Dollarway School District No. 2 ( DSD ) was a school district headquartered in Pine Bluff , Arkansas , United States . With over 1,600 students and employing more than 300 educators and staff, the district had three active school campuses at the end of its life.
102-477: It served sections of Pine Bluff as well as the municipalities of Altheimer , Sherrill , and Wabbaseka . It was one of four school districts to serve sections of Pine Bluff. It also served the unincorporated areas of Hardin , Lake Dick , New Gascony , Pastoria , Plum Bayou , Sweden , Tucker , and Wright . It merged into the Pine Bluff School District effective July 1, 2021. It
204-415: A filibuster to prevent its passage. Russell proclaimed, "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would tend to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our [Southern] states." Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond , who was still a Democrat at the time: "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals [ sic ], which
306-824: A 72-day filibuster, it passed the United States Senate on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate. After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the White House on July 2, 1964. In the 1883 landmark Civil Rights Cases , the United States Supreme Court had ruled that Congress did not have
408-416: A Democrat and staunch segregationist from Virginia , indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. The assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon B. Johnson , made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president, in support of
510-604: A coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell Jr. of the NAACP. After the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , on August 28, 1963, the organizers visited Kennedy to discuss the civil rights bill. Roy Wilkins , A. Philip Randolph , and Walter Reuther attempted to persuade him to support
612-524: A compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was "imperative". The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives , where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee , chaired by New York Democrat Emanuel Celler . After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened
714-435: A filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure. The most dramatic moment during the cloture vote came when Senator Clair Engle (D-CA) was wheeled into the chamber. Suffering from terminal brain cancer , unable to speak, he pointed to his left eye, signifying his affirmative " Aye " vote when his name was called. He died seven weeks later. On June 19,
816-562: A larger number of schools in this district are rated below average in school quality. However, students at many of the schools in this district are making about the same academic progress as the state average. Dollarway High School is the only high school in the Dollarway School District and is ranked 221-267th within Arkansas 2. The AP® participation rate at Dollarway High School is 26% and the total minority enrollment
918-537: A long-term change in the demographics of the support for each. President Kennedy realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that "I know the risks are great and we might lose
1020-535: A period the consolidated district had two taxation rates, one for the original Dollarway district and one for the former Altheimer Unified. In addition the district operated two bus mechanic stops, with the Pine Bluff one serving the majority of the population of the district and the Altheimer one moving children from the Altheimer area to the schools in Pine Bluff. There were two interim board members to represent
1122-696: A provision establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission that would ban discriminatory practices by all federal agencies, unions, and private companies. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the Rules Committee , whose chairman, Howard W. Smith ,
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#17327974758261224-554: A result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the district created a new desegregation plan involving "freedom of choice" where parents choose which school their children will attend. Due to still relatively low numbers of black students attending white schools, Pickhardt wrote that the freedom of choice plan effectively kept races separate. Late 1960s court cases however forced districts to change their freedom of choice plans to outright combine schools, and Henley ordered changes to
1326-691: A stay in the courts. The district enacted testing for black students who wished to transfer. Dollarway Elementary began hosting black students on September 7, 1960, with no incidents of violence occurring. The first black student at Dollarway High began attending in January 1963. Pickhardt stated that in the 1960s the Dollarway district board of directors allowed small numbers of black students to white classes, something area anti-racial integration groups did not oppose, and that such groups did not instigate violence. This meant that little negative press appeared in
1428-496: A stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s. Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation, Republican 1964 presidential candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as
1530-465: A substitute bill that they hoped would overcome it by combining a sufficient number of Republicans as well as core liberal Democrats. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version as to the government's power in regulating the conduct of private business, but not weak enough to make the House reconsider it. Senator Robert Byrd ended his filibuster in opposition to the bill on the morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Up to then,
1632-496: A supportive memorandum at the behest of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women . Griffiths also argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs. The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with
1734-510: A teenager, eventually settling in Pine Bluff. Louis brought his brother Joseph with him to the land that would eventually bear their name. Joseph's son, Benjamin, became a successful attorney, establishing the prominent Chicago law firm of Altheimer, Mayer, Woods, and Smith (later known as Altheimer & Gray ), and serving twice as president of Chicago's Iroquois Club, the city's oldest Democratic Party political club. Benjamin owned 15,000 acres (61 km ) of land in Arkansas. His foundation,
