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64-712: Shirak Province is named after the Shirak canton of the historical Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia . The early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writes that the name Shirak derives from Shara, who was the great-grandson of Hayk , the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. Modern scholars connect Shirak with the name of the Siraces ( Sirakenoi ), a North Caucasian people who may have settled in Shirak and given it its name. According to another view, Shirak derives from Eriakhi / Eriaḫe , which

128-604: A civilization was founded between the 20th and 12th centuries BC. With the start of the Iron Age during the 12th century BC, relations among the various ethnic groups of Armenian Highland were developed. Soon after the establishment of the Urartu Kingdom of Van at the end of the 9th century BC, Shirak became part of the kingdom. Two cuneiform inscriptions have been found in Shirak left by King Argishti I ( r.  786 – 764 BC ) of Urartu , where he wrote about

192-542: A length of 60 kilometers (37 mi). Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast. From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Shirak was divided into 5 raions (districts) and 1 city of republican subordination within the Armenian SSR: Amasia, Ghukasyan (Ashotsk), Akhurian, Ani, Artik and the city of Leniankan. With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 5 raions and

256-736: A new period of growth and stability, becoming a trade centre between the east and the west. After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, Armenia turned into a Mongol protectorate as part of the Ilkhanate , and the Zakarids became vassals to the Mongols . After the fall of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century, the Zakarid princes ruled over Lori, Shirak and Ararat plain until 1360 when they fell to

320-717: A tactical victory at Cunaxa in Babylon (401 BC), Cyrus was killed, rendering the actions of the Greeks irrelevant and the expedition a failure. Stranded deep in Persia, the Spartan general Clearchus and the other Greek senior officers were then killed or captured by treachery on the part of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes . Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging

384-636: A very large province with 22 districts, but this is probably based on the new administrative divisions created after the Byzantine-Persian partition of Armenia in 591. Armavir Artagers 39°55′00″N 44°43′00″E  /  39.9167°N 44.7167°E  / 39.9167; 44.7167 This Armenian history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Anabasis (Xenophon) Anabasis ( / ə ˈ n æ b ə s ɪ s / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἀνάβασις [anábasis] ; an "expedition up from")

448-475: Is a Russian low-cost airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Aeroflot . In order to attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding interior design details to improve the airport's look. The railway junction of Gyumri

512-497: Is also located on the territory of historical Ayrarat). The name Ayrarat is clearly connected with Uruatri/Urartu and the biblical Ararat , and perhaps also with the Alarodians mentioned by Herodotus . It is not used by any of the classical Greek and Roman authors who write about Armenia, which suggests that it was a purely local name used to refer to the central lands of Armenia. Robert H. Hewsen does not rule out

576-841: Is home to 9 catholic operating churches. The Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri is the seat of the Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe headed by Archbishop Raphaël François Minassian. The presence of the small Russian Orthodox community along with the Russian military base personnel in Gyumri is marked with the Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church, Saint Michael the Archangel's Church and

640-483: Is no authority for there being a contemporary Anabasis written by "Themistogenes of Syracuse" and no mention of such a person in any other context. By the end of the 1st century , Plutarch had said, in his Glory of the Athenians , that Xenophon had attributed Anabasis to a third party to distance himself as a subject from himself as a writer. While the attribution to Themistogenes has been raised many times,

704-537: Is rich with tufa , pumice and limestone . Shirak is the coldest province of Armenia, with the air temperature sometimes reaching under -30 °C in the Shirak Plain and -46 °C on the Ashotsk Plateau. The climate is characterized by extremely cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Precipitation is abundant, with the annual precipitation level reaching up to 700 mm (28 in). In the northern part of

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768-608: Is the current operator of the railway sector in Armenia. The Gyumri-Yerevan railway trip has many stops in Shirak Province, including the stations of Bayandur , Shirakavan , Isahakyan , Aghin kayaran , Jrapi , Bagravan and Aniavan . Public transport is available in the provincial centre Gyumri. It is mainly served by public vans, locally-known as marshrutka . The central station of the city serves as bus terminal for inter-city transport, serving outbound routes towards

