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61-492: Alcon was a subsidiary of Novartis until April 2019, when it was spun out into a separate publicly traded company. Alcon itself has a number of subsidiaries, including Aerie Pharmaceuticals , focused on therapies for glaucoma and other diseases of the eye, and WaveLight, which develops and manufactures laser eye surgery technologies. Alcon was founded in 1945 as a small pharmacy in Fort Worth, Texas , United States. It

122-558: A dyewood mill and a dye extraction plant. Two years later, they began the production of synthetic fuchsine. In 1901, they formed the public limited company Geigy, and the name of the company was changed to J. R. Geigy Ltd in 1914. CIBA and Geigy merged in 1970 to form Ciba‑Geigy Ltd. / ˌ s iː b ə ˈ ɡ aɪ ɡ i / . In the mid-1990s, state and federal health and environmental agencies identified an increased incidence of childhood cancers in Toms River, New Jersey , from

183-556: A $ 50 million litigation trust to ensure company's minority shareholders get the best deal from bidder Novartis AG. On April 9, 2019, Alcon completed a 100% spin-off from Novartis. The new standalone company is worth up to 28 billion Swiss francs. In November 2021, Alcon announced it would acquire Ivantis and their glaucoma surgery stent technology for at least $ 475 million. In August 2022, Alcon agreed to buy Aerie Pharmaceuticals for US$ 770   million to enhance its ophthalmic pharmaceutical portfolio. Novartis Novartis AG

244-517: A 15 percent stake in Gamida Cell for $ 35 million, with the option to purchase the whole company for approximately $ 165 million. In October 2014, Novartis announced its intention to sell its influenza vaccine business (inclusive of its development pipeline), subject to regulatory approval, to CSL for $ 275 million. In March 2015, the company announced BioPharma had completed its acquisition of two Phase III cancer-drug candidates;

305-432: A 47 percent premium. In March 2018, GlaxoSmithKline announced that it has reached an agreement with Novartis to acquire Novartis' 36.5 percent stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for $ 13 billion (£9.2 billion). In April of the same year, the business utilised some of the proceeds from the aforementioned GlaxoSmithKline deal to acquire Avexis for $ 218 per share or $ 8.7 billion in total, gaining

366-422: A better subjective understanding of the schizophrenic experience, and many did exactly that and so did other scientific researchers. The Sandoz product received mass publicity as early as 1954, in a Time magazine feature. Research on LSD peaked in the 1950s and early 1960s. The CIA purchased quantities of LSD from Sandoz for use in its illegal human experimentation program known as MKUltra . Sandoz withdrew

427-522: A clinical-stage SK channel positive allosteric modulator. In September 2021, the company announced it would acquire gene-therapy business, Arctos Medical, broadening its optogenetics range. In December, Novartis announced it would purchase Gyroscope Therapeutics from health care investment company, Syncona Ltd, for up to $ 1.5 billion. In February 2022, New York City-based biotechnology company Cambrian Biopharma announced it had licensed rights to mTOR inhibitor programs from Novartis. As part of

488-481: A developer of technology for delivering RNA-based therapies, upfront for $ 500 million and an additional $ 500 million subject to reaching certain targets. Also in June, Novartis announced it would it would sell Xiidra to Bausch & Lomb for $ 1.75 billion and receive additional $ 750 million linked to future sales for Xiidra as well as two pipeline assets. In September 2023, Novartis announced that

549-687: A drug-free period of two or three weeks, totaling 3 months of treatment including the drug-free periods. Such intermittent dosing schedules appear to be as effective as continuous regimens. Terbinafine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in methanol and dichloromethane , soluble in ethanol , and slightly soluble in water. Terbinafine is produced from olefin metathesis of 1,3-dichloropropene and neohexene followed by reaction with N -methyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine. Despite its name it does not contain terbium . Terbinafine first became available in Europe in 1991 and in

610-573: A fire broke out in a production plant storage room, which led to the Sandoz chemical spill and a large amount of pesticide being released into the upper Rhine river. This exposure killed many fish and other aquatic life. In 1995, Sandoz spun off its specialty chemicals business to form Clariant . In 1997, Clariant merged with the specialty chemicals business that was spun off from Hoechst AG in Germany. In 1996, Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz, with

