79-400: [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League The Allegiance Council ( Arabic : هيئة البيعة Hay’at al-Bay‘ah ), also known as the Allegiance Commission or Allegiance Institution or Succession Commission , is the body responsible for determining future succession to the throne of Saudi Arabia . It was formed on 7 December 2007 by King Abdullah . At the time of its formation,
158-784: A "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees . The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following Venezuela 's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict , Kuwaiti member of parliament Waleed Al-Tabtabaie proposed moving Arab League headquarters to Caracas , Venezuela . On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of
237-634: A more senior position. On the other hand, Prince Turki fully supported the appointment of Prince Nayef as Crown Prince, indicating that the decision was completely right and that Prince Nayef had wisdom, sound management and long history in serving the country. However, although the Sudairi brothers support each other against other princes, each attempts to form, with his sons, another power group. On 16 June 2012, Crown Prince Nayef died in Geneva . His posts were filled by his younger full-brothers. Prince Salman
316-618: A peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots. At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force. The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states. Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as
395-637: A vote among the Council: In the event that the King rejects the committee’s nominee, the Allegiance Institution will hold a vote to choose between the King’s candidate and its own in accordance with Sections A and B of this Article. The nominee who secures the majority of votes will be named Crown Prince. The Council also preempts the possibility of the King becoming incapacitated. In the event
474-656: Is Egypt , with a population of over 100 million. The least populated is the Comoros , with approximately 850,000 inhabitants. The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere to Islam , with Christianity being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live in Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestine , Sudan and Syria . In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers of Druze , Yazidis , Shabaks and Mandaeans . Numbers for nonreligious Arabs are generally not available, but research by
553-452: Is believed he married as many as 22 women as a result. One of these marriages was to Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, a member of the powerful Al Sudairi clan to which King Abdulaziz's mother, Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi , belonged. The number of children that King Abdulaziz fathered in total, with all his wives, is unknown. One source indicates that he had 37 sons. The Sudairi Seven – the seven sons of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed – were
632-660: Is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the Nile Valley , made up of Egypt and Sudan . These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect
711-552: Is the commonly used name for a powerful alliance of seven full brothers within the Saudi royal family . They are also sometimes referred to as the Sudairi clan ( Arabic : عائلة السديري ʿĀʾilat as-Sudayrī ) or the Sudairi faction . They are among the forty-five sons of the country's founder, King Abdulaziz . The King had more sons with their mother, Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi , than he did with any of his other wives. The oldest of
790-579: The 1958 Lebanon crisis . The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter , which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region. Each member state has one vote in the Council of the Arab League , and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them. The aims of
869-676: The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of its Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world. It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate policy, arrange studies of and committees as to matters of common concern, settle inter-state disputes and limit conflicts such as
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#1732765024088948-584: The Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration. This was done by means of an annex that declared: Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among
1027-758: The Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative , a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict . The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with Israel . In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories , including the Golan Heights , to recognise Palestinian independence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip , with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as
1106-654: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Among them is the Arab Gas Pipeline , that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of Algeria , Qatar , Kuwait and the UAE , and developing countries like the Comoros , Djibouti , Mauritania , Somalia , Sudan and Yemen . The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in
1185-575: The Pew Forum suggests around 1% of people in the MENA region are "unaffiliated". The official language of the Arab League is Literary Arabic , based on Classical Arabic . However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as Somali , Afar , Comorian , French , English , Berber and Kurdish . In most countries, there is a dominant non- codified spoken Arabic dialect . The Pan-Arab Games are considered
1264-853: The Sahara . Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the Nile Valley , the Jubba Valley and Shebelle Valley in the Horn of Africa , the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb , and the Fertile Crescent that stretches over Mesopotamia and the Levant . The area comprises deep forests in southern Arabia and parts of the world's longest river, the Nile . The Charter of
