61-611: All the Year Round was a Victorian periodical, being a British weekly literary magazine founded and owned by Charles Dickens , published between 1859 and 1895 throughout the United Kingdom. Edited by Dickens, it was the direct successor to his previous publication Household Words , abandoned due to differences with his former publisher. It hosted the serialisation of many prominent novels, including Dickens's own A Tale of Two Cities . After Dickens's death in 1870, it
122-414: A childlike interest (e.g. Lewis Carroll 's " Jabberwocky "). School stories flourished: Thomas Hughes ' Tom Brown's Schooldays and Kipling 's Stalky & Co. are classics. Rarely were these publications designed to capture a child’s pleasure; however, with the increase in the use of illustrations, children began to enjoy literature and were able to learn morals in a more entertaining way. With
183-548: A collection until 1898. The poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889) was published posthumously in 1918. Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909) is also considered an important literary figure of the period, especially his poems and critical writings. Early poetry of W. B. Yeats was also published in Victoria's reign. It was not until the last decades of the 19th century that any significant theatrical works were produced, beginning with Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic operas of
244-483: A complete key to who wrote what and for how much in Household Words was compiled in 1973 by Anne Lohrli (using an analysis of the office account book maintained by Dickens's subeditor, W. H. Wills ), unfortunately the account book for All the Year Round has not survived. Ella Ann Oppenlander has attempted to provide something comparable in a 1984 book not easily procured, but only manages to identify less than
305-522: A gothic novel are foreign monsters, ghosts, curses, hidden rooms, and witchcraft. Gothic tales usually take place in locations such as castles, monasteries, and cemeteries, although the gothic monsters sometimes cross over into the real world, making appearances in cities such as London. Writers from the United States and the British colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and Canada were influenced by
366-479: A male-dominated world where women writers often had to use masculine pseudonyms. Dickens employed humor and an approachable tone while addressing social problems such as wealth disparity. Hardy used his novels to question religion and social structures. Poetry and theatre were also present during the Victorian era. Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson were Victorian England's most famous poets. With regard to
427-480: A new weekly magazine that he would own and control entirely. In 1859, Dickens founded All the Year Round , taking William Henry Wills with him from Household Words as part-owner and sub-editor. As with his previous magazine, the author searched for a title that could be derived from a Shakespearean quotation. He found it on 28 January 1859 (in Othello , act one, scene three, lines 128–129), to be displayed before
488-466: A number of Christmas stories and plays for seasonal issues of the magazine, including: A number of prominent authors and novels were serialised in All the Year Round , including: Other contributors included: Staff writers included: Most articles were printed without naming their author; only the editor, "Conducted by Charles Dickens", was mentioned on the first page and the head of every other page. While
549-451: A popular form in Victorian literature: a historical novel in which recent history is depicted. Charlotte , Emily , and Anne Brontë produced notable works of the period, although these were not immediately appreciated by Victorian critics. Wuthering Heights (1847), Emily's only work, is an example of Gothic Romanticism from a woman's point of view, which examines class, myth, and gender. Jane Eyre (1847), by her sister Charlotte,
610-491: A prospectus for his new journal and the announcement that, "After the appearance of the present concluding Number of Household Words , this publication will merge into the new weekly publication, All the Year Round , and the title, Household Words , will form a part of the title-page of All the Year Round ." AYR ' s full title then acquired a fourth item: " All the Year Round. A Weekly Journal. Conducted by Charles Dickens. With Which Is Incorporated Household Words. " All
671-439: A tendency in much of Victorian writing. William Makepeace Thackeray was Dickens' great rival in the first half of Queen Victoria's reign. With a similar style but a slightly more detached, acerbic and barbed satirical view of his characters, he also tended to depict a more middle-class society than Dickens did. He is best known for his novels The Luck of Barry Lyndon (1844) and Vanity Fair (1847–1848) which are examples of
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#1732801274635732-625: A third of the contributors: Dickens' All the Year Round: Descriptive Index and Contributor List . In July 2015 antiquarian bookseller and Dickens scholar Jeremy Parrott announced at a conference in Belgium that he had discovered Dickens's own annotated set of All the Year Round , naming all the contributors. A full guide to the magazine is now in progress and should be published in 2018. Noted anonymous articles include: Victorian literature Victorian literature
793-414: A topic with him first. Old tales of crime (especially with a French or Italian setting), new developments in science (including the theories of Charles Darwin ), lives and struggles of inventors, tales of exploration and adventure in distant parts, and examples of self-help among humble folk, are among the topics which found a ready welcome from Dickens. After 1863, although Dickens continued to micromanage