671-533: A new company, Syngenta . In 2003, Novartis organized all its generics businesses into one division, and merged some of its subsidiaries into one company, reusing the predecessor brand name of Sandoz. In 2005, Novartis expanded its subsidiary Sandoz significantly through the US$ 8.29 billion acquisition of Hexal, one of Germany's leading generic drug companies, and Eon Labs, a fast-growing United States generic pharmaceutical company. In 2006, Novartis acquired

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732-472: A newly created subsidiary. Endocyte will bolster Novartis' offering in its radiopharmaceuticals business, with Endocyte's first in class candidate Lu-PSMA-617 being targeted against metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In late December the company announced it would acquire France-based contract manufacturer, CellforCure from LFB , boosting its capacity to produce cell and gene therapies. On 9 April 2019, Novartis announced that it had completed

793-514: A recommendation by the committee was an indispensable first step before the board of the company can decide on the merger proposal of Novartis AG , refuted Novartis’ public implications that it would be able to unilaterally impose the merger irrespective of the Independent Director Committee's position once Novartis became Alcon's majority shareholder. On July 8, 2010, Alcon's independent director committee (IDC) had set up

854-655: A strong foundation for our (Novartis') individualized treatment programs". In 2012, the Company cut approximately 2,000 positions in the United States, primarily in sales, in response to anticipated revenue downturns from the hypertension drug Diovan , which was losing patent protection, and the realization that the anticipated successor to Diovan, Rasilez , was failing in clinical trials. The 2012 personnel reductions follow ~2000 cut positions in Switzerland and

915-693: Is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel , Switzerland. Consistently ranked in the global top five, Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and was the fourth largest by revenue in 2022. Novartis manufactures the drugs clozapine (Clozaril), diclofenac (Voltaren; sold to GlaxoSmithKline in 2015 deal), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valsartan (Diovan), imatinib mesylate (Gleevec/Glivec), cyclosporine (Neoral/Sandimmune), letrozole (Femara), methylphenidate (Ritalin; production ceased 2020), terbinafine (Lamisil), deferasirox (Exjade), and others. Novartis

976-746: Is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA), and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). Novartis is the third most valuable pharmaceutical company in Europe, after Novo Nordisk and Roche . Novartis

1037-442: Is already working on in 'real-life' situations". The deal will pursue solutions for "organizing and using" data generated from Novartis' laboratory experiments, clinical trials, and manufacturing plants. It will also look at improving manufacturing of Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cells). Finally, the deal "will also apply AI to generative chemistry to enhance drug design". In November 2019, Sandoz announced it would acquire

1098-597: Is also eligible to receive up to $ 300 million dependent upon future marketing approval milestones outside of America and up to $ 400 million relating to sales milestones. In September 2014, Ophthotech received its first $ 50 million phase III trial milestone payment from Novartis. In April 2014, Novartis announced that it would acquire GlaxoSmithKline 's cancer drug business for $ 16 billion as well as selling its vaccines business to GlaxoSmithKline for $ 7.1 billion. In August 2014 Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News reported that Novartis had acquired

1159-563: Is an antifungal medication used to treat pityriasis versicolor , fungal nail infections , and ringworm including jock itch and athlete's foot . It is either taken by mouth or applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. The cream and ointment should not be used for fungal nail infections. Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea, diarrhea, headache, cough, rash, and elevated liver enzymes . Severe side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions . Liver injury is, however, unusual. Oral use during pregnancy

1220-667: Is enough difference in this enzyme that terbinafine preferentially binds fungal squalene epoxidase, making it selective for inhibiting ergosterol production in fungi without significantly affecting cholesterol production in mammals. This is thought to fatally disrupt the fungal cell membrane . Terbinafine is highly lipophilic and tends to accumulate in hair , skin, nails , and fat cells . This accumulation results in therapeutic levels of terbinafine even after 80 days following one week treatment of 250 mg/day. Different dosing schedules have been proposed such as 500 mg/day for one week or 250 mg/day for two weeks each followed by

1281-493: Is not typically recommended. The cream and ointment may result in itchiness but are generally well tolerated. Terbinafine is in the allylamines family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to synthesize ergosterol . It appears to result in fungal cell death . Terbinafine was discovered in 1991. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2021, it