1343-603: The Saudi National Security Council . His other son Prince Khalid, the co-commander with U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf in the Gulf War (1991), became vice defence minister. Prince Nayef also appointed one of his sons – Muhammad – as his deputy at the ministry of the interior. The Sudairis’ rise to power and hold over government brought continuity to the system. It also prompted other princes to align quietly against them. The main opposition to
1422-611: The Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 uprising . On 15 April 2018, in response to the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin , the Arab League passed a resolution calling on Turkish forces to withdraw from Afrin. In September 2019, the Arab League condemned Benjamin Netanyahu 's plans to annex
1501-546: The Syrian National Coalition Syria's seat in the Arab League. On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil Elaraby stated that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions. In 2021, the Arab League initiated a process of normalisation between Syria and other Arab nations. On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo, it
1580-498: The royal family . However, after Prince Abdullah succeeded Fahd as King, the behind-the-scenes battles over the future of the monarchy intensified, particularly between Prince Abdullah and the Sudairi princes, including Prince Sultan and late Prince Nayef . Due to increasing uncertainty of succession beyond Prince Sultan, King Abdullah issued the Allegiance Institution Law in 2006, which formally established
1659-654: The sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League and the committees were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953. Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from
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#17327650240881738-635: The Allegiance Council. The Council gave additional voice to members of the Al Saud family when a new King selects his Crown Prince. However, the implementation of the system was planned to start following the ascension of Crown Prince Sultan to the throne. According to an October 2009 diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, the Al Saud family described the Council as a "codification of
1817-535: The Arab League , also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact." In 1945, there were seven members, but the Arab League now has 22 members, including 8 African countries: and 7 observer states (note: the observer states below have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions but do not hold voting privileges): Egypt
1896-590: The Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League. At
1975-631: The Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League . It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states . The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish
2054-692: The Arab League reflects Arab leaders' individual concerns for regime survival: "the politics of Arab nationalism and a shared identity led Arab states to embrace the rhetoric of Arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes, and to fear Arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty." The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home." The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa and Asia . The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as
2133-448: The Arab League refused to condemn the UAE 's decision to normalize ties with Israel . Nevertheless, "The goal all our Arab countries seek, without exception, is to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital," Aboul Gheit said. In January 2024, the Arab League expressed support for South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel. The Joint Defence Council of
2212-562: The Arab League, visited the Gaza Strip , the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007. The Arab League is a member of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF), which was formed in 2004. CASCF is the Arab League's earliest participation in a cooperation forum with another country or region. CASCF is the primarily multi-lateral coordination mechanism between
2291-528: The Arab states and China and within CASCF the Arab League represents its member states as a relatively unified force. The Arab League's coordination allows Arab states to negotiate actively for collective projects involving multiple states, such as railway projects, nuclear power projects, and Dead Sea initiatives. In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against
2370-637: The Arabian Peninsula by the Bab el Mandeb and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother of Osama bin Laden , has initiated the construction of the ambitious Bridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between
2449-465: The Council has never been activated and was not active in the appointments of the crown princes; in 2011, namely Prince Nayef and in 2012, namely Prince Salman. The foundation of the Council was seen as way to diminish the influence of the Sudairi brothers , who could be easily outvoted in the Council. Despite this, the Sudairis are said to have influence over more than half the council members. With
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2528-540: The Council just swore allegiance to Nayef as Crown Prince. Whether it actually voted on the selection remained unclear. Similar apparent dysfunctionality of the council was also observed in regard to the appointment of Prince Salman as Crown Prince in June 2012. Prince Talal stated that the princes on the Council were not consulted on the succession of Prince Salman and that the Council became ineffective. When King Abdullah died in 2015, Salman became king and Prince Muqrin ,
2607-640: The Council's intended function was to appoint a Crown Prince once a new King succeeds to the throne. Previously, under Chapter 2 of the Basic Law promulgated by King Fahd , the appointment of the next in line was the sole prerogative of the King: The King chooses the Heir Apparent and relieves him of his duties by Royal order. The appointment of a successor by the King was usually done with some form of informal consensus among members of
