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74-550: In Italian Eritrea , the Italian colonial administration had divided the colony into eight provinces (administrative regions) called Akele Guzay (its capital, Adikeyh), Barka (Agordat), Denkalia (Assab), Hamasien (Asmara), Sahel (Nakfa), Semhar (Massawa), Senhit (Keren) and Serae (Mendefera). These administrative regions relied heavily upon the historical political boundaries in the region, including, but not exclusively, that of local nobility. These provinces of Eritrea were also used by

148-579: A coaling station . As they were not a party to the Hewett Treaty , the Italians began restricting access to arms shipments and imposing customs duties on Ethiopian goods immediately. In the disorder that followed the 1889 death of Yohannes IV, Gen.  Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of a new colony of Eritrea (from

222-822: A conference for the independence of Eritrea, promoted by the Vatican. After the war DiMeglio was named director of the Comitato Rappresentativo Italiani dell' Eritrea (CRIE). In 1947 he supported the creation of the Associazione Italo-Eritrei and the Associazione Veterani Ascari , in order to ally with the Eritreans favorable to Italy in Eritrea. As a result of these creations, he cofounded

296-441: A huge increase in population: in 1935 there were only 4,000 Italians and 12,000 Eritreans; in 1938 there were 48,000 Italians and 36,000 Eritreans. Historian Gian Luca Podesta wrote that practically Asmara has become an Italian city ("in pratica Asmara era diventata una citta' italiana"). The Italian government continued to implement agricultural reforms but primarily on farms owned by Italian colonists (exports of coffee boomed in

370-790: A region of Punt. During the early medieval centuries, it was ruled by the Raesis of the Hazega and Tseazega Raesi Woldemichael Solomon Gomida and the Bahri negasi making their center of administration in Debarwa . According to Francisco Álvares , writing in the early 16th century, the Raesi of the Tseazegas (Habtesulus) had been able to collect tax by extending their authority almost as far as Suakin in modern Sudan . Hamsien appears on indigenous maps of

444-417: A result the book was lost/burnt at that time. The people of Serae were administered without the book verbally until the arrival of the Italians in the end of the 19th century. In 1938 again the book of native law code was written of elderly and knowledgeable people from seven villages (Adi Mongonti, Mayduma, Kudo Felasi, Bet Gabriel, Qine Hayela, Adi Hyis, and May Leham) representing the whole awraja Serae except

518-554: A small deposit to the Danakil chiefs at Assab Bay in return for their promise to sell their territory to him on his return. Meanwhile, the government had been in touch with Raffaele Rubattino , whose company was planning to establish a steamship line through the newly opened Suez Canal and the Red Sea to India. It was agreed that the company would buy the territory in its own name and with its own funds, but should undertake to use it in

592-403: A succession of Italian governors maintained a notable degree of unity and public order. Nicknamed Colonia Primogenita ("First-born Colony") in contrast to the newer and less-developed territories of Italian Somaliland and Libya , Eritrea boasted a larger native Italian settlement than the other lands. The first few dozen families were sponsored by the Italian government around the start of

666-451: A time. During the late twentieth century Assab would become Ethiopia 's main port, but it was long overshadowed by nearby Djibouti , whose railway (completed to Dire Dawa in 1902) permitted it to quickly supplant traditional caravan -based routes to Assab and Zeila . Massawa remained the primary port for most of northern Ethiopia, but its relatively high customs dues, dependence on caravans, and political antagonism limited

740-444: Is Mount Ramlu (2,248 metres (7,375 ft)). It is generally considered one of the hottest, driest, and most inhospitable regions in the country. The topography of the region has coastal plains, which are hotter than the regions around the highland plateau. There are two rainy seasons, the heavier one during summer and the lighter one during spring. The climate and geography of the region along with other regions of Eritrea are similar to

814-694: Is an ancient entity which was a region of the Kingdom of D'mt , which would evolve in the Kingdom of Aksum . During the Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties , the Bahr Negash would be centered in Debarwa in the province of Seraye. Historically Serae includes Tigray proper ( Adwa / Shire / Axum ) and was home of the Aksumite capital of Axum town and it was bounded by lands of Akele Guzay in the east, Hamassien in

