boddhisattvadevi ) Tara and build a vihara ( monastery ) for Buddhist monks from
1820-730: The Khmer in Cambodia . Later the dynasty divided into two kingdoms identified by religious patronage—the Buddhist and Shaivite dynasties. Civil war followed. The outcome was that the Mataram kingdom was divided into two powerful kingdoms; the Shaivite dynasty of Mataram kingdom in Java led by Rakai Pikatan and the Buddhist dynasty of Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra led by Balaputra . Hostility between them did not end until 1016 when
1911-617: The Ligor inscription , Laguna copperplate inscription and Pucangan inscription , the influence and knowledge of the Medang kingdom reached as far as Bali , southern Thailand , the kingdoms in the Philippine islands , and the Khmer in Cambodia . In 851 an Arabic merchant named Sulaimaan recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching
SECTION 20
#17327758469712002-579: The Mataram city located on Lombok island, currently the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province. The latter was actually the royal capital of the Cakranegara, a branch of Balinese Karangasem nobles that colonised Lombok in the early 19th century. Indeed, Lombok's Mataram city was named after the historic region of Mataram in Java, as it is a common practice for Balinese to name their settlements after their Javanese heritage. The earliest account of
2093-504: The perwara (ancillary) temples and stupas in Plaosan complex bears some inscription of anumoda ("rejoicing" through donation) such as Anumoda śrī Kahulunan and Asthupa śrī mahārāja Rakai Pikatan . Balaputra however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani is interpreted differently by some historians. Older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that Balaputra
2184-501: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 251 rural desa and 43 urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: (a) Paranggupito District includes the whole of the Regency's sea coast (off the southern coast of Java). (b) Purwantoro District forms
2275-691: The Abhayagiri Vihara inscription. However, later it seems to be converted to become a fortified palace or a citadel, which evidence in the remnant of defensive structures. King Panangkaran probably also responsible to the conception and laid the foundation for the construction of grand Manjusrigrha temple, as mentioned in Manjusrigrha inscription dated 792. The king, however, never saw the completion of this grand temple complex, as it finished in 792, long after his death probably around 780. This massive temple complex with total of 249 structures
2366-537: The Balinese legend of the evil witch Rangda , which translates to "widow". Airlangga was born and grew up in Bali, groomed by his mother, queen Mahendradatta, to be a proper future ruler. In his teenage years, his mother sent him back to her parents' home in Java to be educated further in Watugaluh court, Mataram, East Java, under the patronage of his uncle, King Dharmawangsa . Airlangga was betrothed to his cousin, one of Dharmawangsa's daughters, thus arranged marriage
2457-583: The Kelagen inscription (dated 1037 CE), Airlangga also took a keen interest in agriculture development. He embarked on a grand irrigation project by constructing the Wringin Sapta dam (located in today's Jombang Regency). By building a dam on the Brantas River, he provided irrigation to surrounding paddy fields and maintained a hydraulic system in the area. Towards the end of his life, Airlangga
2548-484: The Maharaja of Srivijaya . The nature of Shailendras' close relations with the neighbouring Srivijayan empire based on Sumatra is quite uncertain and complicated. It seems that in earlier times, Shailendra family belonged within Srivijayan mandala sphere of influence . And for a later period of time, Shailendras' monarch rose to become the head of Srivijayan mandala. The shift that rendered Shailendras in return to become
2639-510: The Maharaja of Srivijaya saw Javanese Mataram as a dangerous threat, thus arranged a stratagem to destroy Mataram by inciting a revolt. King Wurawari of Lwaram was probably an ally of Srivijaya in Java and also the vassal of Mataram. With Srivijaya's assistance, Wurawari managed to sack and burn Watugaluh Palace during Mataram's most unexpected time; the Airlangga's royal wedding. Airlangga, accompanied by his guard Narottama, escaped westward into
