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82-457: The ships were employed as coastal vessels to service the remote communities of the Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador to operate a mail and passenger service to those communities. These vessels became the lifeline to these communities and were depicted in many paintings and folk songs of the country, even long after it became a province of Canada . A Alphabetically, the first on

164-619: A World Heritage Site by UNESCO, it is believed to be the Vinland settlement of explorer Leif Erikson . (The Icelandic Skálholt map of 1570 refers to the area as "Promontorium Winlandiæ" and correctly shows it on a 51°N parallel with Bristol , England). Before and after the departure of the Norse, the island was inhabited by indigenous populations. About 500 years later, in 1497, the Italian navigator John Cabot (Zuan/Giovanni Caboto) became

246-526: A "baby bonus" for each child in a family. The Confederates were led by the charismatic Joseph Smallwood , a former radio broadcaster, who had developed socialist political inclinations while working for a socialist newspaper in New York City. Following confederation, Smallwood led Newfoundland for decades as the elected premier . His policies as premier were closer to liberalism than socialism. The first flag to specifically represent Newfoundland

328-529: A boatswain's chair and a line sent ashore. F SS Fife was built at Glasgow by A. & J. Inglis in 1900. Launched on 14 August 1900, she was 167 feet (51 m) long and 439 gross register tons. The ship was lost on 17 November 1900 when she was wrecked at Twin Rocks in the Strait of Belle Isle . G SS Glencoe was built at Glasgow by A. & J. Inglis in 1899. She was launched on 31 October 1899 and

410-712: A colonial governor on the island. After 1713, with the Treaty of Utrecht , the French ceded control of south and north shores of the island to the British. They kept only the nearby islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon , located in the fish-rich Grand Banks off the south coast. Despite some early settlements by the English, the Crown discouraged permanent, year-round settlement of Newfoundland by migratory fishery workers. Thomas Nash

492-445: A forerunner to the much later British Empire. Newfoundland is considered Britain's oldest colony. Settlers developed a variety of dialects associated with settlement on the island: Newfoundland English , Newfoundland French . In the 19th century, it also had a dialect of Irish known as Newfoundland Irish . The closely related Scottish Gaelic was also spoken on the island during the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in

574-511: A mine five miles southeast of Porquerolles Island. Newfoundland (island) Newfoundland ( / ˈ nj uː f ən ( d ) l ə n d , - l æ n d / NEW -fən(d)-lənd, -⁠land , locally / ˌ n uː f ən ˈ l æ n d / NEW -fən- LAND ; French: Terre-Neuve , locally [taɛ̯ʁˈnœːv] ; Mi'kmaq : Ktaqmkuk ) is a large island within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It

656-488: A storm while idle at Harbour Grace on 4 February 1967, the vessel was sold to Dominion Metals Salvage Company but was deemed to expensive to scrap. Left in situ , Kyle was purchased by the Government of Newfoundland in 1973. She remains there today. Kyle is noteworthy for a number of rescues she had participated in; such as the search and recovery of the downed American plane Old Glory in 1927. She had also aided in

738-437: A total area of 111,390 square kilometres (43,008 sq mi). According to 2006 official Census Canada statistics, 57% of responding Newfoundland and Labradorians claim British or Irish ancestry, with 43.2% claiming at least one English parent, 21.5% at least one Irish parent, and 7% at least one parent of Scottish origin. Additionally, 6.1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry. The island's total population as of

820-597: Is Corner Brook , which is situated on the Bay of Islands on the west coast of the island. The bay was named by Captain James Cook who surveyed the coast in 1767. The island of Newfoundland has numerous provincial parks such as Barachois Pond Provincial Park , considered to be a model forest, as well as two national parks. The island has many tourism opportunities, ranging from sea kayaking, camping, fishing and hunting, to hiking. The International Appalachian Trail (IAT)

902-569: Is a provincial Registered Heritage District, as well as a National Cultural Landscape District of Canada. This is one of only two national historic sites in Canada so recognized for their Irish heritage. Entertainment opportunities abound in the island's three cities and numerous towns, particularly during summer festivals. For nightlife, George Street , located in downtown St. John's, is closed to traffic 20 hours per day. The Mile One Stadium in St. John's

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984-660: Is a waterway in eastern Canada , that separates Labrador from the island of Newfoundland , in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador . The strait is located in the southeast of the Labrador peninsula , it is the northern outlet for the Gulf of St. Lawrence , the other two being the Cabot Strait and Strait of Canso . As such, it is also considered part of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. The strait