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888-771: Is now mostly part of the Northern Red Sea Region and the Southern Region . Akele Guzai is one of the most ancient regions of Eritrea. It has an inscriptional record going back to at least the 9th century BC, the earliest example of the Ge'ez script . The province was part of Dʿmt , which would evolve into the Kingdom of Aksum . Akele Guzai's name has been connected to the Gaze of the Monumentum Adulitanum (which later medieval Greek notes in

962-572: Is usually preserved in Tigrinya . Along with Agame , it was a main center of Aksumite culture (second only to Seraye , where the capital was located), with a distinct sub-culture that separate the central Axumite land of Seraye and Hamassien with the costal Land of Adulis . In the Middle Ages , parts of southern Akele Guzai were briefly part of the larger province of Bur , which also included Agame , some northeastern Afar lowlands , and

1036-549: The Partito Nuova Eritrea Pro Italia (Party of Shara Italy ) in September 1947 as an Eritrean political party favorable to the Italian presence in Eritrea. It obtained more than 200,000 applications for membership in a single month, the majority of whom were former Italian soldiers and Eritrean Ascari . The organization was even backed by the government of Italy. The main objective of this party

1110-494: The Buri Peninsula ; southern Akele Guzai and Agame were part of "Upper" (La'ilay) Bur, while the lowlands were further distinguished as "Lower" (Tahtay). Barka was a province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was divided between the present-day Gash-Barka and Anseba regions. Its capital was Agordat . It had an area of 12,819 mi (20630.180736000002 km). Denkalia was a province of Eritrea until 1996, when it

1184-606: The Debub Region, though some western districts have become part of the Gash-Barka region. It is believed that the name of the province is from the "dark forests" which once thrived on its fertile ground. Today the region is home to twelve monasteries of the Eritrean Orthodox Church as well as a number of new factories in the town of Mendefera . Serae/Seraye which in old books called as Sarawi (ሰራዊ)

1258-867: The Egyptian–Ethiopian War and by the success of the Mahdi 's uprising in the Sudan . In 1884, the British Hewett ;Treaty promised the Bogos —the highlands of modern Eritrea —and free access to the Massawan coast to Emperor Yohannes IV in exchange for his help evacuating garrisons from the Sudan; In the vacuum left by the Egyptian withdrawal, though, British diplomats were concerned about

1332-609: The Italian East African lira . Southern Red Sea Region The Southern Red Sea Region ( Tigrinya : ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ , romanized:  Zoba Däbubawi Käyh Bahri , Arabic : ‎إقليم جنوب البحر الأحمر ), is an administrative region of Eritrea . It lies along the southern half of the Red Sea , and contains the coastal city of Assab . It borders the Northern Red Sea Region , and has an area of around 27,600 km (10,700 sq mi). As of 2005,

1406-474: The Italians also started to set up new factories, which in turn made due contribution in enhancing trade activities. The newly opened factories produced buttons, cooking oil, and pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In the year 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens, some even moved from the villages to work in

1480-645: The Latin name for the Red Sea ), with capital Asmara in substitution of Massawa . In the Treaty of Wuchale (It.  Uccialli ) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa —a southern Ethiopian kingdom—recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos , Hamasien , Akele Guzay , and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelik II (r. 1889–1913) made

1554-599: The Ottoman Empire and Egypt — was not settled by the Italians until 1880. Two years later, Italy formally took possession of the nascent colony from its commercial owners. Most of the western coast of the Red Sea was then formally claimed by the Khedivate of Egypt (under the notional rule of the Ottoman Empire, who held the eastern coast) but the region was thrown into chaos by major Egyptian defeats in

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1628-508: The Suez Canal neared completion, he began to visualize the establishment of a coaling station and port of call for Italian steamships in the Red Sea. Sapeto won over the Italian minister for foreign affairs, and King Victor Emmanuel II , to whom he explained his ideas. In the autumn of 1869 he, together with Admiral Acton , was sent by the government to the Red Sea to choose a suitable port and arrange for its sale. This he did by paying

1702-435: The 15th century. The Bahr Negash existed until the 1600s. The province had its own written native administration codes that was used from the beginning of the 1400AD, which was named as the law of Adkeme-Miligae . The book existed until the come of the anti Christian jihadist Ahmad Gragn in the 1600s, burning churches and killing the believers and progressing northwards from present-day eastern Ethiopia and Somaliland, as

