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49-569: (Redirected from Algiers Accord ) Algiers Agreement may refer to: Algiers Agreement (1975), between Iran and Iraq Algiers Accords (1981), between Iran and the United States Algiers Agreement (2000), between Eritrea and Ethiopia Algiers Declaration (2022), between Palestinian political organizations Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

98-458: A neutral country , but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, claiming this would adversely affect his development projects. Iran claimed to be a neutral country during the opening years of World War II. In April 1941,

147-624: A parliamentary constitutional monarchy where the Shah served as the head of state and the prime minister as its head of government. The National Consultative Assembly was the nation's unicameral parliament, from 1949 it became the lower house when the Senate was established as its upper house of the parliament. Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although

196-692: A guest of Anwar Sadat . On his death, his son Reza Pahlavi , who was formally invested as Crown Prince on 26 October 1967, succeeded him as head of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in Potomac, Maryland , with three daughters. As of 2013, Reza Pahlavi established the National Council of Iran in Paris, which serves as a government in exile to reclaim

245-612: A hitherto unprecedented socio-economic program that would transform all aspects of Iranian life through the White Revolution . Consequently, Iran experienced prodigious success in all indicators, including literacy, health, and standard of living. By 1978, the Shah faced growing public discontent that culminated into a full-fledged popular revolutionary movement led by religious cleric Ruhollah Khomeini . Mohammed Reza Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking

294-578: A series of events that quickly led to the end of monarchy, and the establishment of the Islamic Republic on 31 March 1979. Following Mohammed Reza Pahlavi's death in 1980, his son, Reza Pahlavi , now leads the exiled family throne. In 1925, Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade , deposed the Qajar dynasty and declared himself king ( shah ), adopting the dynastic name of Pahlavi , which recalls

343-777: A treaty was signed between the Vice-Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq) , Saddam Hussein , called the "March Manifesto" and the leader of the Kurdish rebellion, Mustafa al-Barzani , in Tikrit , to end the conflict. Under the agreement, militias were to be merged into the Iraqi Army , cut all ties with Iran and the rebellion would come to an end. In return, the Iraqi government promised

392-680: A vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see Abadan Crisis ). Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin. The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and the United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see 1953 Iranian coup d'état ). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces. Following

441-611: A week of fighting. The invasion's strategic purpose was to secure a supply line to the USSR (later named the Persian Corridor ), secure the oil fields and Abadan Refinery (of the UK-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ), and limit German influence in Iran. Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah abdicated and was replaced by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , his 21-year-old son. During

490-673: The Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946. At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran , a communist party that was already influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially in the North. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to restore order in

539-678: The Arabs of Khuzestan to rebel against the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . Iraq also expelled all Iranians from Iraq. Iran supported the Kurds in the Iraqi–Kurdish War with military equipment and funding. Mustafa al-Barzani met with representatives from the American government to support the Kurds secretly, further weakening the Iraqi position which was further complicated by the outbreak of

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588-587: The Middle Persian language of the Sasanian Empire . He had chosen the last name Pahlavi for himself in November 1919. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the middle and upper-middle class of Iran liked what Rezā Shāh did. In 1935, Rezā Shāh issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use

637-779: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union , Iran's northern neighbor. The Soviets quickly allied themselves with the Allied countries and in July and August 1941 the British demanded that the Iranian government expel all Germans from Iran. Reza Shah refused to expel the Germans and on 25 August 1941, the British and Soviets launched a surprise invasion and Reza Shah's government quickly surrendered after less than

686-644: The November 1963 coup led by Abdul Salam Arif . Relations between the new government and the Kurds had not been agreed. In 1968, another revolution occurred with the Ba'ath Party and the Iraqi government, called the 17 July Revolution . Tensions between the new government and the Kurds increased, with the Iraqi Armed Forces engaging in military action against Kurdish separatists. The actions of Kurdish rebels caused massive economic disruption. On 11 March 1970,

735-503: The Qajar dynasty . Iran's Majlis , convening as a constituent assembly on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar and declared Reza Shah as the new shah of the Imperial State of Persia. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the endonym Iran instead of the exonym Persia when addressing the country in formal correspondence. Reza Shah, who proved unable to stop encroachments on Iranian sovereignty by

784-696: The Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud) . On 19 April 1969, Iran withdrew from the 1937 agreement, which had been signed between Iraq and Iran to resolve border problems, arguing that Iraq interfered with Iranian boats in the Shatt al-Arab. In April 1969, both armies were deployed on the banks of the Persian Gulf . After Iran took control of four islands in the Persian Gulf, diplomatic relations between Baghdad and Tehran deteriorated markedly. Iraq encouraged

833-642: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , the Allies of World War II , had his position extremely weakened by a military coup, and was formally removed from power in 1941 by parliament while he was in France following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . After Reza Shah was deposed, he was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , who became the last Shah of Iran . By 1953, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became more autocratic and firmly aligned with

