Misplaced Pages

#183816

57-501: Starting in 2004, the project has two main phases: The Al-Mogran project, when completed, would have produce 11,000,000 square feet (1,000,000 m) of office space, 1,100 villas, housing for 45,000 residents and visitors, and jobs for 60,000 Sudanese. The project, however, has received criticism in light of the continuing Darfur Conflict . Completion was expected by 2014. With the Sudanese government facing increased pressure to halt

114-1642: A 16-floor hotel and residences. 15°36′23″N 32°29′56″E  /  15.60639°N 32.49889°E  / 15.60639; 32.49889 . Darfur Conflict Stalemate [REDACTED] SRF (since 2006) [REDACTED] SLA (some factions) SARC (from 2014) SLFA (from 2017) Supported by: [REDACTED]   South Sudan [REDACTED]   Chad (2005–2010) [REDACTED]   Eritrea (until 2008) [REDACTED] Libya (until 2011) [REDACTED]   Sudan [REDACTED] Chadian rebel groups [REDACTED] Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011) Supported by: [REDACTED] Ahmed Diraige [REDACTED] Khalil Ibrahim   † [REDACTED] Gibril Ibrahim [REDACTED] Abdul Wahid al Nur (SLA-AW) [REDACTED] Minni Minnawi (SLA-MM) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan [REDACTED] Omar al-Bashir (until April 2019) [REDACTED] Musa Hilal (until 2017) [REDACTED] Hamid Dawai [REDACTED] Ali Kushayb [REDACTED] Ahmed Haroun (until April 2019) [REDACTED] Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi [REDACTED] SLA [REDACTED] JEM Sudanese Armed Forces SRF: 60,000 SAF: 109,300 Total killed: 300,000 ( UN estimate) 10,000 ( Sudanese government estimate) Total displaced: The War in Darfur , also nicknamed

171-469: A Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region. Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack. Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there." In May 2008, JEM engaged in its most famous operation against

228-523: A difficult strategic situation. The incompetent armed forces needed to be retrained and redeployed amid concerns about the loyalty of the many Darfurian non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Responsibility for prosecuting the war was given to Sudanese military intelligence. Nevertheless, in the middle months of 2003, rebels won 34 of 38 engagements. In May, the SLA destroyed a battalion at Kutum , killing 500 and taking 300 prisoners; in mid-July, 250 were killed in

285-488: A major offensive in Darfur, killing more than 20 civilians and displacing over 1,000. On 5 September, Sudan asked the existing AU force to leave by the end of the month, adding that "they have no right to transfer this assignment to the United Nations or any other party. This right rests with the government of Sudan." On 4 September, in a move not viewed as surprising, Chad's president Idriss Déby voiced support for

342-535: A peace agreement with the Transitional Government of Sudan on 31 August 2020 and will now participate in the transition to democracy in Sudan through peaceful means. Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to three seats on the sovereignty council , a total of five ministers in the transitional cabinet and a quarter of seats in the transitional legislature . At

399-637: A process and the end is the termination of this regime". In April 2013, JEM and its allies in the Sudan Revolutionary Front engaged in many successful attacks against Sudanese government forces. In a raid coordinated between all the parties of the SRF that included the use of 20 vehicles, the opposition forces briefly held the strategic city of Um Rawaba in North Kordofan , located 300 miles (480 km) south of Khartoum. As part of

456-568: A refugee camp to gather firewood, were gang-raped, beaten and robbed by the Janjaweed. When they had finished, the attackers stripped them naked and jeered at them as they fled. In a private meeting on 18 August, Hédi Annabi , Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations , warned that Sudan appeared to be preparing for a major military offensive. The warning came a day after UN Commission on Human Rights special investigator Sima Samar stated that Sudan's efforts remained poor despite

513-524: A result of starvation and disease. On 10 July 2005, SPLA leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's vice-president. However, on 30 July, Garang died in a helicopter crash. Despite improved security, talks between the various rebels in the Darfur region progressed slowly. An attack on the Chadian town of Adré near the Sudanese border led to the death of 300 rebels in December. Sudan was blamed for

570-469: A second attack on Tine. The SLA began to infiltrate farther east, threatening to extend the war into Kordofan . Given that the army was consistently losing, the war effort switched to emphasize three elements: military intelligence, the air force and the Janjaweed . The latter were armed Baggara herders whom the government had used to suppress a Masalit uprising from 1986 to 1999. The Janjaweed became

627-575: A small number of Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat ; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remained uninvolved. The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur , Zaghawa , and Masalit ethnic groups. The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named UNAMID . Although