1776-418: The 1930s). In 1940, in the area of Asmara, there were more than 2,000 small and medium-sized industrial companies, which were concentrated in the areas of construction, mechanics, textiles, food processing and electricity. Consequently, the standard of living in Eritrea in 1939 was considered among the best on the continent for both the local Eritreans and the Italian settlers. Mussolini's government considered

1850-473: The 20th century and settled around Asmara and Massawa . The Italian-Eritrean community then grew from around 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II . While tolerating Islamic adherence, the Italians endorsed a huge expansion of Catholicism in Eritrea and constructed many churches in the highlands around Asmara and Keren , centered on the Church of Our Lady of

1924-456: The Ascari become the main source of paid employment for the indigenous male population of Italian Eritrea. During the expansion required by the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, 40% of eligible Eritreans were enrolled in these colonial troops. According to the Italian census of 1939 the city of Asmara had a population of 98,000, of which 53,000 (54.0%) were Italians . This fact made Asmara

1998-675: The Colony of Eritrea was officially founded. In 1936 the region was integrated into Italian East Africa as the Eritrea Governorate . This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II . Italian Eritrea then came under British military administration , which in 1951 fell under United Nations supervision. In September 1952 it became an autonomous part of Ethiopia , until its independence in 1991 . The leading figure of

2072-756: The Ethiopian birr initially circulated in Italian Eritrea and Italian Somalia . Since 1890, the Eritrean tallero was minted in Rome, divided into 5 lire , which joined the previous coins without finding favor with the local population, such as the italicum thaler minted in 1918. With the annexation to the Italian East Africa, the official currency for all the colonies of the Horn of Africa became

2146-644: The Federated Eritrean Government from 1952 to 1962 and as districts ( awrajja ) in Eritrea when it was annexed by Ethiopia from 1962 to 1991. After independence , the Provisional Government of Eritrea converted the original eight provinces of Eritrea (from the Italian colonial period) to nine provinces by splitting the Barka province in two (the north known as Barka Province and the south as Gash-Setit Province), while at

2220-720: The French over a railway brought things to a head: the Italian —but not Amharic —version of the Treaty of Wuchale had prohibited Ethiopia with foreign negotiations except through Italy, effectively making the realm an Italian protectorate . Secure both domestically and militarily (thanks to arms shipments via French Djibouti and Harar ), Menelik denounced the treaty in whole and the ensuing war , culminating in Italy's disastrous defeat at Adwa , ended their hopes of annexing Ethiopia for

2294-660: The International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples declares that "There was no administration that connected Serae and Hamassien to the centre of the Ethiopian Kingdom. Most of Serae and Akeleguzay are together now inside the Southern region of Eritrea. Italian Eritrea Italian Eritrea ( Italian : Colonia Eritrea , "Colony of Eritrea") was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in

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2368-642: The Italians in the area of Asmara and Massawa , but the beginning of World War II stopped the blossoming industrialization of Eritrea. When the Allies captured Italian-held Eritrea in January 1941, most of the infrastructure and the industrial areas were extremely damaged and the remaining ones (like the Asmara-Massawa Cableway) were successively removed and sent to India and Kenya as war reparations . The subsequent Italian guerrilla war

2442-605: The Logo Tchiwa which had its own codes in addition to the Adkeme-Miligae . This Law had more liberal customs and low restrictions on women's rights for land ownership than any other laws in the country. Despite the emperor of Ethiopia 's allegations and grants of control of the country of the Bahri negesitat the Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties , the 1984 Proceedings of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal of

2516-534: The North, it borders Temben, Endrta and Wolkayt to the south and Gash-Setit in the west During this Axumite period, the region became a successful trading region as it lay between the Red Sea port of Adulis , Asmara, and Axum . In his tablet, Ezana mentions several peoples he had subjugated and refers to himself as the ruler of Aksum , Himyar , Sheba (Saba') and Rydan in Yemen . He also mentions 'Sarawi' as one of

2590-590: The Rosary in the capital. By the early 1940s, Catholicism was the declared religion of around 28% of the colony's population, while Christianity was the religion of more than half the Eritreans. Benito Mussolini 's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with

2664-416: The capital of the sovereign country of Eritrea. Sahel was a former province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was absorbed into the present-day Northern Red Sea region. Its capital was Nakfa . Semhar is the name of a former province of Eritrea, which has now become almost incorporated into the Northern Red Sea Region when the number and names of provinces were unilaterally changed in 1996. The province