2730-686: The Mataram kingdom is in the Canggal inscription , dated 732, discovered within the compound of Gunung Wukir temple in Canggal village, southwest of the town of Magelang . This inscription, written in Sanskrit using the Pallava script, tells of the erection of a lingga (a symbol of Shiva ) on the hill in the Kunjarakunja area, located on a noble island called Yawadwipa (Java) which had an abundance of rice and gold. The establishment of lingga
2821-502: The Prambanan-Klaten area, such as Sambisari , Kedulan and Barong . Also Hindu temples on the slopes of Merapi volcano; Lumbung Sengi and Asu are possibly constructed during this era. Several Buddhist temples possibly also constructed during his reign, such as Banyunibo and Sajiwan temples. The Buddhist temple of Sajiwan is connected to Nini Haji Rakryan Sanjiwana which refer to Queen Mother Pramodhawardhani . The temple
Airlangga - Misplaced Pages Continue
2912-515: The Selomangleng Cave beneath Mount Klothok, 5 kilometers to the west of the city of Kediri . Because the crown princess Sangramawijaya had renounced the throne, two of her younger half-brothers were next in line of succession. Both are equally rightful as the heirs and both contesting the throne. In 1045, Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms which were inherited by his two sons; Janggala and Kediri . Airlangga himself abdicated
3003-525: The Shailendra clan based in Srivijaya incited a rebellion by Wurawari, a vassal of the Mataram kingdom, and sacked the capital of Watugaluh in East Java. Srivijaya rose to become the undisputed hegemonic empire in the region. The Shaivite dynasty survived, reclaimed east Java in 1019, and then established the Kahuripan kingdom led by Airlangga , son of Udayana of Bali. In the early 19th century,
3094-479: The Shailendra realm. Panangkaran also awarded Kalaça village to a sangha (Buddhist monastic community). The temple connected to this inscription is the Kalasan temple that housed the image of Tara, and the nearby Sari temple that was probably functioned as the monastery. Panangkaran was also responsible for the construction of Abhayagiri Vihara, connected to the present-day of Ratu Boko . This hilltop compound
3185-680: The Sumatran branch of Shailendra dynasty and enthroned in Srivijayan capital of Palembang . Historians argued that this was because Balaputra's mother—Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira was the princess of Srivijaya, this rendered Balaputra as the heir of Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of Shailendra dynasty from Java, as proclaimed in Nalanda inscription dated 860. The Shivagrha inscription (dated 856) mentioned about
3276-565: The Telahap (dated 11 September 899), Tiga Ron (30 March 900), Watukura (27 July 902), Telang (11 January 904), Poh (17 July 905), Kubu-Kubu (17 October 905), Mantyasih (11 April 907), Rukam (907), Wanua Tengah III (908) and Watu Ridang (910) inscriptions. Wonogiri Wonogiri Regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) in the southeastern part of Central Java province in Indonesia . It covers an area of 1,904.32 km , and its population
3367-483: The builder tradition of his predecessor. He continued the construction of Manjusrigrha temple ( Sewu complex), and according to the Karangtengah inscription (dated 824) responsible for the construction of Venuvana temple, connected to Mendut or probably Ngawen temple. He was also probably responsible for the conception and initiation of the construction of Borobudur and Pawon temple. Dharanindra ascends as
3458-480: The capital city of Mataram has moved in Watugaluh ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i bhūmi mātaram i watugaluḥ ) and Wwahan inscription 907 Śaka or 995 AD also reveals about the location of the new capital city of Mataram, namely in Watugaluh, this kingdom is still called Mataram ( mātaram riŋ watugaluḥ ), even though the center of his kingdom had moved to East Java. From that long period of time, until now it can be known again from various inscriptions that give an overview of
3549-544: The capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java . The young Khmer king was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently, the kingdom became a vassal of the Sailendra dynasty . In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called Zabag invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag. Regardless of whether
3640-523: The capital in Mataram for a certain period. After defeating the usurper, Pikatan found that this bloodshed has made the capital in Mataram inauspicious, thus he moved the karaton (court) to Mamrati or Amrati located somewhere in Kedu Plain (Progo river valley), northwest from Mataram. According to the Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha temple