2686-684: The Council, in the future. In December 2011, Saud bin Nayef was appointed as a member of the Council since his father, late Prince Nayef could not have a seat in the Council due to being then crown prince. In March 2020, Abdulaziz bin Ahmed replaced his brother Nayef bin Ahmed , who had replaced their father Ahmed bin Abdulaziz in that position previously. Both of them were detained along with former Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef and his brother Nawwaf bin Nayef for treason charges. The Council
2765-506: The Crown Prince after the death of Prince Sultan, and his other full brother Prince Salman, who had been a long-term Riyadh governor, was appointed the minister of defence. However, the eldest surviving member of the Sudairi brothers, Prince Abdul Rahman, was replaced by Prince Sultan's son Prince Khalid as deputy minister of defence. Prince Abdul Rahman was reported to argue that he should have been promoted instead of Prince Salman. On
2844-460: The King permanently loses his ability to exercise his powers, the Council will declare the Crown Prince as King. If both the King and the Crown Prince become permanently incapacitated, the Council will form a five-member Transitory Ruling Council to temporarily assume administration of the Kingdom. The Council will also select a new King within seven days. Despite all these detailed legal description,
2923-410: The League has 22 members . The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries". The organization has received a relatively low level of cooperation throughout its history. Through institutions, notably
3002-479: The Sudairi Seven ( Fahd ) served as King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005; the second- and fourth-oldest ( Sultan and Nayef ) served as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia , but predeceased King Abdullah ; and the sixth-oldest ( Salman ) succeeded Abdullah as king in 2015. One of the Sudairi Seven, Prince Turki , had broken off with his brothers in 1978. Following the death of Prince Abdul Rahman in 2017 only
3081-587: The Sudairi Seven tended to be interested in politics. The Sudairi Seven's rise to power can be traced back to the accession of King Faisal and his earlier struggle with King Saud . Although not a Sudairi himself, Faisal, in his struggle to overthrow Saud, relied heavily upon the seven Sudairi brothers. One of the earliest significant roles played by the Sudairi Seven was in March 1962 when they collaborated with Crown Prince Faisal. They threatened five members of King Saud's cabinet to submit their resignations following
3160-504: The Sudairi Seven, which can be termed as asabiyya (group spirit) following the Khaldûnian terminology, grew constantly after the accession of its leader, Prince Fahd, to crown prince in 1975 and then king in 1982. They represented one out of five of King Abdulaziz’s sons. However, they gained influence and power not solely because of their number. Unlike many of King Abdulaziz's other sons who dealt much more with business activities,
3239-500: The Sudairis came from Prince Abdullah prior to his accession to the throne. He cultivated allies among his other brothers and with King Faisal’s sons. Upon Prince Abdullah's accession to the throne, he created a new family council, the Allegiance Commission , to determine the future succession . The Sudairis filled a fifth of the council’s seats which is seen as a dilution of Sudairi power since their overall control over
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3318-584: The announcement of the constitution by the king which had been drafted by the members of the Free Princes movement with the help of Egyptian lawyers. The ministers, including Oil Minister Abdullah Tariki , resigned from the office as a result of their extensive campaign against them. Then in 1962, as prime minister and heir apparent, Prince Faisal appointed Prince Fahd as interior minister, Prince Sultan as defense minister, and Prince Salman as governor of Riyadh. All were key posts. Following his accession to
3397-707: The biggest Arab sporting event, which brings together athletes from all the Arab countries to participate in a variety of different sports. The Union of Arab Football Associations organises the Arab Cup (for national teams) and the Arab Club Champions Cup (for clubs). Arab sport federations also exist for several games, include basketball , volleyball , handball , table tennis , tennis , squash and swimming . Sudairi Seven The Sudairi Seven ( Arabic : السديريون السبعة , As Sudayriyyūn as Sabʿah ), also spelled Sudairy or Sudayri ,
3476-532: The clan. His son Mohammad bin Salman became both minister of defense and secretary general of the Court, combining two of the most powerful offices in the government, and Mohammed bin Nayef bypassed hundreds of senior princes to become the first of the third generation to be officially placed in the line of succession. On 28 April 2015, Mohammed bin Nayef was named crown prince, replacing Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz ,
3555-491: The decision of the United Nations General Assembly. When Transjordan agreed to this proposal, Egypt intervened to prevent this from happening. It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965. The Arab League has not achieved much cooperation throughout its history. According to Michael Barnett and Etel Solingen , the design of
3634-544: The eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley . The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria . Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law. On 9 September 2020,
3713-418: The election “may not be modified or changed in any way or form by any person whoever it may be”, precluding a King Salman from capriciously choosing someone else, which is exactly what would happen three months into the new reign. Upon the death of King Abdullah, Prince Muqrin became Crown Prince automatically, and Salman decreed that his full nephew Muhammed bin Nayef become the first of his generation to be in
3792-441: The establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen. Participation in the project is voluntary, and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states. Heightened military arsenal in many member states and, in a small minority, civil wars as well as terrorist movements were