2738-652: The colony as a strategic base for future aggrandizement and ruled accordingly, using Eritrea as a base to launch its 1935–1936 campaign to conquer and colonize Ethiopia. Even in World War II the Italians used Eritrea to attack Sudan and occupy the Kassala area. Indeed, the best Italian colonial troops were the Eritrean Ascari , as stated by Italian Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and legendary officer Amedeo Guillet . Furthermore, after World War I , service with

2812-460: The country has been continuing with a transitional government elected during the elections in April 1993. The scheduled elections in 2001 has been postponed indefinitely. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis on a restricted framework. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. No parties or groups other than PFDJ are allowed to contest and

2886-526: The country soon became involved in a violent process of independence (from the British in the late 1940s and after 1952 from the Ethiopians, who annexed Eritrea in that year). During the final years of World War II some Italian Eritreans like Vincenzo DiMeglio defended politically the presence of Italians in Eritrea and successively promoted the independence of Eritrea. He went to Rome to participate in

2960-492: The early history of Italian enterprises in the Red Sea was Giuseppe Sapeto . When a young monk, preparing himself in Cairo for missionary work, he had been dispatched in 1837 into Abyssinia . Afterward, he became an active advocate of European penetration, initially encouraging the French to establish themselves in the area. After 1866, following the political unification of Italy, he sought to develop Italian influence instead. As

3034-439: The factories. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the country increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans . The capital of Eritrea experienced

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3108-585: The fall of Aksum as a united kingdom after the Hamiti Beja tribes overran the Eritrean highlands in the 8th century A.D., the province serae formed an independent state under the administration of its ruler who was called 'Cantibai'. Some scholars wrote that the name Serae origin comes from the Sarat or Sarawat Mountains in South Arabia. Serae appears on indigenous maps of the northern Horn of Africa in

3182-406: The just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa: After the establishment of new transportation and communication methods in the country,

3256-456: The main "Italian town" of the Italian empire in Africa. Furthermore, because of the Italian architecture of the city, Asmara was called Piccola Roma (Little Rome). The total number of Italians in all of Eritrea was 75,000 in that year. Asmara was known to be an exceptionally modern city, not only because of its architecture, but Asmara also had more traffic lights than Rome did when the city

3330-569: The margins associate with the Aksumite people). If the note regarding the Gaze is accurate, it would connect the name of Akele Guzai to the Agʿazyān or Agʿazi (Ge'ez speakers) of the Kingdom of Dʿmt in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia . This connection has been rejected by linguists in modern times, however, due to the lack of the middle voiced pharyngeal fricative in the triliteral roots , which

3404-551: The modern Maekel , Debub , Northern Red Sea , Gash-Barka , and Anseba regions. Hamasien's population predominantly follow Oriental Orthodox Christianity and are members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church, with a considerable minority from the Sunni Muslim, Roman Catholic , and Lutheran communities. Hamasien was politically influential within the Eritrean highlands, in Eritrea and

3478-410: The national interest. Sapeto returned to the Red Sea on behalf of the company, completed the purchase and bought more land to the south. By March 1870, an Italian shipping company had thus become claimant to territory at the northern end of Assab Bay, a deserted but spacious bay about half-way between Annesley Bay to the north and Obock to the South. However, the area, — which had been long dominated by

3552-430: The northern Horn of Africa in the 15th century. It was governed by a chief called Zarsanāy in the sixteenth century during the Adal Sultanate occupation. Hamassien would be ruled by a governor known as the Bahr Negash during the Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties . With the decline of the importance of the Midri Bahri in the 17th century, the province enjoyed a period of communal rule under councils of village elders,

3626-581: The one of Ethiopia . The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C (86 °F), while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall and the soil is salty and not conducive for agriculture. Wildlife such as hamadryas baboons , Soemmerring's gazelle , dorcas gazelle , warthog , black-backed jackal , Ruppells sandfox , dikdik , African golden wolf , hyena , Abyssinian hare , wild ass and ostriches are found in this region. African wild dog

3700-432: The people he subjugated. Furthermore, he mention that he subjugated the king of 'Sarati', (this name crops up in different forms of one of which is Sarawi. It stands for the Eritrean province of 'Serae'), and says that he came to an understanding with him concerning the passage of trade caravans to ' Adulis ' peacefully across his country. However, the names of these kingdoms disappeared after the fourth century A.D. Following