832-520: Is the first among the Armenian provinces in cattle breeding. There are also fish farming ponds near Gyumri and many rural communities. During the Soviet period, the region was a major industrial hub within the Armenian SSR . After independence, the industrial sector of the region drastically declined. Currently, the province contributes 3.5% of the annual total industrial product of Armenia. Shirak

896-585: Is the largest producer of building materials in Armenia, mainly tufa stones and pumice . Gyumri is the main educational centre of the province. The city is home to 3 universities: Ayrarat Ayrarat ( Armenian : Այրարատ ) was the central province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia , located in the plain of the upper Aras River . Most of the historical capitals of Armenia were located in this province, including Armavir , Yervandashat , Artashat , Vagharshapat , Dvin , Bagaran , Shirakavan , Kars and Ani (the current capital of Armenia , Yerevan ,

960-716: Is the most famous work of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon . It gives an account of the expedition of the Ten Thousand , an army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger to help him seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II , in 401 BC. The seven books making up the Anabasis were composed c.  370 BC . Although as an Ancient Greek vocabulary word, ᾰ̓νᾰ́βᾰσῐς means "embarkation", "ascent", or "mounting up",

1024-628: Is the name given to the region in a cuneiform inscription of the Urartian king Argishti I . Shirak Province is located in the north-west of Armenia and covers an area of 2,680 km (1,035 sq mi) (9% of the total area of Armenia). It borders Lori Province to the east, Aragatsotn Province to the south, the Kars and Ardahan provinces of Turkey to the west and the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia to

1088-544: Is the oldest and the largest one in Armenia. It was formed in 1897 and the first railway link to Alexandropol that connected the city with Tiflis was completed in 1899. The rail line was then extended from Alexandropol to Yerevan (in 1902), Kars (in 1902), Jolfa (in 1906), and Tabriz . As a result, Alexandropol became an important rail hub. As of 2017, the Gyumri Railway Station operates regular trips to Yerevan and Batumi . The South Caucasus Railway CJSC,

1152-513: Is the provincial centre of Gyumri, with a population of 121,976. The other urban centres of Artik and Maralik have a population of 19,534 and 5,398 respectively. With a population of 4,838, the village of Azatan is the largest rural municipality of Shirak. The dialect of Armenian spoken in Shirak is a variant of the Karin dialect , closely related to Western Armenian . The majority of the Shirak Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to

1216-881: The Armenian Apostolic Church . The northern and middle parts of Shirak are under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Shirak headed by Bishop Mikayel Ajapahyan of the Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Gyumri , while the southern part is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Artik headed by Vardapet Narek Avagyan of the Saint Gregory Cathedral in Artik . There is a significant minority of Armenian Catholics in Shirak. The number of

1280-862: The October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian withdrawal from Transcaucasia, the First Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on 28 May 1918, which included Shirak. On 10 May 1920, the local Bolshevik Armenians aided by the Muslim population, attempted a coup d'état in Alexandropol against the Dashnak government of Armenia. The uprising was suppressed by the Armenian government on May 14 and its leaders were executed. However, during another Turkish invasion , Turkish troops again attacked Shirak and occupied Alexandropol on 7 November 1920. Armenia

1344-452: The Oracle of Delphi . Xenophon's account of the exploit resounded through Greece, where, two generations later, some surmise, it may have inspired Philip of Macedon to believe that a lean and disciplined Hellene army might be relied upon to defeat a Persian army many times its size. Besides military history, the Anabasis has found use as a tool for the teaching of classical philosophy ;

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1408-751: The Satrapy of Armenia under the rule of the Orontids . Later in 331 BC, the entire territory was included in the Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenian Kingdom as part of the Shirak canton. During the 1st century AD, Shirak was granted to the Kamsarakan family, who ruled the region during the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia . Following the partition of Armenia in 387 AD between the Byzantines and