3731-697: The capital of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom is also part of the historical Yavadvipa or Bhumijava (the land of Java ), and the classical Javanese civilisation. The Indians collectively called them Yawadvipa , the Khmer referred to them as Chvea , the Chinese called them Shepo , Chopo or Chao-wa , the Arabs called them Jawi , Jawah or Zabag , and Srivijayan refer to them as Bhumijava . The native Javanese most often refer to their lands and country simply as Jawi (Java), while
Airlangga - Misplaced Pages Continue
3822-575: The decline of the power of the Buddhist Shailendras in central Java." His reign seems to enjoyed a relative peace. The grand Shivagrha temple compound was continuously expanded and completed with hundreds of perwara (complementary) temples surrounding the main three prasada (tower) associated with the Trimurti Hindu Gods. It was probably during Lokapala's reign that several important Hindu temples were constructed in
3913-551: The descendant of Mpu Sindok of the Ishana dynasty. However, there is speculation suggesting that Airlangga was not the biological son of King Udayana, Mahendradatta probably conceived Airlangga from her previous union to an unknown man, and after her separation (either because of death or divorce) Mahendradatta was betrothed to the Balinese king, thus she took the baby Airlangga to Bali. Historical sources seem to be silenced on Mahendradatta's suspected earlier marriage, that it might be
4004-521: The discovery of numerous ruins of great monuments —such as Borobudur , Sewu and Prambanan —which dominated the landscape of the Kedu and Kewu plains in Yogyakarta and Central Java , caught the attention of some historians and scholars in the colonial Dutch East Indies . This spurred archaeological studies to uncover the history of this ancient civilisation. The history of the Mataram area as
4095-515: The exact location of this capital is unknown, probably also located within Kedu Plain. However, it is highly possible that Poh Pitu was located around the Poh inscription (905), in Dumpoh hamlet, Potrobangsan village , North Magelang district within Magelang city. After king Lokapāla 's death in 885, the kingdom underwent a period of political turbulence: the period 885–887 saw three different kings in succession: king Tagwas, king Devendra (lord of Panumwanan), and king Bhadra (lord of Gurunwangi). For
4186-400: The existence of an ancient kingdom called "Medang". Current knowledge of historical Javanese civilisation is thus primarily derived from: Mataram is the name in Sanskrit : मातरम्।, mātaram . Taken from the word मातृ mātṛ meaning "mother", has the same meaning as मातृभूमि mātṛbhūmi meaning "motherland". In the inscription it is referred to as kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram ,
4277-403: The expansive warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to be a pacifist, enjoying a peaceful prosperity of interior Java in Kedu Plain , and more interested on completing the Borobudur project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the ninth century, that the Khmer prince Jayavarman was appointed governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Shailendran rule. This decision was proven as
4368-399: The first time became important centres of trade. Although there are few surviving archaeological remains dating from his time, Airlangga is known to have been a keen patron of the arts, notably literature. In 1035, the court poet Mpu Kanwa composed the Kakawin Arjunawiwaha , which was adapted from the Mahabharata epic. This text told the story of Arjuna , an incarnation of Indra , but
4459-399: The genus Phoebe . Until the reign of East Java the name Mataram was still found in inscriptions, including Turyan inscription 851 Śaka or 929 AD ( kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja bhūmi mātaram kita pinakahurip niŋ rāt kabaiḥ ) the capital city of Mataram is located in Tamwlang ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i tāmwlaŋ ), later mentioned in Paradah inscription in 865 Śaka or 943 AD that the location of
4550-444: The historical event. Native Javanese mythology and beliefs composed in the Mataram Sultanate era (circa 17th century), but probably originating from an earlier period, mentioned a semi-mythological kingdom named Medang Kamulan , which in Javanese translates to "Medang the origin" kingdom. The kingdom is mentioned in the myth of Dewi Sri and also Aji Saka . This is probably the remnant of vague native Javanese collective memory of