3774-420: The present-day Anseba region. Its capital was Keren . Serae or Seraye ( Tigrigna / Tigre / Ge’ez : ሰራየ) is a former province of Eritrea which had an estimated population of 515,000 in 1990 (the most populous province) and an area of 8,608 km (3,324 sq mi). The province is home to two of the Eritrean ethnic groups namely the Tigrinya and Tigre . It has since been incorporated primarily into

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3848-417: The province was 27600.00 km and the density was 3.03 persons per km . As of 2002, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), defined as the children per woman was 3.9. The General Fertility Rate (GFR), defined as the births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 45 remained at 135.0. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR), the number of births per 1,000 population, was 34.0. The percentage of women pregnant as of 2002 out of

3922-453: The rapid expansion of French Somaliland , France 's colony along the Gulf of Tadjoura . Ignoring their treaty with Ethiopia, they openly encouraged Italy to expand north into Massawa , which was taken without a shot from its Egyptian garrison. Located on a coral island surrounded by lucrative pearl -fishing grounds, the superior port was fortified and made the capital of the Italian governor. Assab, meanwhile, continued to find service as

3996-495: The region had a population of 83,500 compared to a population of 73,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.74%. The total area of the province was 27600.00 km and the density was 3.03 persons per km . The Southern Red Sea Region extends over 500 km (310 mi) along Red Sea coast but is only around 50 km (31 mi) wide. Forming the major part of the Danakil Desert , its major towns include Asseb , Beilul , Rahaita and T'i'o . The highest point in this region

4070-430: The same time separating Asmara from the rest of Hamasien. On April 15, 1996, the Government of Eritrea converted the then-nine provinces of Eritrea into six administrative regions. Akele Guzai (ምድረ ቡር ) was a historical province of Eritrea until 1996 when the newly Eritrean government consolidated all provinces into six regions . It extends from Dekemhare to the town of Senafe . The province's estimated population

4144-401: The so-called shimagile who enforced traditional laws which had prevailed uniquely in the region alongside feudal authority since ancient times. Following the death of Emperor Yohannes at the Battle of Gallabat , Hamasien was occupied by the Italians, who incorporated it into their colony of Eritrea and making one of its villages, Asmara, the capital of the colony, a status it retains today as

4218-416: The territory of present-day Eritrea . The first Italian establishment in the area was the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company in 1869, which came under government control in 1882. Occupation of Massawa in 1885 and the subsequent expansion of territory would gradually engulf the region and in 1889 the Ethiopian Empire recognized the Italian possession in the Treaty of Wuchale . In 1890

4292-441: The total population was 8.9%. The mean number of children ever born stood at 5.1. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), defined as the number of deaths of children for every 1,000 born was 122.0 while the Child Mortality Rate (CMR), defined as the number of child deaths for every 1,000 children 5 years of age was 74.0. The under-5 mortality rate stood at 187.0. The number of children with the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)

4366-440: The treaty formally binding upon the entire country. Once established, however, Menelik took a dim view towards Italian involvement with local leaders in his northern province of Tigray ; while the Italians, for their part, felt bound to involvement given the regular Tigrayan raiding of tribes within their colony's protectorate and the Tigrayan leaders themselves continued to claim the provinces now held by Italy. Negotiations with

4440-408: The volume on its trade with Ethiopia. Seeking to develop their own lands, the Italian government launched the first development projects in the new colony in the late 1880s. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888 and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway (dismantled by the British as war reparations in World War II) was the longest line in

4514-501: The whole region. The former province Hamassien was the political and economic center of Eritrea; judging from excavations in the Sembel area outside Asmara, it has been so since at least the 9th century BC. The earliest surviving appearance of the name "Hamasien" is believed to have been the region ḤMS²M, i.e. ḤMŠ, mentioned in a Sabaic inscription of the Axumite king Ezana . The region may have been mentioned as early as Puntite times by Ancient Egyptian records as 'MSW (i.e. "Amasu"),

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4588-447: The world during its time. Italian administration of Eritrea also brought improvements in the medical and agricultural sectors of Eritrean society. Despite an imposition of racial laws, all urban Eritreans had access to modern sanitation and hospital services. The Italians also employed local Eritreans in public service, particularly the police and public works departments. In a region marked by cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity,