1472-644: The Umayyad emir Abd ar-Rahman I . Shane Brennan's memoir In the Tracks of the Ten Thousand: A Journey on Foot through Turkey, Syria and Iraq (2005) recounts his 2000 journey to re-trace the steps of the Ten Thousand . Valerio Massimo Manfredi 's 2007 novel L'armata perduta ( The Lost Army ) tells the story of the army through Abira, a Syrian girl, who decides to follow a Greek warrior named Xeno (Xenophon). The cry of Xenophon's soldiers when they reach

1536-532: The third person . Since the narrative mainly concerns a marching army, a common term used in Anabasis is ἐξελαύνω ( exelauno ), meaning "march out, march forth". Throughout the work, this term is used 23 times in the 3rd person singular present indicative active (ἐξελαύνει) and five additional times in other forms. In the late 19th century, a tongue-in-cheek tradition arose among American students of Greek who were all too familiar with Xenophon's usage of this vocabulary item: March 4th (a date phonetically similar to

1600-500: The 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes, towards the Black Sea and the comparative security of its Greek coastal cities. Abandoned in northern Mesopotamia , without supplies other than what they could obtain by force or diplomacy, the 10,000 had to fight their way northwards through Corduene and Armenia , making ad hoc decisions about their leaders, tactics, food supplies, and destiny, while

1664-607: The Ararat plain and its adjacent districts. The author of the seventh-century geography Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ used the term Ayrarat to refer to a much larger territory. The name Ayrarat gradually fell out of use after the fall of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia and the conquest of Armenia by the Seljuks in the eleventh century. The seventh-century Ashkharhatsʻoytsʻ attributed to Anania Shirakatsi depicts Ayrarat as

1728-589: The Armenian historian Thomas of Metsoph , although the Kara Koyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place. In 1501, most of the Eastern Armenian territories including Shirak were conquered by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran led by Shah Ismail I . Soon after in 1502, Shirak became part of

1792-747: The Armenian tradition, Ayrarat and the Ararat plain are associated with the legendary Armenian king Ara the Handsome . The province is also referred to in Armenian sources as the Mijnashkharh Hayotsʻ ("central province of Armenia") or as the Glukh erkrin Hayotsʻ ("head province of Armenia"). During the Arsacid period, Ayrarat referred to, in its narrowest sense, the royal domain consisting of

1856-464: The Catholic population in the province is around 30,000. Gyumri is home to around 20,000, while the rest are found in the surrounding rural settlements. The villages of Arevik , Arpeni , Bavra , Ghazanchi , Marmashen , Mets Sepasar , Panik and Sizavet have a majority of Armenian Catholics, while the village of Azatan has around 1,500 Catholics (30% of village's population). As of 2016, Shirak

1920-615: The Imperial Russian armed forces in the Transcaucasus where their military barracks were established. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 Shirak became one of the major centres of the Russian troops. After the establishment of the railway station in Alexandropol in 1899, Shirak witnessed a significant growth as centre of trade and industry, becoming the most developed region within eastern Armenia. After

1984-583: The King's army and hostile natives barred their way and attacked their flanks. Ultimately this "marching republic" managed to reach the Black Sea at Trabzon (Trebizond), a destination they greeted with their famous cry of exultation on the mountain of Theches (now Madur ) in Hyssos (now Sürmene ): " Thalatta! Thalatta! " , "The sea, the sea!". "The sea" meant that they were at last among Greek cities but it

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2048-937: The Persians, and as a result of the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia in 428, the region of Shirak became part of the Sasanian Empire of Persia. However, Shirak is home to many early examples of the Armenian church architecture dating back to the 5th century, including the Yererouk , the Saint Mariné Church of Artik, and the Hokevank Monastery . In 658 AD, during the height of the Arab Islamic invasions, Shirak -along with