882-579: The Western Bloc during the Cold War in the aftermath of the 1953 Iranian coup d'état , which was engineered by the United Kingdom and the United States . In correspondence with this reorientation of Iran's foreign policy, the country became an ally of the United States in order to act as a bulwark against Soviet ideological expansionism , and this gave the Shah the political capital to enact

931-599: The Yom Kippur War . Iraq now needed to appease Iran, fearing that Iran might attack them from the east, while most of the Iraqi Armed Forces were fighting on the Syrian Front . In 1973, Iraq began negotiations with Iran , hoping that it would end Iranian support for the Kurdish rebellion. In late April, a meeting was held in Geneva between the countries' foreign ministers. Iraqi representatives demanded that

980-529: The " White Revolution ". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and the return to Islamic traditions, called the Islamic revolution . The Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved

1029-412: The 1937 treaty be adhered to, which gives most of the Shatt al-Arab to Iraq, but Iranian representatives refused. Discussions failed, but meetings continued to be held between the two countries. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was completely inflexible, and sought control over half of the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud). After the Shatt al-Arab discussions were completed, Iraq also sought the end to Iranian support of

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1078-600: The 1937 treaty. Iran increased its support of the Kurds, which substantially increased problems for the Iraqi military. Saddam Hussein and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi attended the OPEC summit on 6 March 1975 in Algiers , where an agreement was made and signed with the mediation of Houari Boumédiène , the then Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria . Iraq reluctantly conceded the territory to Iran because of

1127-645: The Algiers Agreement of 1975. 29°51′54″N 48°45′07″E  /  29.86500°N 48.75194°E  / 29.86500; 48.75194 Empire of Iran The Imperial State of Iran , officially known in English as the Imperial State of Persia until 1935, and commonly referred to as Pahlavi Iran , was the Iranian state under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty . The Pahlavi dynasty

1176-610: The Algiers Agreement on 17 September 1980. The agreement had been imposed on the country and the chaos in Iran after the Iranian Revolution led to the belief in Iraq that the changes could be undone. This resulted in one of the longest wars of the 20th century, the Iran–Iraq War , which would last from 1980 to 1988. The war was ended in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 619 and returned both parties to

1225-554: The Iraqi government would negotiate with the Kurds, but Saddam Hussein launched a major military campaign against the rebels, prompting Iranian monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to intervene. A ceasefire was agreed upon by all sides, but on 1 April, the Iraqi government launched another military campaign. After a number of battles, the Iraqi military declared victory, but more than 100,000 Kurdish refugees fled to Iran and Turkey, including Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani , only to return and start another rebellion in 1978. Iraq withdrew from

1274-455: The Kurds autonomy, with Kurdish representatives to be included in the Iraqi government. The government had previously encouraged the " Arabization " of the oil-rich Kurdish regions. By 1974, there remained unresolved problems between the government and the Kurds about the oil resources of the Kurdish regions of Iraq. Kurdish ministers resigned from the government, Kurdish employees withdrew, and Kurdish police and soldiers no longer cooperated with

1323-422: The Kurds. In May 1974, Iraq and Iran started the process of marking the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud) boundary between them. In the 1974 Arab League summit , representatives from Iran's government attended to talk with Iraqi representatives with the mediation of King of Jordan Hussein . Talks continued between the two countries sporadically, Iraq was reluctant to abandon territory which had been assigned to it in

1372-697: The Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in Tehran were occupied and the Isfahan branch crushed, the Soviet troops present in the Northern parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from entering. Thus, by November 1945 Azerbaijan had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party. This pro-Soviet nominal-government fell by November 1946, after support from the United States for Iran to reclaim

1421-717: The Qajar Dynasty between Persia, the UK, and the Soviets. Although the UK, through its ownership of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company , controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Rezā Shāh preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II . Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as

1470-762: The SAVAK and replaced it with the SAVAMA . It was run after the revolution, according to U.S. sources and Iranian exile sources in the US and in Paris, by Gen. Hossein Fardoust , who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, and a friend from boyhood of the deposed monarch. Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in Egypt , Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as

1519-435: The country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was Persian , the dichotomy between pure Persian and Turkic elements had remained obvious until 1925. The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, among other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use of minority languages such as Azerbaijani and

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1568-595: The former throne after a potential overthrow of the current Islamic Republic government. However, in February 2019, Pahlavi launched an initiative called the Phoenix Project of Iran. According to the National Interest, this is "designed to bring the various strains of the opposition closer to a common vision for a post-clerical Iran." The political system of the Imperial State of Iran took place in

1617-528: The founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great . The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence secret police, SAVAK . Such opponents included leftists and Islamists. By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward

1666-494: The government. The Iraqi government insisted that the Kurds were bound by the agreement, but the Kurds believed that it was the government who had breached the accord. On 11 March 1974, the agreement was incorporated into the Iraqi constitution. Fighting again broke out between the Iraqi army and Kurdish forces, with Iran supporting the Kurds. With the Ba'ath Party in control of the government, in 1968, Iraq demanded full control over