SECTION 10

#1732772635184

684-457: Is an opposition group in Sudan founded by Khalil Ibrahim . Gibril Ibrahim has led the group since January 2012 after the death of Khalil, his brother, in December 2011. The JEM supported the removal of President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir and nation-wide government reform. The Justice and Equality Movement trace their origin to the writers of The Black Book: Imbalance of Power and Wealth in

741-788: Is conflict between the Islamist, Khartoum-based national government and two rebel groups based in Darfur: the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement . In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs. Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government

798-702: Is part of the Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF), an alliance of groups opposed to the Government of Sudan. In the September and October 2007 raids on Haskanita JEM units attacked the African Union Mission in Sudan . Three JEM leaders, Bahr Idriss Abu Garda , Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus , were charged by the International Criminal Court (ICC) of war crimes . The case against Garda

855-582: The Darfur genocide arose when the Sudan Liberation Movement and the JEM, which is the largest rebel group in Darfur, entered Al-Fashir , the capital city of North Darfur and attacked the sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, four Antonov bombers and helicopter gunships (according to the government; seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including

912-677: The Fur ", was not a traditional part of the states organized along the upper Nile valley but instead organized as an independent sultanate in the 14th century. Owing to the migration of the Banu Hilal tribe in the 11th century AD, the peoples of the Nile valley became heavily Arabicized while the hinterlands remained closer to native Sudanese cultures. It was first annexed to Egyptian Sudan in 1875 and then surrendered by its governor Slatin Pasha to

969-662: The Land Cruiser War , was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan , which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non- Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in

1026-807: The Mahdist State in 1883. Following the Anglo-Egyptian victory in the Mahdist War , Sultan Ali Dinar was reinstated as a British client before being deposed by a 1916 expedition after he began supporting the Ottoman Empire amid the First World War . Subsequently, Darfur remained a part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of the Sudan . There are several different explanations for

1083-529: The Second Sudanese Civil War was drawing to an end, and the east, where rebels sponsored by Eritrea were threatening a newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields to Port Sudan . The rebel guerilla tactic of hit-and-run raids proved almost impossible for the army – untrained in desert operations – to counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating. At 5:30 am on 25 April 2003,

1140-753: The United Kingdom , the United Nations, the European Union , the Arab League , Egypt , Canada, Norway and the Netherlands served as witnesses. Renewed fighting began in July and August 2006, and international aid organizations considered leaving due to attacks against their personnel. Annan called for 18,000 international peacekeepers in Darfur to replace the 7,000-man AMIS force. In one incident at Kalma , seven women, who ventured out of

1197-627: The United Nations Security Council issued Resolution 1564 declaring that the Sudanese government had not met its commitments and expressing concern at helicopter attacks and assaults by the Janjaweed. It welcomed the intention of the African Union to enhance its monitoring mission and urged all member states to support such efforts. During April, 2005, after the Sudanese government signed a ceasefire agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) which led to

SECTION 20

#1732772635184

1254-701: The AU force. On 6 October, the UNSC voted to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sudan until 30 April 2007. On 9 October, the Food and Agriculture Organization listed Darfur as the most pressing food emergency out of the forty countries listed on its Crop Prospects and Food Situation report. On 10 October, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour , claimed that

1311-525: The Defra field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. [They are] just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia . On the morning of December 11, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding

1368-527: The JEM in April. Janjaweed and rebel attacks continued despite the ceasefire, and the African Union (AU) formed a Ceasefire Commission (CFC) to monitor its observance. In August, the African Union sent 150 Rwandan troops to protect the ceasefire monitors. However, it soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough, and they were subsequently joined by 150 Nigerian troops. On 18 September,

1425-552: The Janjaweed and other militias, an integration of Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and JEM troops into the Sudanese Armed Forces and police, a system of federal wealth-sharing for the promotion of Darfurian economic interests, a referendum on the future status of Darfur and measures to promote the flow of humanitarian aid. Representatives of the African Union, Nigeria, Libya , the United States,

1482-551: The May Agreement. On 19 August, Sudan reiterated its opposition to replacing AMIS with a UN force, resulting in the US issuing a "threat" to Sudan over the "potential consequences". On 25 August, Sudan rejected attending a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting to explain its plan to send 10,000 Sudanese soldiers to Darfur instead of the proposed 20,000 UN peacekeeping force. The Security Council announced it would hold

1539-469: The Sudan , a manuscript published in 2000 that details what it views as the structural inequality in the country; the JEM's founder, Khalil Ibrahim, was one of the authors. The JEM claims to number around 35,000 with an ethnically diverse membership. According to critics it is not the "rainbow of tribes" it claims to be, as most JEM members, including its leader, are from the Zaghawa tribe. The JEM