4641-442: The jungle and retreated as a hermit in Vanagiri (today Wonogiri , Central Java). In 1019, after several years in self-imposed exile in a Mount Vanagiri hermitage, Airlangga rallied support from officials and regents that are loyal to the former Ishana dynasty and began to unite the areas that had formerly been ruled by the Mataram kingdom, which had disintegrated after Dharmawangsa's death. He consolidated his authority, established
SECTION 50
#17327758469714732-446: The kamal tree to be forever short, thus becoming the name of the village where this event took place; kamal pandak ("the short tamarind tree"). Airlangga died in 1049, and his ashes were probably scattered in Belahan tirtha (sacred bathing pool), on the eastern slopes of Mount Penanggungan , wherein one of the waterspout statues he was portrayed as Vishnu riding Garuda, flanked by statues of two goddesses; Shri and Lakshmi portrayed
4823-420: The kingdom seems to have been well populated and quite prosperous. The kingdom developed a complex society, had a well developed culture, and achieved a degree of sophistication and refined civilisation. In the period between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . Temples dotted
4914-402: The landscape of its heartland in Mataram. The most notable of the temples constructed in Mataram are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan , all quite close to the present-day city of Yogyakarta . At its peak, the kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and
5005-423: The manuscript seems to be romanticised, vague and not providing certain details on the period, nevertheless the almost exact name and theme of the story with historical Canggal inscription seems to confirm that the manuscript was based or inspired from the historical event. Other than Gunung Wukir temple, it was probably during Sanjaya reign, that several Hindu temples were constructed in Muntilan and Mataram area on
5096-406: The name of their nagara (country) is often based on their capital. The only foreign source mentioning Mdaη was found in the Philippines inscription , dated 822 saka (900). There are no comprehensive written records that have survived in Java except numbers of prasasti (inscriptions) written on stones or copper plates. These inscriptions most often recorded the political and religious deeds of
5187-399: The names of places and their hierarchy, namely Mamratipura and Poh Pitu. The name Medang then emerged from various inscriptions not only in Central Java but even in East Java. The name identifies that the Medang palace is located in the territory of the Mataram kingdom. The etymology of the name "Medang" might be derived from a local name of the hardwood "medang" tree which refer to trees of
5278-434: The next seven years (887–894), the kingdom had no single ruler. Rival claims to the throne in this period are illustrated in Bhadra's stele of Munggu Antan (887) and Devendra's Poh Dulur inscription (890). After the short reign of Jebang, lord of Watu Humalang (r. 894–898), Balitung emerged as the leading contender for the throne of Java, and reunited the kingdom for the first time since Lokapāla's death. Balitung came to
5369-464: The northwest, through the Banjarnegara and Bagawanta valley region, the full length of the Progo valley—from Kedu to the south coast, the Yogyakarta-Prambanan-Klaten core region, the upper Solo valley and Gunung Kidul region, to the upper Madiun river valley and the slopes of Mount Wilis, to the Blitar and Pare regions of the upper Brantas valley, the Malang highlands and the Brantas delta in the east. Balitung prolifically issued inscriptions, among others
5460-455: The people and many of Pikatan's state advisors urged that Lokapala should be named as crown prince instead of Gurunwangi. Gurunwangi's loss of favour in succession—despite being the eldest sibling, has raised a question among scholars. It was previously thought that the name Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu refer to a female character (princess), although it is more likely that Gurunwangi was a prince. This revolt seems to have succeeded in taking over
5551-460: The political landscapes in Central Java, that each are patrons of either Shaivite Hinduism or Mahayana Buddhism. Or more recently suggested theory, that there were only one dynasty—the Shailendras —and there was only the shift or split of royal patronage in favour to Hinduism or Buddhism. Panangkaran (r. 760–780) was an enthusiastic developer, he was credited for at least five major temple projects conducted and started during his reign. According to