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1342-631: Is now DPT Laboratories). In 1984, Alcon founded the Technical Excellence Award to promote achievements in R&;D excellence and has awarded it to more than 100 recipients. The Alcon product line has expanded from pharmaceuticals to the surgical arena. Today, Alcon has operations in 75 countries and its products are sold in over 180 countries. Nestlé conducted an initial public offering of 25% of its stake in Alcon in 2002. The stock

1403-490: Is the founder of Sandoz's pharmaceutical department in 1917. In 1918, Arthur Stoll isolated ergotamine from ergot ; the substance was eventually used to treat migraine and headaches and was introduced under the trade name Gynergen in 1921. Between the World Wars, Gynergen (1921) and Calcium-Sandoz (1929) were brought to market. Sandoz also produced chemicals for textiles, paper, and leather , beginning in 1929. In 1939,

1464-429: Is traded under the ticker symbol ALC. In July 2008, Novartis purchased approximately 25% of Nestlé's stake in Alcon, with an option to buy Nestlé's remaining shares beginning in 2010. Novartis bought 52% stake from Nestlé for $ 28.1 Billion. This deal brought the total ownership of Alcon by Novartis to 77%. Beginning January 2010 Novartis formally announced it will be completing the exercise options for finishing purchasing

1525-558: The CD20 monoclonal antibody Ofatumumab from GlaxoSmithKline for up to $ 1 billion. In October the company acquired Admune Therapeutics for an undisclosed sum, as well as licensing PBF-509 , an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist which is in Phase I clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, from Palobiofarma . In November 2016, the company announced it would acquire Selexys Pharmaceuticals for $ 665 million. In December,

1586-809: The Gerber Products Company to Nestlé as part of its continuing effort to shed old Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy businesses and focus on healthcare. In 2009, Novartis reached an agreement to acquire an 85 percent stake in the Chinese vaccines company Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. as part of a strategic initiative to build a vaccines industry leader in this country and expand the group's limited presence in this fast-growing market segment. This proposed acquisition will require government and regulatory approvals in China. In 2010, Novartis offered to pay US$ 39.3 billion to fully acquire Alcon ,

1647-504: The MEK inhibitor binimetinib (MEK 162) and the BRAF inhibitor encorafenib (LGX818), for $ 85 million. In addition, the company sold its RNAi portfolio to Arrowhead Research for $ 10 million and $ 25 million in stock. In June, the company announced it would acquire Spinifex Pharmaceuticals for more than $ 200 million. In August, the company acquired the remaining rights to

1708-541: The 1970–1995 period. Multiple investigations by state and federal environmental and health agencies indicated that the likely source of the increased cancer risk was contamination from Toms River Chemical Plant (then operated by Ciba-Geigy), which had been in operation since 1952, and the Reich Farm/Union Carbide. The area was designated a United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in 1983 after an underground plume of toxic chemicals

1769-597: The California-based Chiron Corporation . Chiron had been divided into three units: Chiron Vaccines, Chiron Blood Testing, and Chiron BioPharmaceuticals. The biopharmaceutical unit was integrated into Novartis Pharmaceuticals, while the vaccines and blood testing units were made into a new Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics division. Also in 2006, Sandoz became the first company to have a biosimilar drug approved in Europe with its recombinant human growth hormone drug. In 2007, Novartis sold

1830-617: The German chemical maker BASF . In 1998, the company entered into a biotechnology licensing agreement with the University of California at Berkeley Department of Plant and Microbial Biology . Critics of the agreement expressed concern over prospects that the agreement would diminish academic objectivity, or lead to the commercialization of genetically modified plants. The agreement expired in 2003. In 2000, Novartis and AstraZeneca combined their agrobusiness divisions to create

1891-554: The Japanese business of Aspen Global inc for €300 million (around $ 330 million), boosting the business's presence in Asia. In late November 2019, the business announced it would acquire The Medicines Company for US$ 9.7 billion ($ 85 per share) in order to acquire amongst other assets, the cholesterol lowering therapy; inclisiran . In April 2020, the company announced it would acquire Amblyotech. In September 2020, Novartis