1596-561: The Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations. The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration , signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution , requires that a peace process leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within

1653-410: The Sudanese army was "bombing civilians in Darfur". A World Food Programme official reported that food aid had been blocked from reaching at least 355,000 people. Annan said, "the tragedy in Darfur has reached a critical moment. It merits this council's closest attention and urgent action." On 14 September, the leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minnawi , stated that he did not object to

1710-641: The Sudanese government had prior knowledge of attacks by Janjaweed militias in Buram, South Darfur the month before, in which hundreds of civilians were killed. On 12 October, Nigerian Foreign Minister Joy Ogwu arrived in Darfur for a two-day visit. She urged the Sudanese government to accept the UN proposal. Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo spoke against "stand[ing] by and see[ing] genocide taking place in Darfur." On 13 October, US President George W. Bush imposed further sanctions against those deemed complicit in

1767-425: The Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across

Al-Mogran Development Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-476: The Sudanese government when it attacked the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . JEM's advance recorded many impressive gains which included temporarily controlling the city of Omdurman , the airport at the Wadi Sayedna military base, 10 miles (16 km) north of Khartoum, and three bridges leading into the capital. The operation ended with heavy battles in the western part of the Sudanese capital that included

1881-511: The UN peacekeeping force, rejecting the Sudanese government's view that such a deployment would be an act of Western invasion. Minnawi claimed that AMIS "can do nothing because the AU mandate is very limited". Khartoum remained opposed to UN involvement, with al-Bashir depicting it as a colonial plan and stating that "we do not want Sudan to turn into another Iraq ." On 2 October, the AU announced that it would extend its presence until 31 December 2006. Two hundred UN troops were sent to reinforce

1938-608: The UN peacekeeping force. The AU, whose mandate expired on 30 September 2006, confirmed that the AMIS would leave. The next day, however, a senior US State Department official told reporters that the AU force might remain past the deadline. On 8 September, António Guterres , head of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , said Darfur faced a "humanitarian catastrophe". On 12 September, Sudan's European Union envoy Pekka Haavisto claimed that

1995-586: The atrocities under the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act of 2006 . The measures were said to strengthen existing sanctions by prohibiting US citizens from engaging in oil-related transactions with Sudan (although US companies had been prohibited from doing business with Sudan since 1997), freezing the assets of complicit parties and denying them entry to the US. Justice and Equality Movement The Justice and Equality Movement ( JEM ; Arabic : حركة العدل والمساواة , Ḥarakat al-ʿAdl wal-musāwāh )

2052-476: The attack, which was the second in the region in three days. Escalating tensions led the government of Chad to declare its hostility toward Sudan and to call for Chadians to mobilise against the "common enemy" (see Chad-Sudan conflict ). On 5 May 2006, the Sudanese government signed the Darfur Peace Agreement along with the faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi . However, the agreement

2109-478: The border, creating a humanitarian crisis . U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide. The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan . However, talks were disrupted by accusations that

2166-477: The center of the new counter-insurgency strategy. Though the government consistently denied supporting them, military resources were poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as a paramilitary force, complete with communication equipment and some artillery. The military planners were aware of the probable consequences of such a strategy: similar methods undertaken in the Nuba Mountains and around

2223-400: The commander of the air base, a Major General . The success of the raid was unprecedented in Sudan; in the twenty years of the war in the south, the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) had never before carried out such an operation. The Al-Fashir raid was a turning point, both militarily and psychologically. The armed forces had been humiliated by the raid, placing the government in

2280-691: The conflict in Darfur, the Al-Mogran project came to a halt in 2007 after the United States included the project management company, Al Sunut Development to the OFAC Sudan sanctions list, due to its connection to the Sudanese government. In 2021, the Emirates Stallions Group announced a hospitality project within the Al Mogran Development in partnership with DAL Group worth $ 65.3 million. The project will consist of

2337-410: The death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir , for genocide , war crimes , and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court . One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police, and the Janjaweed , a Sudanese militia group whose members are mostly recruited among Arabized indigenous Africans and

Al-Mogran Development Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-436: The end of the Second Sudanese Civil War , the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) force was increased by 600 troops and 80 military observers. In July, the force was increased by about 3,300 (with a budget of 220 million dollars). In April, 2005, AMIS's forces were increased to about 7,000. The scale of the crisis led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan warning about

2451-805: The first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities. AU: African Union DLF: Darfur Liberation Front ICC: International Criminal Court IDP: Internally Displaced Person JEM: Justice and Equality Movement SLM/A/A: Sudan Liberation Movement/Army SLM/A: Sudan Liberation Movement SPLA: Sudan People's Liberation Army UN: United Nations UNAMID: United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur UNSC: United Nations Security Council Darfur, Arabic for "the home of