1836-479: A vacancy, even though the perception elsewhere in the district was that Hardin residents did not want racially integrated schools. Schools were combined for grades 7-12 effective 1969. Judge J. Smith Henley , seeing that the district did not put enough white students in Townsend Park elementary schools, ordered elementary schools combined effective 1970. White flight occurred over several decades. In 1979
1938-639: A violation [of the Constitution], because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race." Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," but two years later the Department of Health, Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing. The bill divided both major American political parties and engendered
2040-686: Is 97% 2. The graduation rate at Dollarway High School is 75%, which is well below the state median 2. In a December 11th article, state education Secretary Johnny Key said that Dollarway “has made great strides” under Warren, noting progress in its academic program and financial management 3. “The district has made significant progress both fiscally and academically,” Key said at the time of the board vote 3. Open at time of dissolution: Closed prior to dissolution 34°17′24″N 92°09′54″W / 34.290°N 92.165°W / 34.290; -92.165 Altheimer, Arkansas Altheimer ( / ˈ ɑː l . t aɪ m ər / ALL -timer )
2142-549: Is a city in Plum Bayou Township, Jefferson County, Arkansas , United States. It is situated on the Union Pacific Railway , 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Pine Bluff . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 984, down from 1,192 at the 2000 census. As of 2018 the estimated population was 829 and was down to 696 in the 2020 Census, with zero change estimated in 2021 and 2022. Altheimer
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#17327974758262244-515: Is an oxbow lake located four miles (6.4 km) south of Altheimer. This area formerly held farmsteads of eighty white American families who were moved into the area in 1936 as part of the Farm Security Administration . Lake Dick was added to the register in 1975. In 2007 and 2013, respectively, Altheimer's secondary and elementary schools closed. As a result, a number of residents moved to Pine Bluff to be closer to
2346-473: Is part of the Timberlands Region , an area rich in natural resources that was discovered by pioneers from the eastern states in the early 19th century. Deer hunting, bass fishing, timber and oil are plentiful in this area. Altheimer is in northeastern Jefferson County, 14 miles (23 km) northeast of Pine Bluff , the county seat . U.S. Route 63 / 79 runs along the northwestern edge of
2448-402: Is served by the Pine Bluff School District . Students are zoned to Park/Greenville School for preschool, James Matthews Elementary School, Robert F. Morehead Middle School, and Dollarway High School . In the racial segregation era Altheimer Training School served as the high school for African-Americans, while Altheimer High School served as the high school for white students. At one point it
2550-615: The 24th Amendment outlawing the poll tax . He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and states' rights . Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 60 working day filibuster, including Senators Albert Gore, Sr. (D-TN) and J. William Fulbright (D-AR), as well as Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight. There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have
2652-609: The City of White Hall having fewer people than the City of Pine Bluff. The Pine Bluff Commercial stated that there was a lack of comment in the Arkansas state board of Education meetings and that there was a "lack of any significant outcry from patrons or anyone else for that matter." The pre-Altheimer merger boundaries included two non-contiguous portions, each between the White Hall School District . The part to
2754-554: The Dollarway School District on July 10, 2006. Altheimer-Martin Elementary School, a Dollarway School District elementary school, occupied the former high school facility. The 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m ) building was built in 1987; it included a gymnasium. Up to 2013 the school's enrollment declined, and in 2013 the Dollarway superintendent decided that the school should be closed in light of
2856-738: The March on Washington Movement , just before the U.S. entered World War II, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 , the first federal anti-discrimination order, and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee . Roosevelt's successor, President Harry Truman , appointed the President's Committee on Civil Rights , proposed the 20th century's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, and issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981 , providing for fair employment and desegregation throughout
2958-540: The 11 states that had made up the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of their geographic location including Southern states like Kentucky. House of Representatives: Senate: House of Representatives: Note that four Representatives voted Present while 13 did not vote. Senate: One year earlier,
3060-616: The 1930s, during the New Deal , the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the Commerce Clause, thus paving the way for the federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. Influenced in part by the " Black Cabinet " advisors and
3162-609: The 1930s. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places , The Elms is open to the public for retreats, family reunions and tours. Also located on the property are the Elms Duck Lodges, which provides hunting and fishing in the private lake and pond. Roselawn , also known as the Collier-Barnett House, was built in 1875 and added to National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Lake Dick
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3264-495: The 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) court decision. In June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in three cases ( Bostock v. Clayton County , Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda , and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ) that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which barred employers from discriminating on