4662-410: Was 174, fever was 174, and Diarrhea was 174. The number of women with the knowledge of AIDS was 324 and the number of people with no knowledge of the disease or its prevention was 0.2%. As of 2002, the number of males completing or attending the highest level of schooling in the region was 410 while it was 567 females. The percentage of literate males was 60.00 and the percentage of literate females

4736-436: Was 3.30%, Clerical was 9.30%, Sales and services was 21.10%, Skilled Manual was 4.50%, Unskilled Manual was 0.50%, Domestic Service was 25.00% and Agriculture was 34.60%. The total number of employed men was 345 and the total number of employed women was 409. The number of men who were paid their total earnings in cash was 77.70%, in-kind was 0.10, and in both was 0.20. The number of women who were paid their total earnings in cash

4810-400: Was 41.60. A fraction of 37.60 males had no education, while the corresponding number for females was 54.80. The fraction of males completing secondary school stood at 8.40 and the fraction of males completing more than secondary was 003. The corresponding numbers for females were 4.10 and 000 respectively. As of 2002, the number of people engaged in Professional/technical/managerial activities

4884-405: Was 460,000 in 1990 and had an area of 8400 km2 km, is mostly consisted of Tigrinya and Saho ethnic groups. Akele Guzai is home to more than three-fourths of the total Saho-speaking population in Eritrea. The Tigrinya people of Akele Guzai are mostly followers of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church while the Saho are predominantly majority from Sunni Muslim . The province of Akele Guzai

4958-414: Was 58.80%, in-kind was 0.60%, and in both was 0.30%. The region also includes the following districts : Are'eta District , Central Denkalya District and Southern Denkalya District . Eritrea has a one party national Assembly governed by People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) (originally Eritrean Liberation Front ), an authoritarian government. From the time of independence since 30 May 1991,

5032-427: Was Eritrean freedom, but they had a pre-condition that stated that before independence the country should be governed by Italy for at least 15 years. With the peace treaty of 1947 , the new Italian Republic officially accepted the end of the colony. As a consequence the Italian community started to disappear, especially after the Ethiopian Empire took control of Eritrea in 1952. Both the Maria Theresa thaler and

5106-408: Was also found in this region, but their present condition is unknown. There have been reports of cheetah occurring in this region, but there has been no evidence of their presence. It is extremely likely that both cheetah and wild dog are extinct in Eritrea. As of 2005, the region had a population of 83,500 compared to a population of 73,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.74%. The total area of

5180-427: Was being built. The city incorporates many features of a planned city. Indeed, Asmara was an early example of an ideal modern city created by architects, an idea which was introduced into many cities across the world, such as Brasilia , but which was not altogether popular. Features include designated city zoning and planning, wide treed boulevards, political areas and districts and space and scope for development. Asmara

5254-402: Was divided between present-day Northern Red Sea and Southern Red Sea regions of Eritrea. Its capital was Assab . Hamasien ( Ge’ez : ሐማሴን; Tigrinya : ሓማሴን) is a historical province including and surrounding the Eritrean capital named Asmara . Hamassien province had a population of 623,000 people in 1987 and an area of 4,400 km. In 1996 the province was divided and distributed amongst

5328-645: Was not built for the Eritreans however; the Italians built it primarily for themselves and made the city a typical Italian city with even its own car race (called the Asmara circuit ). The city has been regarded as "New Rome" due to its quintessential Italian touch, not only for the architecture but also for the wide streets, piazzas and coffee bars. While the boulevards are lined with palms and indigenous shiba'kha trees, there are numerable pizzerias and coffee bars, serving cappuccinos and lattes, as well as ice cream parlours. Many industrial investments were endorsed by

5402-415: Was supported by many Eritrean colonial troops (like the hero of Eritrean independence, Hamid Idris Awate ) until the Italian armistice in September 1943. Eritrea was placed under British military administration after the Italian surrender in World War II . After the defeat of Italy, there were 70,000 Italian settlers in Eritrea. The British initially maintained the Italian administration of Eritrea, but

5476-416: Was thinly settled with Massawa as the provincial capital. The population is mainly Tigre , Afar, Saho and Tigrinya. The Tigre and Tigrinya language are mainly spoken. The population is mainly pastoralist and agro-pastroalist. It is a common name for Eritrean females and at times males as well. Semhar is also a city in Eritrea. Senhit was a former province of Eritrea until 1996, when it was absorbed into

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