2112-674: The Russian Empire at the Treaty of Gulistan signed on 1 January 1813. During the period of the Russian rule, the region witnessed a swift growth and the town of Gyumri became one of the developing cities in Transcaucasia . In 1829, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War , there was a big influx of an Armenian population, as around 3,000 families who had migrated from territories in the Ottoman Empire - in particular from

2176-454: The administrative reform of 2021, Shirak Province is divided into six municipalities: In recent years, many rural settlements in Shirak have become abandoned, including the villages of Akhuryan Kayaran , Aravet , Lorasar and Yerizak . Shirak is home to many TV stations: Shrjapat weekly, published in Gyumri, is a notable local newspaper of Shirak. Shirak is served by the international Shirak Airport , about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to

2240-778: The campaigns of Alexander the Great , specifically his conquest of the Persian Empire between 334 and 323 BC. The Akhbār majmūʿa fī fatḥ al-Andalus ("Collection of Anecdotes on the Conquest of al-Andalus"), compiled in 11th-century Al-Andalus, makes use of the Anabasis as a literary embellishment, recording how, during the Abbasid Revolution , an army of ten thousand under a certain Balj marched to al-Andalus to support

2304-421: The church of Saint Arsenije. The small village of Shirakavan has around 30 Yazidi residents. Prior to the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1988 and the departure of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, Shirak also had an Azerbaijani minority population, almost entirely concentrated in the former Amasia District , where, in 1972, Azerbaijanis constituted 70% of a population of 19,724 people. Following

2368-455: The city of Ani of Shirak became the capital of the kingdom in 961. By the second half of the 10th century, Shirak was under the influence of the Armenian Pahlavuni family, who were descendants of the Kamsarakans. The Pahlavunis had a great contribution in the progress of Shirak with the foundation of many fortresses, monastic complexes, educational institutions, etc. The monasteries of Khtzkonk , Harichavank , Marmashen and Horomos were among

2432-421: The city of Gyumri (Leninakan) were merged to form the Shirak Province. According to the 1989 Soviet census , the districts that would later make up Shirak Province (the Amasia , Ani , Artik , Akhuryan , and Ashotsk districts) had a population of 261,217, 147,713 or 56.55% of which was urban, distributed in the cities of Artik (25,126) and Leninakan (122,587), and 113,504 or 43.45% were rural, distributed in

2496-409: The deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Shirak became a major industrial region within the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic . Leninakan was the second largest city, after the capital Yerevan. However, Shirak, and particularly Leninakan, suffered major damage during the 1988 Armenian earthquake which devastated many parts of northern Armenia. The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with

2560-430: The districts of Amasia (6,342), Ani (23,877), Artik (33,665), Akhuryan (38,952), and Ashotsk (10,668). According to the 2011 official census, Shirak had a de jure population of 251,941 (121,615 men and 130,326 women), forming around 8.3% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 146,908 (58.3%) and the rural is 105,033 (41.7%). The province has 3 urban and 116 rural communities. The largest urban community

2624-432: The east, Javakheti Range and Yeghnakhagh mountains from the north and the Aragats mass from the south. Akhurian River at the east, separates Shirak from the Kars Province of Turkey . The Akhurian River with its reservoir is the main water resource in the province. Lake Arpi at the northwest of Shirak is the only lake of the province. The area is protected by the government as the Lake Arpi National Park . Shirak

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2688-405: The eastern coast of the Aegean Sea, to the interior of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, most of Xenophon's narrative is taken up with the return march of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, from the interior of Babylon to the coast of the Black Sea . Socrates makes a cameo appearance, when Xenophon asks whether he ought to accompany the expedition. The short episode demonstrates the reverence of Socrates for

2752-417: The invading Turkic tribes. By the last quarter of the 14th century, the Aq Qoyunlu Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribe took over Armenia, including Shirak. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia, and captured more than 60,000 of the survived local people as slaves. Many districts including Shirak were depopulated. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. According to