3366-601: The 1964 bill in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights on June 11, 1963. He sought legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments"—as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". In late July, Walter Reuther , president of the United Auto Workers , warned that if Congress failed to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill,
3468-413: The 59 teachers, three were white. Circa 1969 there were about 270 Hardin students at Dollarway schools, 5 of them being black. In 1970 the district was about 55% black and each school, now fully integrated, had roughly the same proportion. The district at the time had a total of 114 teachers, half black and half white, with each school having roughly that proportion of teachers by race. Due to white flight
3570-457: The Altheimer area. The Dollarway district, in 2007, was no longer in financial distress partly because the State of Arkansas gave the district $ 1,700,000 to help the district absorb the Altheimer district. From about 2008 to 2018, the poor economy of Pine Bluff prompted parents to leave the area, and accordingly, Dollarway district officials have an estimate of an enrollment decline of about 900 for
3672-429: The Altheimer district, with an additional 333 square miles (860 km) of area, includes the municipalities of Altheimer , Sherrill , and Wabbaseka . It also includes the unincorporated areas of Lake Dick , New Gascony , Pastoria , Plum Bayou , Sweden , Tucker , and Wright . In the mid-1950s about 50% of the students were black and about 50% were white, with the former concentrated east of Dollarway Road, and
3774-546: The Arkansas Board of Education also ruled that the district was in "fiscal distress". The district held a centennial celebration in 2014 after band director Brandon Shorter read an article in the Arkansas Historical Quarterly that gave the year of establishment in 1914 and he verified that information, prompting him and his colleagues to organize a committee for the centennial. As of 2015
3876-544: The Ben J. Altheimer Foundation, provided scholarships and funding for projects throughout the state and continues today as the Ben J. Altheimer Charitable Foundation, Inc. Altheimer is home to many restored pioneer-era log cabins , Victorian era plantation houses and museums . One of the most prominent locations is The Elms , a former plantation house on the Collier Estate built in 1886, renovated by Ben Altheimer in
3978-788: The Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . By 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%, and Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1960 , which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act. In winning the 1960 United States presidential election , Kennedy took 70% of the African American vote. But due to his somewhat narrow victory and Democrats' narrow majorities in Congress, he
4080-630: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process". In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on
4182-512: The Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 1957 Act and 1960 Act . Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ,
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4284-588: The Dollarway School Board exempted the district from a state law that normally allows parents in one school district to have their children sent to attend schools in another school district. Parents from seven families, including the president of the Dollarway Parent Teacher Organization, Annie Bryant, argued against the exemption; Bryant stated that due to the large number of students on free or reduced lunch, it
4386-640: The Dollarway School and then had a choice between Pine Bluff High School in the Pine Bluff district, Watson Chapel High School in the Watson Chapel School District , and White Hall High School in the White Hall School District . After World War II African-Americans moved into the district to work at the Pine Bluff Arsenal , prompting the district to build new schools to accommodate them. Dollarway annexed
4488-409: The Dollarway district, the only one to agree to a merger with Altheimer, formally asked the state to give the Altheimer territory to Dollarway the previous May, and the Altheimer board also agreed to the consolidation. This consolidation meant that small towns and rural areas in northern Jefferson County, including Altheimer, Sherrill, Wabbaseka, Tucker, and Plum Bayou, became a part of the district. For
4590-634: The Hardin school district in 1948. The four black schools were combined into Townsend Park Elementary School, which opened in 1951. In 1954 the district board refused a request to have racially integrated classes made by several black parents and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) member William Dove. In 1955 the district opened a high school for black children, Townsend Park High School , and in 1957 it opened Dollarway High School for white children, partly because in 1955
4692-544: The Jefferson County School District dissolved, with a portion of the students going to the Dollarway school district. In 2006 the Dollarway district was in financial distress. The Altheimer Unified School District consolidated into the Dollarway School District on July 10, 2006. The State of Arkansas had demanded that the Altheimer district merge with another district as the Altheimer district's financial situation had deteriorated. The board of
4794-598: The Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Representatives drafting
4896-600: The Pine Bluff district stopped taking Dollarway students. The Dollarway district continued to oppose desegregation, with Dove being refused a second time in 1957, as the Brown II decision in the U.S. Supreme Court allowed Southern school districts to choose their paces of desegregation. John B. Pickhardt, an alumnus of the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville , stated that the district was already spending less per capita to educate black students than white ones and so "there
4998-575: The President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress." After the filibuster had gone on for 54 days, Senators Mansfield, Hubert Humphrey , Everett Dirksen , and Thomas Kuchel introduced
5100-467: The South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway." Senator Richard Russell, Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election". Johnson, however, went on to win the 1964 election by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became