1066-440: Is approximately 125 kilometres (80 miles) long and ranges from a maximum width of 60 km (37 mi) to just 15 km (9 mi) at its narrowest, the average width being 18 km (11 mi). The name is derived from the island of Belle Isle ( French for "Beautiful Island"), which is at the extreme eastern end of the strait and roughly equidistant from Table Head , Labrador , and Cape Bauld , Newfoundland . Both

1148-698: Is being extended along the island's mountainous west coast. On the east coast, the East Coast Trail extends through the Avalon Peninsula for 220 km (140 mi), beginning near Fort Amherst in St. John's and ending in Cappahayden , with an additional 320 km (200 mi) of trail under construction. The Marble Mountain Ski Resort near Corner Brook is a major attraction in

1230-522: Is known about them beyond archeological evidence of early settlements. Evidence of successive cultures have been found. The Late Paleo-Eskimo, or Dorset culture , settled there about 4,000 years ago. They were descendants of migrations of ancient prehistoric peoples across the High Arctic thousands of years ago, after crossing from Siberia via the Bering land bridge . The Dorset died off or abandoned

1312-466: Is low, though, less than 12% in the same 2003 study. The referendum campaign of 1948 was bitterly fought, and interests in both Canada and Britain favoured and supported confederation with Canada. Jack Pickersgill , a western Canadian native and politician, worked with the confederation camp during the campaign. The Catholic Church, whose members were a minority on the island, lobbied for continued independence. Canada offered financial incentives, including

1394-436: Is primarily characterized by having a subarctic (Köppen Dfc) or a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Locations on the extreme southeast of the island receive sufficient maritime influence to qualify as having a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc). Strait of Belle Isle The Strait of Belle Isle ( / b ɛ l ˈ aɪ l / bel EYEL ; French : Détroit de Belle Isle [detʁwa d(ə) bɛl il] )

1476-571: Is situated off the eastern coast of the North American mainland and the geographical region of Labrador . The island contains 29 percent of the province's land area, but is home to over 90% of the province's population, with about 60% of the province's population located on the small southeastern Avalon peninsula . The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by

1558-530: Is the venue for large sporting and concert events in the province. In March, the annual seal hunt (of the harp seal ) takes place. Largest municipalities (2016 population) Newfoundland is roughly triangular, with each side being approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi), and having an area of 108,860 square kilometres (42,030 sq mi). Newfoundland and its associated small islands have a total area of 111,390 square kilometres (43,010 sq mi). Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36'N and 51°38'N. Newfoundland

1640-436: Is the youngest province in Canada. Newfoundland was organised as a colony in 1825, was self-governing from 1855 to 1934, but after a financial crisis the legislature was suspended and it was ruled through a Commission of Government (see Dominion of Newfoundland ). On June 22 and July 3, 1948, the population of the colony voted in referendums 52.3% to 47.7% in favour of joining Canada as a province. Opposition to confederation

1722-655: Is thought to have been an image of a green fir tree on a pink background that was in use in the early 19th century. The first official flag identifying Newfoundland, flown by vessels in service of the colonial government, was the Newfoundland Blue Ensign, adopted in 1870 and used until 1904, when it was modified slightly. In 1904, the crown of the Blue Ensign was replaced with the Great Seal of Newfoundland (having been given royal approval in 1827) and

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1804-482: Is voluntary currently. A ferry service operates at the western part of strait between St. Barbe , Newfoundland, and Blanc Sablon , Quebec . New road construction for the Trans-Labrador Highway resulted in the removal of ferry services to outports in the northeastern part of the strait in 2002. The idea of building a fixed link across the strait between Labrador and Newfoundland, known as

1886-522: The Beothuk language , which is often considered to be a member of the Algonquian language family although the lack of sufficient records means that it is not possible to demonstrate such a connection confidently. The tribe is now typically considered extinct, but evidence of its culture is preserved in museums and historical and archaeological records. Shanawdithit , a woman who is often regarded as

1968-629: The Bishop of Newfoundland until a separate Bishop of Bermuda was created in 1919, though Newfoundland would become a Dominion in its own right from 1907 (the Dominion of Newfoundland ), before reverting to colonial status in 1934, and finally joining the Dominion of Canada in 1949 as the Province of Newfoundland . The European immigrants, mostly English, Scots, Irish and French, built a society in