SECTION 60
#17327758469715642-589: The poor fate of the Srivijayan princess, having lost her family and her kingdom, and probably genuinely fell in love and devoted to her, thus promoting her as prameswari (the queen consort ). Airlangga went further, naming his daughter from queen Dharmaprasadottungadewi as heiress, the future queen regnant of Kahuripan. The decline of Srivijaya due to the Chola invasion gave Airlangga opportunity to consolidate his kingdom without foreign interference. Later, he extended his kingdom to Central Java and Bali . The north coast of Java, particularly Surabaya and Tuban , for
5733-406: The return of the Mataram Mataram court favour to Shaivite Hindus, instead of Mahayana Buddhism favoured by previous king Samaratungga. This is evident in the construction of grand Shivagrha temple compound in the Mataram capital, located only few hundred metres south from Manjusrigrha temple compound. Nevertheless, the inter-religious relations during Pikatan's reign seems to promote tolerance in
5824-424: The ruler of Srivijaya was unclear. Was it led by military campaign by Dharanindra against Srivijaya in Sumatra, or more likely formed by close alliance and kinship between the house of Shailendra and the Maharaja of Srivijaya. Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably Lambri ). Based on
5915-475: The rulers. The most common theme mentioned in inscriptions is the establishment of Sima (taxed rice cultivation land recognised through royal edict), and sometimes some portion or the whole of tax collected from this Sima land is appointed to fund the construction and maintenance of religious building . Nevertheless, some local legends and historical records, written on lontar —most often dated from later period—might also provides data and source to reconstruct
6006-514: The same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in Mantyasih inscription as the fifth monarch of Mataram kingdom. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Samaratungga (r. 819–838) was credited for the completion of massive stone mandala , the grand monument of Borobudur (completed in 825). Samaratungga just like Samaragrawira, seems to be deeply influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strive to become
6097-445: The skyline of Kedu and Kewu Plain . Most notable of these temples are Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan temple. The Shailendras are known as ardent temple builders. King Sanjaya was a Shaivite, and yet his successor Panangkaran was a Mahayana Buddhist. This shift of faith, from Shaivite Sanjaya to Buddhist Panangkaran has raised problematic questions among scholars; whether there were two competing royal families that dominated
6188-512: The slopes of Mount Merapi, such as Banon, Gunungsari, Kadisoka and Gebang temples. Those Hindu temples are estimated was built during early Mataram kingdom era circa 8th century. The period between the reign of King Panangkaran to King Balitung (span between 760 and 910) that roughly lasted for 150 years, marked the apogee of Javanese classic civilisation. This period witnessed the blossoming of Javanese art and architecture, as numbers of majestic temples and monuments were erected and dominated
6279-421: The spirit of reconciliation. Their reign is credited to the construction and expansion of at least two of perwara temple and stupa in Plaosan complex, located east from Sewu (Manjusrigrha) temple. Plaosan temple with twin main temples is probably built and dated from an earlier period, probably started by Panangkaran, Samaragrawira or Samaratungga, but completed during Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani's reign. Several of
6370-556: The story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra. Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800–819), mentioned in Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputra , and the son of Śailendravamsatilaka (the ornament of Śailendra family) with stylised name Śrīviravairimathana (the slayer of enemy hero), which refer to Dharanindra. Unlike his predecessor
6461-451: The structure of the Mataram kingdom as already mentioned. The name "Mataram" was originally known in the 8th century as a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom then the name reappeared in the 16th century as one of the Islamic kingdom or known as Mataram Sultanate . As a result, the historiography of this kingdom is referred to as Ancient Mataram to distinguish it from Islamic Mataram. This historic Javanese kingdom of Mataram should not be confused with