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1952-588: The MTHFR C677T mutation. It was noted that Lamisil interferes with the methylation cycle and that this can cause side effects in individuals with the MTHFR C677T mutation. Like other allylamines, terbinafine inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase , an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of squalene to lanosterol . In fungi, lanosterol is then converted to ergosterol ; in humans, lanosterol becomes cholesterol . However, as fungi and animals diverged around 1.1 billion years ago - there

2013-748: The Novartis drugs. In October Novartis announced it would acquire Vedere Bio for $ 280 million boosting the businesses cell and gene therapy offerings. In October 2020, as part of a joint venture to develop therapeutic drugs to combat COVID-19 , Novartis bought 6% of all shares outstanding in Swiss DARPin research company Molecular Partners AG at CHF 23 per share. In December 2020, Novartis announced it would acquire Cadent Therapeutics for up to $ 770 million, gaining full rights to CAD-9303 (a NMDAr positive allosteric modulator ), MIJ-821 (a NMDAr negative allosteric modulator ) and CAD-1883

2074-568: The Toms River water system has been subject to the most stringent water testing in New Jersey and is considered safe for consumption. Dan Fagin 's Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation , the 2014 Pulitzer Prize winning book, examined the issue of industrial pollution at the site in detail. Sandoz is the generic drugs division of Novartis. Before the 1996 merger with Ciba-Geigy to form Novartis, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (Sandoz AG)

2135-450: The United States in 1996. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the first generic versions of prescription Lamisil (terbinafine hydrochloride) tablets. The remaining patent or exclusivity for Lamisil expired on June 30, 2007. On September 28, 2007, the FDA stated that terbinafine is now approved for use by children age four and up. The antifungal granules can be sprinkled on

2196-552: The United States in 2011, ~1400 cut positions in the United States in 2010, and a reduction of "thousands" and several site closures in previous years. Also in 2012, Novartis became the biggest manufacturer of generic skin care medicine, after agreeing to buy Fougera Pharmaceuticals for $ 1.525 billion in cash. In 2013, the Indian Supreme Court issued a decision rejecting Novartis' patent application in India on

2257-482: The company Bindschedler and Busch. In 1884, Bindschedler and Busch was transformed into a joint-stock company named " Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel " (Company for Chemical Industry Basel). The acronym , CIBA, was adopted as the company's name in 1945. The foundation for Geigy was established in 1857, when Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian (1830–1917) and Johann Muller-Pack acquired a site in Basel, where they built

2318-453: The company acquired Encore Vision , gaining the company's principle compound, EV06, is a first-in-class topical therapy for presbyopia . In December Novartis acquired Ziarco Group Limited, bolstering its presence in eczema treatments. In late October 2017, Reuters announced that Novartis would acquire Advanced Accelerator Applications for $ 3.9 billion, paying $ 41 per ordinary share and $ 82 per American depositary share representing

2379-610: The company began producing agricultural chemicals. The psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were discovered at the Sandoz laboratories in 1943 by Arthur Stoll and Albert Hofmann . Sandoz began clinical trials and marketed the substance, from 1947 through the mid-1960s, under the name Delysid as a psychiatric drug, thought useful for treating a wide variety of mental ailments , ranging from alcoholism to sexual deviancy . Sandoz suggested in its marketing literature that psychiatrists take LSD themselves, to gain

2440-539: The company violated the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute by paying physicians to induce them to prescribe certain of the company's drugs. Novartis allegedly spent hundreds of millions of dollars on fraudulent speaker programs that served as a means to bribe doctors with cash payments and other extravagant rewards. Many of these speaking programs were allegedly nothing more than social gatherings at expensive restaurants, with limited or no discussion about

2501-542: The deal, Cambrian was setting up a subsidiary called Tornado Therapeutics. In August 2022, the company announced its plan to spin off Sandoz generic drugs unit to form a publicly traded business as part of a restructuring. With the unit having generated US$ 9.69 billion in 2021, the spin-off would create the biggest generic drugs company in Europe by sales. In June 2023, Novartis announced it would acquire Chinook Therapeutics and its drug pipeline for up to $ 3.5 billion. In July 2023, Novartis acquired DTx Pharma,