854-401: A young man, Dickens showed skills that could have led to a career in journalism but his father encouraged him to go into business. With ambitions to become a tea merchant, he visited China, Hong Kong and Japan in 1860. In 1861, he married Elisabeth Matilda Moule Evans, daughter of Frederick Mullett Evans , his father's former publisher. They had eight children: In 1866 he was appointed as
915-621: Is English literature during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901). The 19th century is considered by some the Golden Age of English Literature, especially for British novels. In the Victorian era , the novel became the leading literary genre in English. English writing from this era reflects the major transformations in most aspects of English life, from scientific, economic, and technological advances to changes in class structures and
976-557: Is another major Victorian novel with Gothic themes. Anne's second novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), written in a realistic rather than romantic style, is mainly considered to be the first sustained feminist novel. Elizabeth Gaskell produced notable works during this period, including Mary Barton (1848), Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866). George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) also produced major works during this period, most notably Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on
1037-503: Is frequently regarded as Edwardian. Charles Dickens, Jr. Charles Culliford Boz Dickens (6 January 1837 – 20 July 1896), better known as Charles Dickens Jr. , was the first child of the English novelist Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine . A failed businessman, he became the editor of his father's magazine All the Year Round , and a writer of dictionaries. He is now most remembered for his two 1879 books, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of
1098-611: Is now held by scholars to be a stronger poet. In drama, farces , musical burlesques , extravaganzas and comic operas competed with Shakespeare productions and serious drama by the likes of James Planché and Thomas William Robertson . In 1855, the German Reed Entertainments began a process of elevating the level of (formerly risqué) musical theatre in Britain that culminated in the famous series of comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan and were followed by
1159-471: Is unclear how much Dickens Jr. was involved with the new series, but a number of stories were contributed by Mary Dickens . In 1895, All the Year Round ended. It had its last issue on 30 March 1895, after three series. Each volume was 26 numbers long, half a year (thus Vol. 1 was Nos 1 to 26, Vol. 2 was Nos 27 to 52, Vol. 3 was Nos 53 to 78, but the annuals and seasonal extras counted for additional numbers.) Dickens collaborated with other staff writers on
1220-536: The Church of England , exacerbated by Newman's own conversion to Catholicism, which he wrote about in his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua . A number of monumental references works were published in this era, most notably the Oxford English Dictionary which would eventually become the most important historical dictionary of the English language. Also published during the later Victorian era
1281-789: The Romantic poetry and the Georgian poetry of the early 20th century. However, Hopkins's poetry was not published until 1918. Arnold's works anticipate some of the themes of these later poets, while Hopkins drew inspiration from verse forms of Old English poetry such as Beowulf . The reclaiming of the past was a major part of Victorian literature with an interest in both classical literature and also medieval literature of England. This movement can be traced back to Letitia Elizabeth Landon and her poetry collections. Victorians loved chivalrous stories of knights of old; they hoped to regain some of that courtly behavior for readers at home and in
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#17328012746351342-492: The Victorian era , writers focused on social issues. Writers such as Thomas Carlyle called attention to the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial Revolution and what Carlyle called the "Mechanical Age". This awareness inspired the subject matter of other authors, like poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning and novelists Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy . Barrett's works on child labor cemented her success in
1403-419: The 1870s, George Bernard Shaw 's (1856–1950) plays of the 1890s, and Oscar Wilde 's (1854–1900) The Importance of Being Earnest . Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning became acquainted first by reading each other's poetry and both produced poems inspired by their relationship. Both Matthew Arnold and Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote poems that sit somewhere in between the exultation of nature of
1464-497: The 1890s with the first Edwardian musical comedies . The first play to achieve 500 consecutive performances was the London comedy Our Boys by H. J. Byron , opening in 1875. Its astonishing new record of 1,362 performances was bested in 1892 by Charley's Aunt by Brandon Thomas . After W. S. Gilbert , Oscar Wilde became the leading poet and dramatist of the late Victorian period. Wilde's plays, in particular, stand apart from