6552-430: The throne in 1045 and returned to the hermit life by assuming a new name as Resi Aji Paduka Mpungku Sang Pinaka Catraning Bhuwana , bestowed by Mpu Bharada, a famous hermit. The reasons behind the partition of a kingdom that Airlangga himself painstakingly united during his younger years remain a puzzle for historians. Some suggested that it was meant to avoid civil war since both of Airlangga's sons were equally rightful to
6643-467: The throne on 10 May 898 and ruled for approximately 12 years. He centralised royal authority and restricted the autonomy of aristocrats, supported both Hindu and Buddhist foundations, and for the first time, incorporated parts of east Java into the Mataram kingdom. The historian Wisseman Christie described the extent of Balitung's influence: from the Cilacap region in the far southwest and Pekalongan in
6734-412: The throne. A local legend, mixed with fantastic fiction, mentioned the partition of the kingdom. It was said that Mpu Bharada was the one who conducted the partition; with his extraordinary skill, he flew and poured water from a jar that the water traces magically transformed into a river marking the boundary of the two new kingdoms. Accidentally he stuck on a kamal ( tamarind ) tree, feeling upset he cursed
6825-486: The time, managed to escape unharmed. According to tradition the calamity, dubbed as Pralaya (destruction) of Mataram, took place during Airlangga's wedding ceremony in Dharmawangsa palace. Today historians strongly suggest that the invasion was a Srivijayan retaliation against Mataram for the attacks upon the empire. After the failed Dharmawangsa's naval campaign against Palembang back in 990, Sri Culamanivarmadeva
6916-556: The two queen consorts of Airlangga. After the death of Airlangga, a civil war broke out between Janggala and Kediri (aka Panjalu) that continued until 1052. In that year King Mapanji Alanjung Ahyes of Panjalu succeed in conquering Janggala. However, in 1059 another king named Samarotsaha ascended the throne of Janggala, he was the son-in-law of Airlangga. Mataram Kingdom The Mataram kingdom ( / m ɑː t ɑː r ɑː m / , Javanese : ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀ , Javanese pronunciation: [mətaram] ); also known as Medang kingdom
7007-449: Was 928,904 at the 2010 Census and 1,043,177 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,051,085 (comprising 524,500 males and 526,585 females). The capital and largest town is Wonogiri, around 33 km southeast of the large Central Java metropolis of Surakarta . Wonogiri Regency is divided into twenty-five administrative districts ( Indonesian : kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at
7098-657: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java , and later in East Java . Established by King Sanjaya , the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty . During most of its history the kingdom seems to have relied heavily on agriculture, especially extensive rice farming , and later also benefited from maritime trade. According to foreign sources and archaeological findings,
7189-569: Was a king of the Balinese Warmadewa Dynasty . Bali in the 11th century probably was an ally or vassal of Java, the marriage of Airlangga's parents was probably meant as a political means to seal Bali as part of Mataram's realm. Airlangga has two younger brothers, Marakata (who later became king of Bali after the death of their father) and Anak Wungçu (who ascended to Balinese throne after the death of Marakata). Later, in various inscriptions created by Airlangga, he claimed to be
7280-437: Was actually not a religious structure; consist of series of gates, ramparts, fortified walls, dry moats, walled enclosure, terraces and building bases. This site displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise functions is unknown. This led to a suggestion that this compound probably was served as the palace . Initially it was likely intended as a secluded hilltop Buddhist monastery, as mentioned in
7371-504: Was also an allegory for Airlangga's own life. The tale of Airlangga's life was illustrated in the Belahan Temple on the flanks of Mount Penanggungan, where he was portrayed in stone as Vishnu on Garuda. In 1037 the capital was moved from Watan Mas to Kahuripan, the king also reported to bestow titles for his loyal followers, such as Narottama promoted as Rakryan Kanuruhan (prime minister) and Niti as Rakryan Kuningan. According to