5202-503: The act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by
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#17327974758265304-418: The age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 24.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.29. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under
5406-425: The age of 18, 7.4% from 15 to 19, 7.0% from 40 to 44, 5.3% from 60 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.9 years. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,500, and the median income for a family was $ 34,153. About 30.9% of families and 35.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 60.4% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. Altheimer
5508-561: The amendment. Along with Representative Martha Griffiths , he was the amendment's chief spokesperson. For 20 years, Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment (with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. For decades he had been close to the National Woman's Party and its leader Alice Paul , who had been a leading figure in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, co-authored
5610-499: The ballot. The Arkansas Department of Education took control of the school district in 2012 due to failing to meet state education guidelines. In 2014 state control ended and the school board resumed operations. State control resumed in 2015 due to low test scores. The State of Arkansas designated the school district as being in "academic distress" from 2011 until 2016, and after an audit found issues in financial reporting, in April 2016
5712-586: The basis of sex, precluded employers from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . Afterward, USA Today stated that in addition to LGBTQ employment discrimination, "[t]he court's ruling is likely to have a sweeping impact on federal civil rights laws barring sex discrimination in education, health care, housing and financial credit." Title I barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. This title did not eliminate literacy tests , which acted as one barrier for black voters, other racial minorities, and poor whites in
5814-442: The bill because he opposed civil rights for Black people and women or attempted to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because labor unions opposed
5916-498: The bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee , which was chaired by James O. Eastland , a Democrat from Mississippi , whose firm opposition made it seem impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the Judiciary Committee from keeping the bill in limbo: initially waiving a second reading immediately after
6018-418: The bill's opponents' most damaging arguments was that once passed, the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools. The bill's proponents, such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits , said it would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said, "if the bill were to compel it, it would be
6120-475: The bill. In his first address to a joint session of Congress on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long." Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee; it required
6222-524: The center of the city, flowing north toward Wabbaseka Bayou, which in turn flows southeast via a succession of names to the Arkansas River . The city was named for brothers Joseph and Louis Altheimer, two Pine Bluff merchants. Louis, who was born in Eberstadt in 1850, read stories by German adventurer Frederick Gerstacker telling of the rich natural resources in Arkansas, and left for America as
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#17327974758266324-415: The city, leading southwest to Pine Bluff and northeast 11 miles (18 km) to Humphrey . Little Rock , the state capital, is 50 miles (80 km) to the northwest by road. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Altheimer has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km ), of which 2.1 square miles (5.4 km ) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km ), or 3.22%, are water. Flat Bayou winds through
6426-497: The clause. Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later said, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights", as "he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights", and according to the Congressional Record , laughter greeted Smith when he introduced the amendment. Smith asserted that he was not joking and sincerely supported
6528-646: The compromise bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, quickly passed through the conference committee , which adopted the Senate version of the bill, then was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Johnson on July 2, 1964. Totals are in Yea – Nay format: Original House version: Cloture in the Senate: Senate version: Senate version, voted on by the House: Note that "Southern", as used here, only refers to members of Congress from
6630-552: The consolidation plan, all schools of the two districts will continue to operate post-merger. Ryan Watley, the CEO of the organization Go Forward Pine Bluff, argued that Dollarway no longer was viable as an individual school district. Joni Alexander, a member of the Pine Bluff City Council, argued that the post-merger school district boundaries in effect privilege students in the White Hall School District ; he pointed to
6732-486: The constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental question [...] is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers". Rolleston claimed that
6834-518: The country would face another civil war. Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations and enable the U.S. Attorney General to join lawsuits against state governments that operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. But it did not include a number of provisions civil rights leaders deemed essential, including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, and granting
6936-428: The declining attendance. In its final year the school had 78 students. Since 2013 some property had been taken from the school building, and a lack of maintenance occurred. Altheimer mayor Zola Hudson stated a desire for the city government to repurpose the building. By 2018 the district was proceeding to donate the elementary building. Altheimer Middle School and Altheimer-Sherrill High School both closed in 2007. At