1525-540: The English countryside, Hardy's work pushed back against widespread urbanization that came to symbolize the Victorian age. Other significant novelists of this era were Anthony Trollope (1815–1882), Wilkie Collins (1824-1889), George Meredith (1828–1909), and George Gissing (1857–1903). Robert Browning (1812–1889) and Alfred Tennyson (1809–1892) were notable poets in Victorian England. Thomas Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, but did not publish
1586-668: The Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–1872), and Daniel Deronda (1876). Like the Brontës she published under a masculine pseudonym. Later in this period, Thomas Hardy 's best-known novels are Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). Renowned for his cynical yet idyllic portrayal of pastoral life in
1647-708: The Heroic in History (1841) permeated political thought at the time. The writings of Thomas Babington Macaulay on English history helped codify the Whig narrative that dominated the historiography for many years. John Ruskin wrote a number of highly influential works on art and the history of art and championed such contemporary figures as J. M. W. Turner and the Pre-Raphaelites . The religious writer John Henry Newman 's Oxford Movement aroused intense debate within
1708-607: The Thames . Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn , London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Hogarth. He was called "Charley" by family and friends. In 1847, aged ten, he entered the junior department of King's College, London . He went to Eton College , and visited Leipzig in 1853 to study German. In 1855, aged 18, he entered Barings Bank . In 1858, after his parents' separation, his father agreed he should live with his mother. As
1769-481: The Year Round contained the same mixture of fiction and non-fiction as Household Words but with a greater emphasis on literary matters and less on journalism. Nearly 11 per cent of the non-fiction articles in All the Year Round dealt with some aspect of international affairs or cultures, discounting the American Civil War , which Dickens instructed his staff to avoid unless they had specifically cleared
1830-433: The beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes, monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest. Dickens worked diligently and prolifically to produce
1891-472: The daughters. Author Lucinda Hawksley , a descendant of the elder Charles Dickens, has written that "the girls' begging letter" caused embarrassment for their uncle, London barrister Henry Fielding Dickens , while the daughters of another uncle, Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens , gave an interview to a newspaper in Australia, where they had been raised, to make clear that they were not seeking any part of
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1952-458: The early works of the period and the later works which had more in common with the writers of the Edwardian period and many writers straddle this divide. People such as Arthur Conan Doyle , Rudyard Kipling , H. G. Wells , Bram Stoker , H. Rider Haggard , Jerome K. Jerome and Joseph Conrad all wrote some of their important works during Victoria's reign but the sensibility of their writing
2013-541: The editorial department, scrupulously revising copy, his own contributions fell off considerably, largely because he spent more and more time on the road with his public readings. A few weeks before 28 November 1868, Dickens announced a new series for All the Year Round : "I beg to announce to the readers of this Journal, that on the completion of the Twentieth Volume on the Twenty-eighth of November, in
2074-522: The entertaining writing that the public wanted, but also to offer commentary on social problems and the plight of the poor and oppressed. His most important works include Oliver Twist (1837–1839), Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839) , A Christmas Carol (1843), Dombey and Son (1846–1848), David Copperfield (1849–1850), Bleak House (1852–1853), Little Dorrit (1855–1857), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860–1861). His later novels become progressively darker, mirroring
2135-497: The first Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Regatta . In 1868, after the failure of his printing business, and bankruptcy, he was hired by his father to work at All the Year Round and was appointed sub-editor the following year. In 1870, after his father's death, Dickens Jr. inherited the magazine and became its editor. At this time he also bought at auction Gads Hill Place , his father's Kent home, but he
2196-670: The funds. Dickens's biographer Claire Tomalin said Charles Walter, only son of Dickens Jr., had been disowned by the family for marrying Ella Dare, a barmaid. Sydney Margaret went on to marry architect Thomas Bostock Whinney . Ethel died in 1936 of an overdose of phenobarbital at her flat in Chelsea, London . Dickens's publications include: He also wrote the introductions to many posthumous reprints of his father's books, such as Barnaby Rudge , Oliver Twist , Bleak House , and Little Dorrit , providing biographical and bibliographical insights. His Reminiscences of My Father
2257-988: The last few decades. The Victorians are credited with "inventing childhood", partly via their efforts to stop child labor and the introduction of compulsory education . As children began to be able to read, literature for young people became a growth industry, with not only established writers producing works for children (such as Dickens' A Child's History of England ) but also a new group of dedicated children's authors . Writers like Lewis Carroll ( Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ), Anna Sewell ( Black Beauty ), and R. M. Ballantyne ( The Coral Island ) wrote mainly for children, although they had an adult following. Other authors such as Robert Louis Stevenson ( Treasure Island ) and Anthony Hope ( The Prisoner of Zenda ) wrote mainly for adults, but their adventure novels are now generally classified as for children. Other genres include nonsense verse , poetry which required