2816-503: The invasion of the land of Eriakhi (the name that Shirak is derived from, according to many historians). According to the inscriptions, the region was home to a well developed civilization based on agriculture and cattle-breeding. in 720 BC, the Cimmerians conquered the region and probably founded the Kumayri settlement (now Gyumri ), which bears a phonetic resemblance to the word used by ancient Armenian in reference to Cimmerians . Historians believe that Xenophon passed through

2880-437: The newly formed Erivan Beglarbegi , a new administrative territory of Iran formed by the Safavids. During the first half of the 18th century, Kumayri became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia. In June 1804, the Russian Empire took control of Shirak region at the beginning of the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . The region became officially part of

2944-413: The north. Historically, the current territory of the province mainly occupies the Shirak canton of Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia. Shirak is mainly dominated by the Ashotsk Plateau (1900 to 2100 meters height) in the north and the Shirak Plain (1400 to 1800 meters height) in the centre and south of the province. The vast plains of the province are surrounded with the Bazum and Pambak mountains from

3008-411: The phrase "march forth") became known as "Exelauno Day". The origin of this niche holiday is connected with the Roxbury Latin School in Massachusetts . Xenophon's book has inspired many literary and audio-visual works, both non-fiction and fiction. Non-fiction books inspired by Anabasis include: The Anabasis of Alexander , by the Greek historian Arrian (86 – after 146 AD), is a history of

3072-421: The possibility that Armenians applied the name to the great plain surrounding Mount Masis after converting to Christianity in the early fourth century and identifying the biblical Ararat with Masis. If this is the case, then Ayrarat may be identical with the Araxēnon Pedion (" Araxes plain") mentioned by Strabo . The ultimate etymology of the names Urartu, Ayrarat, and Ararat is not known for certain. In

3136-476: The principles of statesmanship and politics exhibited by the army can be seen as exemplifying Socratic philosophy. Traditionally, Anabasis is one of the first unabridged texts studied by students of classical Greek, because of its clear and unadorned prose style in relatively pure Attic dialect —not unlike Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico for Latin students. Perhaps not coincidentally, they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure, told in

3200-444: The prominent religious and educational centres of medieval Armenia. After the fall of Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and later to the Seljuk invaders in 1064, the region entered an era of decline in all social, educational and cultural aspects. However, with the establishment of the Zakarid Principality of Armenia in 1201 under the Georgian protectorate, the Eastern Armenian territories, mainly Lori and Shirak, entered

3264-426: The province, winters are long (7 to 8 months) and snow coverage can reach up to a meter. Many ancient human settlements have been found in the Akhurian valley dating back to around 9000 BC. The territory of Shirak has been settled since the early Stone Age . At the higher areas that are above 2000 meters, many remains have been found from the early Bronze Age . Other remains from the 2nd millennium BC, revealed that

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3328-438: The rest of the Armenian territories- was conquered during the Muslim conquest of Persia , as it was part of Persian-ruled Armenia. It became part of the Emirate of Armenia under the Umayyad Caliphate . However, the Kamsarakan family continued to rule the region under the Arab Islamic rule of Armenia. By the foundation of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 885, Shirak entered a new era of growth and progress, particularly when

3392-557: The sea (" Thalatta! Thalatta! ") is mentioned in the second English translation of Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) when the expedition discovers an underground ocean (though the reference is absent from the original French text ). The Paul Davies novella Grace: A Story (1996) is a fantasy that details the progress of Xenophon's army through Armenia to Trabzon. Michael Curtis Ford wrote The Ten Thousand (2001); it follows Xenophon from his childhood until death. The Sol Yurick novel The Warriors (1965)

3456-441: The southeast of the Gyumri city centre. It was inaugurated in 1961 and is the second largest airport in Armenia. It is considered an alternative hub for the Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan . At the beginning of 2017, the government of Armenia focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia , a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri, and Pobeda which