3871-464: The existing succession plan without any change. The Sudairis consolidated their hold over these fiefs by appointing their brothers and sons to their own ministries and other key positions. Prince Sultan appointed one of his younger Sudairi brothers – Prince Abdul Rahman – and one of his own sons – Prince Khalid – as his deputies. Another of Prince Sultan’s sons, Prince Bandar , served for two decades as Saudi ambassador in Washington and then head of
3950-406: The impetuses for JAF's establishment. In the early 1970s, the Economic Council put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across international states. That led to the setting up of mandates to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab world and significant trading partners. Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League
4029-589: The largest bloc of full brothers and as a consequence, were able to wield a degree of coordinated influence and power. King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed married twice; their first marriage started in 1913 and may have produced a son, Prince Sa'ad (1914–19). Hassa then married Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman , the half-brother of King Abdulaziz, with whom she had a son, Prince Abdullah, the father of Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud . Hassa and King Abdulaziz married again in 1920, and their second marriage produced seven sons and four daughters. The influence of
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#17327650240884108-483: The largest ethnic group in the Arab League, there are several other ethnic groups that also reside in the region, including Berbers , Kurds , Somalis , Assyrians , Armenians , Nubians , Mandaeans , and Circassians . Each of these groups have their own distinct cultures, languages, and traditions. As of 1 July 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state
4187-424: The league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures. In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced
4266-477: The league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the GCC , but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, the Arab Gas Pipeline is to end by 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement ( GAFTA ) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab products tax free of customs. The Arab League
4345-478: The line of succession, the Council ratified this a few days later unanimously. At the end of April 2015, barely three months into his reign, King Salman dismissed Prince Muqrin from his post as Crown Prince after the approval of the Allegiance Council which voted to declare Prince Mohammed bin Salman as the new Deputy Crown Prince. The members of the council include surviving sons of Ibn Saud , grandsons whose fathers are deceased, incapacitated or unwilling to assume
4424-547: The meeting of the council. Arab League The Arab League ( Arabic : الجامعة العربية , al-Jāmiʿa al-ʻArabiyya , Arabic: [al.d͡ʒaː.mi.ʕa al.ʕa.ra.bij.ja] ), formally the League of Arab States ( Arabic : جامعة الدول العربية , Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya ), is a regional organization in the Arab world . The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with seven members: Egypt , Iraq , Transjordan , Lebanon , Saudi Arabia , Syria , and North Yemen . Currently,
4503-421: The nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence At the Cairo Summit of 1964,
4582-429: The natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism , the feuds among Arab rulers , and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league. Mindful of their previous announcements in support of
4661-413: The other hand, the youngest of the Sudairi brothers, Ahmed, who had been Prince Nayef's deputy at the ministry of interior since 1975, was reported to complain about that Prince Nayef was actively promoting the interest of his own son, Prince Mohammed. Lastly, another Sudairi Prince Turki, who returned to Riyadh in early 2011 after a long and at least partly voluntary exile in Cairo , was said to agitate for
4740-401: The outbreak of the First Libyan Civil War . The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership on 27 August 2011 by accrediting a representative of the National Transitional Council , which was the partially recognised interim government of the country. Syria was suspended on 16 November 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War . On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave
4819-418: The position of Crown Prince within the Sudairi faction . This led to uncertainty over the role of the Council. The appointment of Prince Nayef was openly questioned by Prince Talal . The Council supposedly undertook its duties for the first time when Prince Sultan died in October 2011. One week after his death, King Abdullah announced that the Council had selected Prince Nayef as the new Crown Prince. However,
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#17327650240884898-462: The promotion of Crown Prince Sultan's three successors deemed automatic, and the King's writ on the subject of the appointment of the second deputy PM (the honorific "deputy crown prince" being much more recent than the position itself), the Council has proved to be little more than a " rubber stamp ". After almost a year with the post of second deputy Prime Minister vacant, Prince Muqrin was formally designated by royal decree in 2013. This meant that he
4977-487: The southern Egyptian city of Abu Simbel with the northern Sudanese city of Wadi Halfa and then to Khartoum and Port Sudan . The third division of the League is the Maghreb , where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of Morocco to Tripoli in Western Libya . The fourth division of the League is the Horn of Africa , whose member states include Djibouti and Somalia . These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from
5056-475: The southern part of Sudan . It is referred to as the food basket of the Arab World , the region's instability including the independence of South Sudan has not affected its tourism industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, with Egypt , UAE , Lebanon , Tunisia , and Jordan leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications. Economical achievements within members have been low in