2318-470: The literature of Britain and are often classed as a part of Victorian literature, although they were gradually developing their own distinctive voices. Victorian writers of Canadian literature include Grant Allen , Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill . Australian literature has the poets Adam Lindsay Gordon and Banjo Paterson , who wrote Waltzing Matilda , and New Zealand literature includes Thomas Bracken and Frederick Edward Maning . From
2379-494: The many now-forgotten plays of Victorian times and have a closer relationship to those of the Edwardian dramatists such as George Bernard Shaw , whose career began in the 1890s. Wilde's 1895 comic masterpiece, The Importance of Being Earnest , was the greatest of the plays in which he held an ironic mirror to the aristocracy while displaying virtuosic mastery of wit and paradoxical wisdom. It has remained extremely popular. The plays of Arthur Wing Pinero have been staged again in
2440-532: The money I advanced for its establishment (paper, print etc. all paid, down to the last number), and yet to leave a good £500 balance at the banker's! One month after the launch, Dickens won a lawsuit in the Court of Chancery against his former publisher Bradbury and Evans, giving him back the trade name of his previous journal. On Saturday 28 May 1859, five weeks after the launch of All the Year Round , Dickens terminated Household Words , publishing its last issue with
2501-460: The newfound acceptance of reading for pleasure, fairy tales and folk tales became popular. Compiling folk tales by many authors with different topics made it possible for children to read literature about many topics which interested them. There were different types of books and magazines written for boys and girls. Girls' stories tended to be domestic and to focus on family life, whereas boys' stories were more about adventures. The Victorian era
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2562-430: The present year, I shall commence an entirely New Series of All the Year Round . The change is not only due to the convenience of the public (with which a set of such books, extending beyond twenty large volumes, would be quite incompatible), but is also resolved upon for the purpose of effecting some desirable improvements in respect of type, paper, and size of page, which could not otherwise be made." After hiring him as
2623-533: The reduced circumstances of Charles Jr.'s daughters led to a public fundraising appeal. On 7 January 1912 a gala performance in which "leading actors and actresses" appeared as Dickens's characters at the London Coliseum raised £2500, while a separate appeal by The Daily Telegraph added an additional £3882. By the close of the fund in March 1912 it held £12,000, which was to provide £150 per year to each of
2684-447: The role of religion in society. The number of new novels published each year increased from 100 at the start of the period to 1000 by the end of it. Famous novelists from this period include Charles Dickens , William Makepeace Thackeray , the three Brontë sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell , George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Thomas Hardy , and Rudyard Kipling . The Romantic period was a time of abstract expression and inward focus; during
2745-413: The sphere of literature of the United States during this time are some of the country's greats including: Emily Dickinson , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. , Henry James , Herman Melville , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Henry David Thoreau , Mark Twain and Walt Whitman . The problem with the classification of "Victorian literature" is the great difference between
2806-453: The subeditor of the magazine a year earlier, Dickens bequeathed All the Year Round to his eldest son Charles Dickens, Jr. ("Charles Dickens the younger" in the testament) one week before his death in June 1870. After Dickens's death, his son would own and edit the magazine from 25 June 1870 until the end of 1895 (or possibly just until 1888). In 1889, the magazine started a "Third series". It
2867-420: The theatre it was not until the last decades of the 19th century that any significant works were produced. Notable playwrights of the time include Gilbert and Sullivan , George Bernard Shaw , and Oscar Wilde . Charles Dickens is the most famous Victorian novelist. With a focus on strong characterization, Dickens became extraordinarily popular in his day and remains one of the most popular and read authors of
2928-414: The times, Sexton Blake , and other fictional characters of the era, such as Dracula , Edward Hyde , The Invisible Man , and many other fictional characters who often had exotic enemies to foil. Spanning the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a particular type of story-writing known as gothic. Gothic literature combines romance and horror in an attempt to thrill and terrify the reader. Possible features in
2989-440: The title: 'The story of our lives, from year to year.' – Shakespeare. ALL THE YEAR ROUND. A weekly journal. Conducted by Charles Dickens. The new weekly magazine had its debut issue on Saturday 30 April 1859, featuring the first instalment of Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities . The launch was an immediate success. So well has All the Year Round gone that it was yesterday able to repay me, with five per cent. interest, all