2508-527: The government engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in the Marrah Mountains . On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town of Tine along the Chadian border , seizing large quantities of supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President Omar al-Bashir to "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already deployed in both the south, where

2565-477: The government's use of army helicopters to repel the JEM advance. Following this battle, Eltahir Elfaki , the General Secretary of JEM's legislative council, vowed that the war would henceforth be fought across the country, saying that "We haven't changed our tactics. From the beginning, Jem is a national movement and it has a national agenda." Khalil Ibrahim declared that "This is just the start of

2622-619: The meeting despite Sudan's absence. Also on 24 August, the International Rescue Committee reported that hundreds of women were raped and sexually assaulted around the Kalma refugee camp during the previous several weeks and that the Janjaweed were reportedly using rape to cause women to be humiliated and ostracised by their own communities. On 25 August, the head of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of African Affairs , Assistant Secretary Jendayi Frazer , warned that

2679-668: The offensive, JEM and the SRF also gained control of Abu Korshola, a strategic town of 40,000 in South Kordofan . In its bid to retake control, the Sudanese Armed Forces engaged in indiscriminate air raid campaigns. On May 27, the opposition forces withdrew in order to allow humanitarian aid to be delivered to the area's residents. During 2013, opposition forces continued to engage in offensive operations, leading to dozens of casualties for Sudanese forces around Abu Korshola. The Justice and Equality Movement signed

2736-610: The origins of the conflict that started in 2003. One explanation involves the land disputes between semi- nomadic livestock herders and those who practice sedentary agriculture. Water access has also been identified as a major source of the conflict. The Darfur crisis is also related to the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , between the Arab -dominated government and the Christian and animist black southerners. Yet another origin

2793-495: The region faced a security crisis unless the UN peacekeeping force deployed. On 26 August, two days before the UNSC meeting and Frazer was due to arrive in Khartoum , Paul Salopek , a U.S. National Geographic Magazine journalist, appeared in court in Darfur facing charges of espionage; he had crossed into the country illegally from Chad , circumventing the Sudanese government's official restrictions on foreign journalists. He

2850-762: The risk of genocide. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign led to comparisons with the Rwandan genocide , a parallel denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers noted that the tactics, which included dismemberment and killing of noncombatants, including young children and infants, were more akin to the ethnic cleansing used in the Yugoslav wars and warned that the region's remoteness meant that hundreds of thousands of people were effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based International Crisis Group had reported in May 2004 that over 350,000 people could potentially die as

2907-555: The southern oil fields during the 1990s had resulted in massive human rights violations and forced displacements . In 2004, Chad brokered negotiations in N'Djamena , leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government, the JEM, and the SLA. One group that did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement was the National Movement for Reform and Development , who had split from

SECTION 50

#1732772635184

2964-787: Was a successful attack on an army garrison on 25 February 2002. The government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June, 2002. Flint and de Waal place the start of the Darfur Genocide on 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) publicly claimed responsibility for an attack on Golo , the headquarters of Jebel Marra District. By this point several rebel attacks had been carried out against police stations, army outposts and military convoys and

3021-475: Was accused of "deftly manipulat[ing] Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing. American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid. Alan Dershowitz claimed Sudan

3078-534: Was an example of Apartheid . Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation. Authors Julie Flint and Alex de Waal date the beginning of the rebellion to 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Quran (Nearly all of Darfur's residents are Muslim , including the Janjaweed , as well as the government leaders in Khartoum .) to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages. The rebels' first military action

3135-451: Was dropped due to lack of evidence and the case against Jerbo was dropped after his presumed death on 19 April 2013. As of June 2019 , Banda was considered a fugitive by the ICC. In October 2007, the JEM attacked the Defra oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. The Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company , a Chinese -led consortium, controls the field. The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on

3192-433: Was later released after direct negotiation with President al-Bashir. This came a month after Tomo Križnar , a Slovenian presidential envoy, was sentenced to two years in prison for spying. On 31 August 2006, the UNSC approved a resolution to send a new peacekeeping force of 17,300 to the region. Sudan expressed strong opposition to the resolution. On 1 September, African Union officials reported that Sudan had launched

3249-440: Was rejected by the smaller JEM and a rival faction of the SLA led by Abdul Wahid al Nur . The accord was orchestrated by chief negotiator Salim Ahmed Salim (working on behalf of the African Union ), U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick , AU representatives and other foreign officials operating in Abuja , Nigeria. The 115-page agreement included agreements on national and state power-sharing, demilitarization of

#183816