1715-677: The need end the Kurdish War and to end the violence near the Shatt al-Arab with Iran. The border between the two nations was adjusted in Iran's favor. The Algiers Agreement placed the border between Iraq and Iran in the center of the main channel of the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud) waterway, usually called the thalweg . Iraq was required to abandon its claim to Arab areas in Western Iran. The two countries were required to commit themselves to maintain close and effective supervision over their common boundary and to end any intervention in

1764-540: The oil concessions were later revoked. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh . In 1951, the Majlis (the Parliament of Iran ) named Mohammad Mossadegh as new prime minister by

1813-407: The other's territory. Iran was therefore required to end any support for the Kurds. Both countries agreed to being good neighbors. A violation of one part of the agreement "contradicts the spirit of Algiers Agreement." On 15 March 1975, the Iraqi and Iranian foreign ministers met with the Algerian representatives to establish a joint committee to mark the new border. On 17 March, the protocol between

1862-441: The overthrow of Mossadegh, Iran became steadfastly geopolitically aligned with the United States. During the presidential term of John F. Kennedy , the United States saw Iran as an important ally in the region due to perceiving it as a rare source of stability in the Middle East. On 12–16 October 1971, an elaborate set of celebrations and festivities for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire occurred in commemoration of

1911-493: The regions that declared themselves autonomous. At the end of the war, Soviet troops remained in Iran and established two puppet states in north-western Iran, namely the People's Government of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Mahabad . This led to the Iran crisis of 1946 , one of the first confrontations of the Cold War , which ended after oil concessions were promised to the USSR and Soviet forces withdrew from Iran proper in May 1946. The two puppet states were soon overthrown and

1960-457: The rest of World War II, Iran became a major conduit for British and American aid to the Soviet Union and an avenue through which over 120,000 Polish refugees and Polish Armed Forces fled the Axis advance. At the 1943 Tehran Conference , the Allied "Big Three"— Joseph Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill —issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the post-war independence and boundaries of Iran. On 13 September 1943

2009-499: The successful suppression of separatist movements. Reza Shah is credited for the reunification of Iran under a powerful central government. The use of minority languages in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime – the Islamic Republic of Iran  – has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of ethnic minorities and their language, however the issues as to Azeris , Iran's largest ethnic minority, remain and pose considerable challenges for

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2058-541: The term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that " Persia " was a term used by Western people for the country called "Iran" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably. Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with the UK and the Soviet Union . Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies because of dissatisfaction during

2107-504: The title Algiers Agreement . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers_Agreement&oldid=1247431191 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 1975 Algiers Agreement Today, friction continues on

2156-489: The two countries was signed by the two foreign ministers. The protocol states that the two countries undertake to re-mark the border. On 13 June 1975, another treaty was signed in Baghdad by Iraq's and Iran's foreign ministers. It added detail to agreements about conflict resolution and the determination of the border and any changes. The treaty is called the "Iran-Iraq: Treaty on International Borders and Good Neighborly Relations". The Iran–Iraq commission formally delineated

2205-501: The two countries' border despite the treaty remaining binding under international law (per UNSC Resolution 619 ), and the detailed boundary delimitation is still de jure in force since it was signed in 1975 and ratified in 1976 by both Iran and Iraq. In 1963, after the Ramadan Revolution , the Ba'ath Party government led by Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr , launched a campaign against the Kurdish rebellion, that had been seeking independence from Iraq. The Ba'ath led government collapsed after

2254-399: The two countries' border on 26 December 1975, with the signing of a joint declaration of intents by both sides. The Iranian military withdrew from border areas that it was occupying, the border was closed, and support for the Kurdish rebels ended. Iran also directed the CIA and the Mossad to end their military support for the Kurds. It was thought that with the end of international support,

2303-563: The unity and territorial integrity of Iran . The rulers of the Imperial State of Iran – Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi – employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as an "Imperial dictatorship" or "one-man rule". . Additionally, the country enjoyed a brief interlude of democracy from 1941 to 1953. Manouchehr Ganji led an anti-corruption study group which submitted at least 30 reports in 13 years detailing corruption of high-ranking officials and

2352-432: The war reached Iran's borders when Rashid Ali , with assistance from Germany and Italy , launched the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état , sparking the Anglo-Iraqi War of May 1941. Germany and Italy quickly sent the pro-Axis forces in Iraq military aid from Syria but during the period from May to July the British and their allies defeated the pro-Axis forces in Iraq and later Syria and Lebanon . In June 1941, Nazi Germany broke

2401-410: Was created in 1925 and lasted until 1979, when it was ousted as part of the Islamic Revolution , which ended Iran's continuous monarchy and established the current Islamic Republic of Iran . The Pahlavis came to power in 1925 with the ascension to the throne of Reza Shah , a former brigadier-general of the Persian Cossack Brigade , and the overthrow of Ahmad Shah Qajar , the last Iranian ruler under

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