2050-472: The Cabot Strait . It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River , creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the world's largest estuary . Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . With an area of 108,860 square kilometres (42,031 sq mi), Newfoundland is the world's 16th-largest island , Canada's fourth-largest island , and

2132-841: The Codroy Valley area, chiefly by settlers from Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia. The Gaelic names reflected the association with fishing: in Scottish Gaelic , it was called Eilean a' Trosg , literally 'Island of the Cod '. Similarly, the Irish name Talamh an Éisc means 'Land of the Fish'. The first inhabitants of Newfoundland were the Paleo-Eskimo , who have no known link to other groups in Newfoundland history. Little

2214-877: The Newfoundland Produce Company . In 1914 she was acquired by the Reid Newfoundland Company for passenger and freight service. She also engaged in sealing from 1912 to 1938; during the latter part of that period, her summer service was between Bonne Bay and Battle Harbour. Sold in 1941 to the Colliford Clark Company of London , she was acquired in 1944 by the Zarati Steamship Company Ltd. and registered in Panama . While bound from Nice to Toulon , she sank on 21 November 1945 after striking

2296-548: The Newfoundland-Labrador fixed link , has been raised numerous times in recent decades following an unsuccessful attempt to build a tunnel carrying electrical wires in the mid-1970s. If such a link were built, it would likely be a 17-kilometre-long (11 mi) submerged rail tunnel. The proposal is meant to reduce the province's reliance upon the Marine Atlantic ferry service to Nova Scotia , but

2378-620: The Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland could be constructed at a cost of C$ 1.65 billion. In their 2019 election platform , the Liberal Party of Canada indicated support for a National Infrastructure Fund, including the Newfoundland-Labrador fixed transportation link, likely linking Yankee Point, Newfoundland with Point Amour on the (Labrador) mainland. A 35 km (22 mi) submarine cable across

2460-813: The United States of America , the remaining continental colonies and the North Atlantic Ocean colony of Bermuda were organised and administered as British North America . All except the Newfoundland Colony and Bermuda confederated in 1867 to form the Dominion of Canada . Newfoundland and Bermuda would retain links (possibly explaining similarities between the Newfoundland English and Bermudian English ), including settlement in Newfoundland of Bermudians such as Joseph Outerbridge , especially their being grouped under

2542-663: The White Sea . She sank on 20 June 1916 and was refloated in 1933. Restored to service as an icebreaker, she was again lost on 11 September 1941. M Alphabetically, the last of the Alphabet Fleet was SS Meigle , built in Glasgow , Scotland in 1881 as Solway by the firm Barclay Curle and Co . and launched on 20 September 1881. She was and iron vessel of 783 gross register tons and 220 feet (67 m) long. Originally owned by William Sloan & Company of Glasgow, Solway

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2624-500: The sea ice and weather of this isolated location and the native wildlife its residents relied upon for food and income . The First World War had a powerful and lasting effect on the society. From a population of about a quarter of a million, 5,482 men went overseas. Nearly 1,500 were killed and 2,300 wounded. On July 1, 1916, at Beaumont-Hamel, France, 753 men of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment went over

2706-404: The 17th century came Irish fishermen, who found so many fisheries that they named the island Talamh an Éisc , meaning 'Land of the Fish', more loosely 'the fishing grounds' in Irish. In 1583, when Sir Humphrey Gilbert formally claimed Newfoundland as a colony of England, he found numerous English, French and Portuguese vessels at St. John's. There was no permanent European population. Gilbert

2788-535: The 1960s and 1970s. This research estimated that the settlement dates to about the year 1000, and the site contains the earliest-known European structures in North America. In 2021, an interdisciplinary team used the Miyake event of 993-994 as a benchmark in dendrochronology (tree-ring studies) to precisely determine that Vikings were present in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland in year 1021. Designated as

2870-547: The 2006 census was 479,105. Newfoundland was long inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Dorset culture and the Beothuk , who spoke the now-extinct Beothuk language . The island was possibly visited by the Icelandic explorer Leif Erikson in the 11th century as a rest settlement when heading farther south to the land believed to be closer to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River called " Vinland ". The first confirmed visit