3050-462: The wider empire . The best example of this is Alfred Tennyson 's Idylls of the King , which blended the stories of King Arthur , particularly those by Thomas Malory , with contemporary concerns and ideas. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood also drew on myth and folklore for their art, with Dante Gabriel Rossetti contemporaneously regarded as the chief poet amongst them, although his sister Christina
3111-617: The world. Although it took a long time to be widely accepted, it would dramatically change subsequent thoughts and literature. Much of the work of popularizing Darwin's theories was done by his younger contemporary Thomas Henry Huxley , who wrote widely on the subject. A number of other non-fiction works of the era made their mark on the literature of the period. The philosophical writings of John Stuart Mill covered logic , economics, liberty and utilitarianism . The large and influential histories of Thomas Carlyle , The French Revolution: A History (1837), and On Heroes, Hero-Worship, &
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#17328012746353172-419: The world. Dickens began his literary career with Sketches by Boz (1833–1836) which collected short stories published in various newspapers and other periodicals. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1836–1837) written when he was twenty-five, was an overnight success, and all his subsequent works sold extremely well. The comedy of his first novel has a satirical edge and this pervades his writing. While at
3233-522: Was again published by Dickens and Evans through J. Smith. Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames, From Oxford to the Nore: An Unconventional Handbook is the second book of Charles Dickens Jr. The "1880" edition was first published in London in 1879, by "Charles Dickens and Evans" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The next 1880 edition and further were slightly retitled to Dickens's Dictionary of
3294-557: Was an important time for the development of science and the Victorians had a mission to describe and classify the entire natural world. Much of this writing does not rise to the level of being regarded as literature but one book in particular, Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , remains famous. The theory of evolution contained within the work challenged many of the ideas the Victorians had about themselves and their place in
3355-399: Was buried at Old Mortlake Burial Ground on 23 July 1896. Dickens's estate was worth £17 5s. 3d at his death, and his widow was granted a government pension of £100 per year. After her death in 1909 yearly civil list pensions of £25 were granted to Mary Angela, Dorothy Gertrude, Cecil Mary and Evelyn Bessie after "consideration of their straitened circumstances". In 1910 their situation
3416-570: Was forced to give it up in 1879. In 1879 he published (jointly with his father-in-law) the first editions of his two main dictionaries, Dickens's Dictionary of London and Dickens's Dictionary of the Thames . In 1882 his dictionaries were picked up by Macmillan & Co. who also released his third dictionary, Dickens's Dictionary of Paris , delayed by verifications explained in its introduction. Charles Dickens Jr. died of heart disease, at his home in Fulham , London, on 20 July 1896, aged 59. He
3477-404: Was owned and edited by his eldest son Charles Dickens Jr. , with a quarter-share being owned by the editor and journalist William Henry Wills . In 1859, Charles Dickens was the editor of his magazine Household Words , published by Bradbury and Evans ; their refusal to publish Dickens' defensive "personal statement" on his divorce in their other publication, Punch , led Dickens to create
3538-546: Was published posthumously in 1934. Dickens's Dictionary of London: An Unconventional Handbook is the main book of Charles Dickens Jr. It was first published in London in 1879, by "Charles Dickens and Evans" (Dickens Jr. and his father-in-law, publisher Frederick Evans). The book was then updated and reprinted every year until the author's death, from 1880 (second year) to the final 1896–1897 edition (eighteenth year). His dictionaries had been picked up in 1882 by Macmillan & Co. who printed them until 1889, after which it
3599-566: Was so difficult that Ethel Dickens wrote to the Lord Chief Justice Richard Alverstone to seek assistance. In the letter, which was also published in The Daily Telegraph , she explained that her sisters were "barely making a living" as secretaries and babysitters and that her doctor told her to take six months' rest due to overwork. As the centenary of their grandfather's birth approached,
3660-628: Was the Dictionary of National Biography and the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica . In the United States, Henry David Thoreau 's works and Susan Fenimore Cooper 's Rural Hours (1850) were canonical influences on Victorian nature writing . In the UK, Philip Gosse and Sarah Bowdich Lee were two of the most popular nature writers in the early part of the Victorian era. The Illustrated London News , founded in 1842,
3721-504: Was the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper and often published articles and illustrations dealing with nature; in the second half of the 19th century, books, articles, and illustrations on nature became widespread and popular among an increasingly urbanized reading public. The old Gothic tales that came out of the late 19th century are the first examples of the genre of fantasy fiction. These tales often centered on larger-than-life characters such as Sherlock Holmes , famous detective of
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