7038-561: The federal government and the armed forces. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 , signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 9, 1957, was the first federal civil rights legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to become law. After the Supreme Court ruled school segregation unconstitutional in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education , Southern Democrats began a campaign of " massive resistance " against desegregation, and even
7140-458: The few moderate white leaders shifted to openly racist positions. Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights. Despite having a limited impact on African-American voter participation, at a time when black voter registration from 0% (in 11 counties) to less than 5% (in 97 counties) despite being majority-Black counties,
7242-421: The first Equal Rights Amendment, and had been a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category, and felt now was the moment. Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that that was unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer Pauli Murray wrote
7344-476: The first reading, which would have sent it to the Judiciary Committee, he took the unprecedented step of giving the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, thereby bypassing the Judiciary Committee, and sending it to the Senate floor for immediate debate. When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the " Southern Bloc " of 18 southern Democratic Senators and lone Republican John Tower of Texas, led by Richard Russell (D-GA), launched
7446-418: The former and $ 157 per capita on the latter. The district headquarters was, in 2012, on the same campus as Dollarway High. The 2012 Arkansas legislative document stated that as a result the workers in the two facilities were in "close proximity". Dollarway School District is located in Pine Bluff, Arkansas and operates five schools, serving students from pre-kindergarten to grade 12. According to GreatSchools,
7548-467: The ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina, attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the " Orangeburg massacre ." Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of
7650-454: The latter west of Dollarway Road, with the western Hardin part of the district predominately white. In the 1957–1958 school year it had about 2,060 students. The black Townsend Park campuses together had about 1,043 while the white Dollarway campuses together had about 1,017 students. In fall 1968 the Dollarway campuses had 1,328 students, with 64 being black. Of the 48 teachers, four were black. All 1,679 Townsend Park students were black, and of
7752-484: The laws under the 14th Amendment , and its duty to protect voting rights under the 15th Amendment . The legislation was proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but it was opposed by filibuster in the Senate. After Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward. The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after
7854-415: The measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. The day before, Humphrey, the bill's manager, concluded that he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never before in its entire history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to defeat
7956-606: The most significant legislative achievements in American history". Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution , principally its enumerated power to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8 , its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of
8058-430: The newspapers and slowed the rate at which black students appeared in area schools. In 1964 there were two black students in majority white schools, making Dollarway district have the second lowest percentage of black students in mostly white schools of the 21 school districts in the state that already began the integration process. Of those 21 districts it was one of two that had a population of over 30% African-American. As
8160-417: The number of white students declined. 92% of the students were black as of 2007. In 2006 the district had 2,037 students in grades K-12, and 92 preschool students. In 2015, according to Bryant, about 98% of the district's students were on free or reduced lunches. In 2015-2016 it had almost 1,200 students. Circa 2016 it had 1,171 students. In May 2020 that figure was down to 941, and by December that year it
8262-622: The only middle school for all of the Pine Bluff School District. The Pine Bluff and Jefferson County Library System operates the Altheimer Branch, an about 3,500 square feet (330 m ) building identical to that of the Redfield Library, located on a 1-acre (0.40 ha) tract in Altheimer. The library was built on land sold by Altheimer Unified to the county government for $ 3,784. The library
8364-519: The period. A 2011 State of Arkansas legislative research document stated that additionally the Dollarway district lost enrollment while the Watson Chapel and White Hall school districts' enrollment remained constant, and it concluded that Dollarway students were leaving to go to those districts and private schools and charter schools . Superintendent Arthur Tucker stated, as paraphrased by the document, "he believes some of these losses result from
8466-411: The poor reputation the Dollarway School District has in the area and the rundown school facilities." The legislative document stated, in regards to whether to first prioritize academic improvement or repairing the buildings, "there is little consensus about which part of the problem to address first." By 2015 a millage increase had been voted down so the majority of the board was reluctant to put another on
8568-480: The position. The Pine Bluff Commercial praised the state takeover and criticized the previously elected school boards. In 2020 the district had 921 students. In December 2020 the Arkansas State Board of Education ruled that the Dollarway School District should merge into the Pine Bluff School District as of July 1, 2021; all seven Arkansas state education board members approved this. According to
8670-484: The power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality. In
8772-565: The same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate whether Smith cynically attempted to defeat