7462-532: Was called by a different title ( saŋ ratu sañjaya ). The name of the Mataram kingdom was first discovered by epigraphy in Wuatan Tija inscription 802 Śaka or 880 AD ( dewatā prasiddha maṅrakṣa kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram kita ). The inscription data mentions a number of place names as the center of government located in Central Java , including Shivagrha inscription 778 Śaka or 856 AD and Mantyasih inscription 829 Śaka or 907 AD. The inscription shows
7553-406: Was faced with the problem of succession. His heiress, the crown princess Sangramawijaya, decided to become a Bhikkuni Buddhist hermit rather than succeed Airlangga as queen regnant . Sangramawijaya is the daughter of the queen consort Dharmaprasadottunggadewi. The story of a crown princess who renounced the throne to become a hermit is linked with the popular legend of Dewi Kilisuci who resides in
7644-614: Was hailed as Wairiwarawiramardana or "the slayer of courageous enemies". The similar title also found in Ligor B inscription discovered in Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula; Sarwwarimadawimathana , which suggest it referred to the same person. Dharanindra seems to be a valiant and warlike character, as he embarked on military naval expedition overseas and has brought Shailendras' control on Ligor in Malay Peninsula. King Indra seems to continue
7735-634: Was in place. At that time, Mataram had become a powerful kingdom, allied or probably subjugated Bali, and had established a colony in West Kalimantan . Dharmawangsa aspired to ascend Mataram as a regional power by challenging the Srivijaya Empire's domination. In 990 he launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and unsuccessfully tried to capture Palembang. Srivijaya resiliently succeeds in repelling Javanese Mataram invaders. The Calcutta Stone inscription (dated from 1041 CE), describes
7826-613: Was suggested that Amrati might be located near the location of Wanua Tengah III inscription, in Kedunglo hamlet, Kaloran village, within Temanggung Regency . After being absent for several generations, the name "Mataram" reappears in Javanese inscription during the reign of Balitung, which probably signify the transfer of capital. King Balitung moved his capital from Amrati to Poh Pitu, and renamed Poh Pitu as Yawapura. Again
7917-535: Was the grandest of its time, and probably served as the official state's temple that conducted important stately religious ceremonies. There are some reports that naval Javanese raiders invaded Tran-nam in 767, Champa in 774, and Champa again in 787. The successor of Panangkaran was Dharanindra (r. 780–800) or commonly known as King Indra. He was mentioned in Kelurak inscription (dated 782) in his formal reign name Sri Sanggrama Dhananjaya. In this inscription, he
8008-561: Was the son of Samaratungga, which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana on the other hand, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga, which means he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from Central Java because of succession dispute with Pikatan, or was he already ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra). Either ways, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled
8099-622: Was the starting year of Sanjaya chronicle used in King Daksa's inscription far later in early 10th-century. According to Canggal inscription, Sanjaya established a new kingdom in Southern Central Java. And yet it seems to be the continuation of earlier polity ruled by King Sanna, Sanjaya's uncle. This earlier polity is linked to the earlier temple structures in Dieng Plateau , in the northern part of Central Java, which
8190-507: Was under the order of Rakai Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya (King Sanjaya Rakai (lord) of Mataram). This inscription tells that Yawadwipa was ruled by King Sanna , whose long reign was marked by wisdom and virtue. After Sanna died, the kingdom fell into disunity. Sanjaya , the son of Sannaha (Sanna's sister) ascended to the throne. He conquered the areas around his kingdom, and his wise reign led to peace and prosperity for all of his subjects. It seemed that Sanjaya came to power c. 717 CE; that
8281-729: Was undertaken during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River , now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. Experts suggest that the shift of the river was meant to secure the temple complex from the overflowing of lahar volcanic materials from Merapi volcano. Later Pikatan decided to abdicate his throne in favour of his youngest son Dyah Lokapala (r. 855–885). Rakai Pikatan retired, renounce worldly affairs and become
#970029