2952-531: The Beothuk and Mi'kmaq, though this is refuted by indigenous oral history. The Mi'kmaq, Innu and Inuit all hunted and fished around Newfoundland but no evidence indicates that they lived on the island for long periods of time and would only travel to Newfoundland temporarily. Inuit have been documented on the Great Northern Peninsula as late as the 18th-Century. Newfoundland was historically

3034-688: The British Parliament designated Newfoundland Red and Blue ensigns as official flags specifically for Newfoundland. The Red and Blue ensigns with the Great Seal of Newfoundland in the fly were used officially from 1904 until 1965, with the Red Ensign being flown as civil ensign by merchant shipping, and the Blue being flown by governmental ships (after the British tradition of having different flags for merchant/naval and government vessel identification). On September 26, 1907, King Edward VII of

3116-518: The Labrador route. In 1915 Kyle was shifted to the Port aux Basques -North Sydney service until 1926 when she once again returned to the Labrador service. Sold in 1959 to Arctic Shipping Ltd. and renamed Arctic Eagle , she was acquired by Kyle Shipping Ltd. in 1961, reverting to her original name. While working as a sealer, in 1965 Kyle was damaged beyond economic repair by heavy ice. Driven aground by

3198-470: The Mi'kmaq. The latter readily traded with Europeans and became established in settlements in Newfoundland. Newfoundland is the site of the only authenticated Norse settlement in North America. An archaeological site was discovered in 1960 at L'Anse aux Meadows by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad . This site was the subject of archaeological studies throughout

3280-659: The New World unlike the ones they had left. It was also different from those that other immigrants would build on the North American mainland. As a fish-exporting society, Newfoundland was in contact with many ports and societies around the Atlantic rim. But its geographic location and political distinctiveness isolated it from its closest neighbours, Canada and the United States. Internally, most of its population

3362-699: The Red and Blue Ensigns retained as ensigns for shipping identification. On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became a province of Canada but retained the Union Jack in legislature, still designating it as the "national" flag. This was later reaffirmed by the Revised Statutes Act of 1952, and the Union Jack remained the official flag of Newfoundland until 1980, when it was replaced by the current provincial flag. (See Province of Newfoundland and Labrador for continued discussion of provincial flags.) As one of

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3444-818: The United Kingdom declared the Colony of Newfoundland, as an independent Dominion within the British Empire , and from that point until 1965, the Newfoundland Red Ensign was used as the civil ensign of the Dominion of Newfoundland with the Blue Ensign, again, reserved for government shipping identification. In 1931 the Newfoundland National Assembly adopted the Union Jack as the official national flag, with

3526-424: The coast, the area available to the Beothuk to harvest the marine resources they relied upon was diminished. By the beginning of the 19th century, few Beothuk remained. Most died due to infectious diseases carried by Europeans, to which they had no immunity , and starvation. Government attempts to engage with the Beothuk and aid them came too late. The Beothuk did not have friendly relations with foreigners, unlike

3608-439: The early years of the 19th century. The French name for the island is Terre-Neuve . The name Newfoundland is one of the oldest European place names in Canada in continuous geographical and cartographical use, dating from a 1502 letter. It was stated in the following 1628 poem: A Skeltonicall continued ryme, in praise of my New-found-Land After the 1783 independence of the thirteen continental colonies that became

3690-625: The existence of the Strait of Belle Isle: "And if such is the case, then an ocean flows into a strait between Markland and Vínland." Basque whalers visited the area throughout the 17th century and into the first decade of the 18th century, with the wreckage site of the San Juan at Red Bay dating as early as 1565. Basque seafarers also came into contact with the Inuit , which either led to conflict or collaboration over sealing areas. Navigation in

3772-719: The first European since the Norse settlers to set foot on Newfoundland, working under commission of King Henry VII of England . His landing site is unknown but popularly believed to be Cape Bonavista , along the island's East coast. Another site claimed is Cape Bauld , at the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula . A document found in the Spanish National Archives, written by a Bristol merchant, reports that Cabot's crew landed 1,800 miles or 2,900 kilometres west of Dursey Head , Ireland (latitude 51°35′N), which would put Cabot within sight of Cape Bauld. This document mentions an island that Cabot sailed past to go ashore on

3854-600: The first places in the New World where Europeans settled, Newfoundland also has a history of European colonization. St. John's is the oldest city in Canada and the oldest continuously settled location in English-speaking North America. The St. John's census metropolitan area includes 12 suburban communities, the largest of which are the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South and Paradise . The province's third-largest city