8874-471: The same for the 2021–2022 school year, and all DSD territory went to be within the PBSD territory. The exception was with the pre-kindergarten levels, as all PBSD areas are now assigned to Forrest Park/Greenville School, including the territory from the former Dollarway district. In 2023 the district announced that Dollarway High would merge into Pine Bluff High School, and that Morehead Middle School would become
8976-535: The school system effective 1969. Some Hardin parents advocated for re-separating the Hardin school district; on September 11, 1969, they voted to leave the Dollarway district, with the county board of education making a move to change funding. The vote to separate was on a narrow margin. However the US District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas blocked the split on the grounds that it
9078-457: The support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially, Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many Representatives who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it
9180-488: The time the middle school had 102 students and the high school had 137 students. In December 2020 the Arkansas State Board of Education ruled that the Dollarway School District should merge into the Pine Bluff School District as of July 1, 2021; the post-merger school district is to operate all existing schools from both districts. Accordingly, the attendance boundary maps of the respective schools remained
9282-581: The votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice William Rehnquist wrote in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives [...] the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex. ' " One of
9384-412: The west included unincorporated areas such as Hardin , and the part to the east mostly included unincorporated areas between the Arkansas River and Pine Bluff, with a northern part of Pine Bluff included. The western section also includes a portion of White Hall . The area that was the sum of the district between 1948 and 2006 has a total of 48 square miles (120 km) of area. The merged area from
9486-492: The zoned schools operated by the Dollarway School District , and multiple businesses lost revenue. As of the census of 2010, there were 984 people, 361 households, and 248 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 10% White , 88.1% Black or African American, 1% Asian , 0.6% from other races , and 0.3% from two or more races . 1.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 361 households, out of which 25.8% had children under
9588-504: Was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee. Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that it would be quickly considered by the Senate . Normally,
9690-424: Was clear that the students had no other choice but to go to public schools, and therefore the district ought to allow transfers. As of that year there were no persons requesting that their children be transferred from another school district to the Dollarway district. In 2015 the Arkansas State Board of Education took control of the district. Barbara Warren became superintendent as per the school board naming her to
9792-717: Was constructed in October 2001. Civil Rights Act of 1964 This is an accepted version of this page District of Columbia The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Pub. L. 88–352 , 78 Stat. 241 , enacted July 2, 1964 ) is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race , color , religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations , and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of
9894-498: Was down to 921. Its projected 2021 enrollment was 904. 901 was the enrollment in the final school year. The Arkansas Democrat Gazette stated that according to analysts, the district's cash reserves eroded because it was not pulling in as much funds as the student enrollment had declined and that bankruptcy was a possibility within several years in the future. In the mid-1950s the district was spending less to educate black students than to educate white students, with $ 120 per capita on
9996-417: Was interfering with desegregation efforts as those were based upon the Hardin staying in the district; the court stated that Hardin could split again once desegregation efforts ended. Pickhardt wrote that opposition to being in Dollarway had built up over decades partly due to the 1964 closure of the Hardin school and partly because the Dollarway board of education chose not to appoint anybody from Hardin to fill
10098-478: Was little economic incentive to integrate". In June 1959 black parents sued the district after it kept refusing desegregation requests. Judge Axel J. Beck of the Eastern District of Arkansas ordered the district to allow three black children to attend Dollarway High effective fall 1959, starting anti-integration efforts in the district. However Dollarway schools remained segregated for 1959-1960 due to
10200-470: Was named after Dollarway Road, with a one-room school for white students opening in 1914. Initially the district only operated elementary and junior high school level education and was racially segregated; religious entities educated black students in the district's beginnings. By the mid-20th century black students were educated in area schools for black children and continued to Pine Bluff School District 's Merrill High School , while white students attended
10302-770: Was served by the Altheimer School District, which operated Martin Elementary School, Martin High School, Altheimer Elementary School, and Altheimer High School in Altheimer. The Altheimer-Sherrill district was created in 1979 when the Altheimer and Sherrill districts merged. On September 1, 1993, Altheimer-Sherrill consolidated into the Altheimer Unified School District ; Altheimer Unified operated two schools: Martin Elementary School and Altheimer-Sherrill High School . The Altheimer Unified School District consolidated into
10404-538: Was wary to push hard for civil rights legislation for fear of losing southern support. Moreover, according to the Miller Center , he wanted to wait until his second term to send Congress a civil rights bill. But with elevated racial tensions and a wave of African-American protests in the spring of 1963, such as the Birmingham campaign , Kennedy realized he had to act on civil rights. Kennedy first proposed
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