Alcon - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-537: The drug from the market in 1965. The drug became a cultural novelty of the 1960s after psychologist Timothy Leary at Harvard University began to promote its use for recreational and spiritual experiences among the general public. Sandoz opened its first foreign offices in 1964. In 1967, Sandoz merged with Wander AG (known for Ovomaltine and Isostar ). Sandoz acquired the companies Delmark , Wasabröd (a Swedish manufacturer of crisp bread ), and Gerber Products Company (a baby food company). On 1 November 1986,

2623-518: The final form of Gleevec , Novartis's cancer drug; the case caused great controversy. In 2013, Novartis was sued again by the US government, this time for allegedly bribing doctors for a decade so that their patients are steered towards the company's drugs. In January 2014, Novartis announced plans to cut 500 jobs from its pharmaceuticals division. In February 2014, Novartis announced that it acquired CoStim Pharmaceuticals. In May 2014, Novartis purchased

2684-494: The lead compound AVXS-101 used to treat spinal muscular atrophy . In August 2018, Novartis signed a deal with Laekna-a Shanghai-based pharmaceutical company for its two clinical-stage cancer drugs. Novartis gave Laekna the exclusive international rights for the drugs that are oral pan-Akt kinase inhibitors namely; afuresertib (ASB138) and uprosertib (UPB795). In mid-October, the company announced it would acquire Endocyte Inc for $ 2.1 billion ($ 24 per share) merging it with

2745-457: The often extended durations involved in antifungal treatment (longer than two months). A comprehensive list of adverse events associated with terbinafine use includes: In 2015, physicians reported that a patient with an MTHFR enzyme mutation (specifically the C677T variant) had developed an adverse reaction to terbinafine (Lamisil) (headache, fatigue, and dizziness ). Genetic testing revealed

2806-451: The pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both staying together to form Novartis. Other Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were spun off as independent companies. notably Ciba Specialty Chemicals . Sandoz's Master Builders Technologies, a producer of chemicals for the construction industry, was sold off to SKW Trostberg A.G., a subsidiary of the German energy company VIAG , while its North American corn herbicide business became part of

2867-474: The rest of Alcon and then promptly continue to exercise merger and takeover of Alcon. On March 29, 2010, Alcon acquired Durezol and Zyclorin from Sirion Therapeutics. Alcon received regulatory approval to acquire the rights of Durezol emulsion in the US and the global rights, excluding Latin America, for Zyclorin from Sirion Therapeutics. On June 28, 2010, Alcon's Independent Director Committee announced that

2928-462: The rights to market Ophthotech 's Fovista (an anti- PDGF aptamer , also being investigated for use in combination with anti- VEGF treatments) outside the U.S. for up to $ 1 billion. Novartis acquired exclusive rights to market the eye drug outside of the states while retaining U.S. marketing rights. The company agreed to pay Ophthotech $ 200 million upfront, and $ 130 million in milestone payments relating to Phase III trials. Ophthotech

2989-965: The spin-off had been approved by its shareholders and that it would be completed by the next month, resulting in Novartis shareholders receiving one Sandoz share for every five Novartis shares. Sandoz will be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange with a market capitalization between $ 18 billion and $ 25bn. On 4 October 2023, Novartis completed the spin-off of Sandoz as a stand-alone company. In November 2023, Legend Biotech and Novartis signed an out-license deal to develop and manufacture Legend's chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) therapies, that go after delta-like ligand protein 3 (DLL3) including large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma candidate LB2102 for $ 100 million upfront, and Legend Biotech will be eligible to receive up to $ 1.01 billion in clinical, regulatory, and commercial milestone payments and tiered royalties. Terbinafine Terbinafine

3050-463: The spin-off of Alcon as a separate commercial entity. Alcon was listed on the SIX exchange in Switzerland and NYSE exchange in the U.S. Novartis announced during late 2019 a five-year artificial intelligence "alliance" with Microsoft. The companies aim to create applications for "Microsoft's AI capabilities", in turn improving the other's drug development processes. Microsoft seeks to "test AI products it

3111-813: The treatment of onychomycosis , a fungal nail infection, typically by a dermatophyte or Candida species. Fungal nail infections are located deep under the nail in the cuticle to which topically applied treatments are unable to penetrate in sufficient amounts. The tablets may, rarely, cause hepatotoxicity , so patients are warned of this and may be monitored with liver function tests . Alternatives to oral administration have been studied. Terbinafine may induce or exacerbate subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus . Persons with lupus erythematosus should first discuss possible risks with their doctor before initiation of therapy. Many side effects and adverse drug reactions have been reported with oral terbinafine hydrochloride, possibly due to its extensive biodistribution and