5135-406: The state is perceived as proportionately greater than this. Mai Yamani argues that the Sudairi brothers, previously known as the Sudairi Seven, since King Fahd’s death in August 2005 reduced to al-Thaluth (‘the trio’), referring only to Prince Sultan, Prince Nayef and Prince Salman. Prince Sultan became the leader of the group after King Fahd's demise. On 28 October 2011, Prince Nayef became
5214-605: The throne after King Saud's deposition in 1964, King Faisal continued to favor the Sudairi Seven as his allies. In 1975, following the death of King Faisal and the accession of King Khalid , Prince Fahd became Crown Prince and Prince Nayef succeeded him at the ministry of interior. King Khalid reduced Sudairi Seven's power concerning succession in 1977 when he was in London for treatment. Following their unsuccessful attempt to overthrow King Khalid and to install Prince Sultan as crown prince instead of Prince Abdullah , King Khalid asked Crown Prince Fahd and Prince Abdullah to fully obey
5293-399: The throne and the sons of the King and Crown Prince . As of 2024 the council had 34 members: 3 surviving sons of Ibn Saud, 30 of his grandsons and 1 of his great grandsons. Each grandson represents his deceased or incapacitated father. Two of King Ibn Saud's sons, Prince Fawwaz and Prince Hamoud died without sons. Grandson of Turki (I) , Turki bin Faisal, died on 28 February 2009 and
5372-791: The two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated archipelago of the Comoros located off the coast of East Africa , which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other Arab League members. In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Report 2010. The Persian Gulf region has had an oil boom , enabling more schools and universities to be set up. While Arabs constitute
5451-469: The two youngest of the Seven (Salman and Ahmed ) survive, with the youngest brother, Prince Ahmed under house arrest by order of King Salman. In the early twentieth century, King Abdulaziz rapidly expanded his power base in Nejd to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and became its first king. As part of this process of expansion, he married women from powerful Nejdi and other Arab families to cement his control over all parts of his new domain. It
5530-406: The unwritten rules that have governed the selection of Saudi rulers since the passing of King Abdulaziz in 1953." The role of the Council was intended to take effect once the late Prince Sultan succeeded to the throne. However, in 2009, when he was gravely ill with cancer, the late Prince Nayef was appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister (a position for the crown prince in waiting), presumably to keep
5609-413: The younger half-brother of the Sudairi Seven. Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud was named as deputy crown prince by his father, thus effectively putting the future of the throne in the Sudairi Seven clan's firm grip. On 21 June 2017 Mohammad bin Salman was made crown prince, and Mohammed bin Nayef was removed from his posts and stripped of his titles. The interior minister was succeeded by Abdulaziz bin Saud ,
5688-437: The youngest surviving half brother, became Crown prince automatically, having been appointed deputy crown prince a year earlier. Under the Allegiance Institution Law, the King nominates up to three candidates for the position of Crown Prince. The Allegiance Council then selects one of them as Crown Prince. If the Council rejects all of the King's nominees, it may nominate its own candidate. The Crown Prince will be then decided by
5767-453: Was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership. The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision. The Charter of the Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab nation-state while respecting
5846-673: Was chaired by Prince Mishaal , who had been excluded from the line of succession, until his death in 2017. Members of the Council swear an oath of allegiance to the King. Sons of King Abdul-Aziz Grandsons of King Abdul-Aziz Great Grandsons of King Abdul-Aziz In June 2017, 31 out of 34 members approved the selection of Mohammad bin Salman as Crown Prince. Three members who voted against his selection were Ahmed bin Abdulaziz , Muhammad bin Saad and Abdulaziz bin Abdullah . The latter represented his older brother, Khalid bin Abdullah , at
5925-520: Was founded on 22 March 1945. The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims. Other countries later joined the league. Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was joint intervention to keep Palestine from being divided into two states in keeping with
6004-401: Was informally next in line, bypassing several senior princes. In order to make his place in the line of succession permanent and preclude any challenges by any of the dispossessed royals, King Abdullah polled each member of the Allegiance Council individually before announcing Maqrin's new title. The poll, which is considered an official vote, was 75% Yes and 25% No. The royal decree stated that
6083-495: Was named as the Crown Prince and deputy prime minister, and Prince Ahmed as the minister of interior on 18 June 2012. Prince Salman and Prince Ahmed became the only politically active members of the group. However, on 5 November 2012, Prince Ahmed resigned from his post and was succeeded by Mohammed bin Nayef, son of Prince Nayef. On 23 January 2015, King Abdullah died at the age of 90 and was succeeded by Prince Salman. King Salman immediately began to consolidate power on behalf of
6162-626: Was replaced by his brother, Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki until his death in 2019. He was then replaced by his brother Fahd bin Faisal bin Turki . Bandar bin Musaid also replaced his brother, Abdullah bin Musaid . Prince Talal resigned from the Council three weeks after the appointment of Prince Nayef as Crown Prince in November 2011. His resignation meant one of his sons might take a position on
6241-525: Was suspended from the Arab League on 26 March 1979 due to the Egypt–Israel peace treaty , with the League's headquarters moving from Cairo to Tunis , Tunisia. In 1987, Arab League states restored diplomatic relations with Egypt, the country was readmitted to the League in May 1989 and the League's headquarters were moved back to Cairo in September 1990. Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following
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