3520-428: The territories of Shirak during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis . By the second half of the 6th century BC, Shirak became part of the Achaemenid Empire . The remains of a royal settlement found near the village of Beniamin dating back to the 5th to 2nd centuries BC, are an example of the Achemenid influence in the region. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Shirak became part of

3584-491: The title Anabasis has been rendered by some translators as The March Up Country or as The March of the Ten Thousand . The story of the army's journey across Asia Minor and Mesopotamia is Xenophon's best known work and "one of the great adventures in human history". Xenophon, in his Hellenica , did not cover the retreat of Cyrus but instead referred the reader to the Anabasis by "Themistogenes of Syracuse" —the tenth-century Suda also describes Anabasis as being

3648-442: The total area of the province are arable lands , out of which 36.7% (787 km) are ploughed. The fertile Shirak plain is the largest producer of grains and potato in Armenia. The irrigation system in the province is highly developed. 9 water reservoirs of different sizes -with a total capacity of 673,000,000 cubic metres (2.38 × 10 cu ft) are able to irrigate around 300 km (116 sq mi) of farmlands. Shirak

3712-509: The towns of Kars , Erzurum , and Doğubeyazıt - settled in Shirak. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin visited the region during his journey to the Caucasus and eastern Turkey in 1829. In 1837 Russian Tsar Nicholas I arrived in Shirak and re-founded the city of Gyumri as Alexandropol. The name was chosen in honour of Tsar Nicholas I's wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia , who had changed her name to Alexandra Fyodorovna after converting to Orthodox Christianity . A major Russian fortress

3776-399: The view of most scholars aligns substantially with that of Plutarch and certainly that all the volumes were written by Xenophon himself. Xenophon accompanied the Ten Thousand (words that Xenophon does not use), a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger , who intended to seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II . Although Cyrus' mixed army fought to

3840-427: The villages of Shirak, as well as major cities and towns in Armenia and neighbouring Georgia . The M-7 Motorway passes across the province from east to west, connecting the city of Gyumri with the rest of Armenia. The economy of the province is mainly based on agriculture, including farming and cattle-breeding. It has a share of 11.6% in the annual total agricultural product of Armenia. Around 80% (2,145.5 km) of

3904-455: The work of Themistogenes, "preserved among the works of Xenophon", in the entry Θεμιστογένεης. (Θεμιστογένης, Συρακούσιος, ἱστορικός. Κύρου ἀνάβασιν, ἥτις ἐν τοῖς Ξενοφῶντος φέρεται: καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πατρίδος. J.S. Watson in his Remarks on the Authorship of Anabasis refers to the various interpretations of the word "φέρεται", which give rise to different interpretations and different problems. ) Aside from these two references, there

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3968-405: Was built in Alexandropol in 1837. The city was completely rebuilt by 1840 to become the centre of the newly established Alexandropol Uyezd , experiencing rapid growth during its first decade. The Alexandropol Uyezd included the northern Armenian territories of Shirak, Lori and Tavush. In 1849, the Alexandropol Uyezd became part of the Erivan Governorate , and Shirak became an important outpost for

4032-427: Was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 3 to stop the Turkish advance towards Yerevan, however a concurrent Soviet invasion led to the fall of the Armenian government on December 2. The Turkish forces withdrew from Alexandropol after the Treaty of Kars was signed in October 1921 by the unrecognized Soviet and Turkish governments. Under the Bolsheviks, Alexandropol was renamed Leninakan in 1924, after

4096-409: Was not the end of their journey, which included a period fighting for Seuthes II of Thrace and ended with their recruitment into the army of the Spartan general Thibron . Xenophon related this story in Anabasis in a simple and direct manner. The Greek term anabasis referred to an expedition from a coastline into the interior of a country. While the journey of Cyrus is an anabasis from Ionia on

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