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3172-463: The world's largest eye-care company, including a majority stake held by Nestlé. Novartis had bought 25 percent of Alcon in 2008. Novartis created a new division and called it Alcon, under which it placed its CIBA VISION subsidiary and Novartis Ophthalmics, which became the second-largest division of Novartis. The total cost for Alcon amounted to $ 60 billion. In 2011, Novartis acquired the medical laboratory diagnostics company Genoptix to "serve as

3233-448: Was a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Basel , Switzerland (as was Ciba-Geigy), and was best known for developing drugs such as Sandimmune for organ transplantation , the antipsychotic Clozaril , Mellaril Tablets and Serentil Tablets for treating psychiatric disorders , and Cafergot Tablets and Torecan Suppositories for treating migraine headaches . The Chemiefirma Kern und Sandoz ("Kern and Sandoz Chemistry Firm")

3294-417: Was created in 20 December 1996 from the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz Laboratories, both Swiss companies. Ciba-Geigy was formed in 1970 by the merger of J. R. Geigy Ltd (founded in Basel in 1857) and CIBA (founded in Basel in 1859). Ciba began in 1859, when Alexander Clavel (1805–1873) took up the production of fuchsine in his factory for silk -dyeing works in Basel. By 1873, he sold his dye factory to

3355-569: Was formed in 1996 by the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz . It was considered the largest corporate merger in history during that time. The pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both companies formed Novartis as an independent entity. The name Novartis was based on the Latin terms, “novae artes” (new skills). After the merger, other Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were sold, or, like Ciba Specialty Chemicals , spun off as independent companies. The Sandoz brand disappeared for three years, but

3416-489: Was founded in 1886 by Alfred Kern (1850–1893) and Edouard Sandoz (1853–1928). The first dyes manufactured by them were alizarinblue and auramine . After Kern's death, the partnership became the corporation Chemische Fabrik vormals Sandoz in 1895. The company began producing the fever-reducing drug antipyrin in the same year. In 1899, the company began producing the sugar substitute saccharin . Further pharmaceutical research began in 1917 under Arthur Stoll (1887–1971), who

3477-446: Was identified. The following year, a discharge pipe was shut down after a sinkhole at the corner of Bay Avenue and Vaughn Avenue revealed that it had been leaking. The plant ceased operation in 1996. A follow-up study from the 1996–2000 period indicated that while there were more cancer cases than expected, rates had significantly fallen and the difference was statistically insignificant compared to normal statewide cancer rates. Since 1996,

3538-533: Was imposed a fine of €385 million by the French competition authority on accusations of abusive practices to preserve sales of Lucentis over a cheaper drug. Also in September, BioNTech has leased a large production facility from Novartis to follow all advance demands for its coronavirus vaccine in Europe and sell it to China. In July 2020, Novartis agreed to pay $ 678 million to settle allegations that

3599-488: Was named for its founders, pharmacists Robert Alexander and William Conner who focused on sterile ophthalmic products. Nestlé of Switzerland purchased Alcon in 1977. Alcon expanded its manufacturing capability with new plants in South America and Europe and drastically increased its investment in research. In 1979, Alcon acquired Texas Pharmacal Company which became Dermatological Products of Texas (and

3660-432: Was revived in 2003 when Novartis consolidated its generic drugs businesses into a single subsidiary and named it Sandoz. Novartis divested its agrochemical and genetically modified crops business in 2000 with the spinout of Syngenta in partnership with AstraZeneca , which also divested its agrochemical business. The new company also acquired a series of acquisitions in order to strengthen its core businesses. Novartis

3721-477: Was the 245th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1   million prescriptions. Terbinafine is mainly effective on molds of the order Onygenales and some yeasts in the genus Candida . As a cream or powder, it is used topically for superficial skin infections such as jock itch (tinea cruris), athlete's foot (tinea pedis), and other types of ringworm (tinea corporis). Tablets by mouth are often prescribed for

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