3936-486: The fixed link was $ 1.2 billion (2004$ ) and total development cost of about $ 1.7 billion. In 2016, Premier Dwight Ball launched a new pre-feasibility study to determine the costs of a tunnel link between the island and Labrador. The study released its results in April 2018, and concluded that a 16 km (10 mi) undersea rail tunnel connecting L'Anse Amour in southern Labrador and Yankee Point near Flower's Cove on

4018-512: The island of Newfoundland as well as the Labrador region which surrounds the Strait of Belle Isle have been inhabited by Indigenous Peoples for millennia. The surrounding land environment has historically been replete with caribou and other mammals. Harbour seals , grey seals , ringed seals and many other aquatic species are found in the strait itself. An unnamed manuscript references Viking nomenclature for Labrador and Newfoundland, ( Markland and Vinland , respectively), and appears to note

4100-561: The island prior to the arrival of the Norse . After this period, the Beothuk settled in Newfoundland, migrating from Labrador on the mainland. There is no evidence that the Beothuk inhabited the island before Norse settlement. Scholars believe that the Beothuk are related closely to the Innu of Labrador. The tribe later was declared "extinct" although people of partial Beothuk descent have been documented. The name Beothuk meant 'people' in

4182-503: The largest Canadian island outside the North . The provincial capital, St. John's , is located on the southeastern coast of the island; Cape Spear , just south of the capital, is the easternmost point of North America , excluding Greenland. It is common to consider all directly neighbouring islands such as New World , Twillingate , Fogo and Bell Island to be 'part of Newfoundland' (i.e., distinct from Labrador). By that classification, Newfoundland and its associated small islands have

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4264-509: The last full-blood Beothuk, died in St. John's in 1829 of tuberculosis . However, Santu Toney, born around 1835 and died in 1910, was a woman of mixed Mi'kmaq and Beothuk descent, meaning some Beothuk must have lived on beyond 1829. She described her father as Beothuk and mother as Mi'kmaq, both from Newfoundland. The Beothuk may have intermingled and assimilated with Innu in Labrador and Mi'kmaq in Newfoundland. European histories also suggest potential historical competition and hostility between

4346-448: The list of vessels of the Reid Newfoundland Company was SS Argyle , built by A. & J. Inglis in Glasgow , Scotland in 1900. Launched on 19 December 1899, she was 155 feet (47 m) long with a gross register tonnage of 439. This vessel mainly visited communities in the Placentia Bay area. She was sold in 1941 to the S.S. Argyle Steamship Company of St. John's, Newfoundland. While bound from Baracoa to Miami with bananas, she

4428-423: The mainland. This description fits with the Cape Bauld theory, as Belle Isle is not far offshore. After Cabot, the first European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese, Spanish, Basque, French and English migratory fishermen. In 1501, Portuguese explorers Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel Corte-Real charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in a failed attempt to find the Northwest Passage . Late in

4510-455: The name Bruce was built in 1912 Napier & Miller in Old Kilpatrick , Scotland. Launched on 9 December 1911, she was 240 feet (73 m) long and 1,553 gross register tons. Together with Beothic , Earl Grey and Lintrose , Bruce was sold to the Russian government in 1915 and renamed Solovey Budimirovich . Renamed Malygin in 1921, she was lost with all hands (98) off Cape Nizhny, Kamchatka, on 27/28 October 1940. C SS Clyde

4592-400: The newly elected Progressive Conservative government announcing joint federal-provincial funding for a study of the concept. A pre-feasibility report was released in February 2005, which concluded that a tunnel bored using tunnel boring machines, with an electric train shuttle to transport vehicles is the most technically and economically attractive option. The estimated construction cost of

4674-405: The project's high costs and lack of suitable road network between Labrador and Quebec have been cited as major obstacles. In 1975, the Progressive Conservative government led by Frank Moores committed to building a tunnel across the strait. A hole was dug on the Labrador side and the government spent $ 75-million before the project was abandoned. The October 2003 provincial election resulted in

4756-467: The rescue of the sailors during the USS Pollux and USS Truxton disaster at Chambers Cove near St. Lawrence on February 18, 1942. L SS Lintrose was built by Swan, Hunter and Co. at Wallsend , Tyne and Wear , England in 1913. Launched on 21 January 1913, she was 255 feet (78 m) long and 1,616 gross register tons. In 1915 the ship was sold to the Russian government and renamed Sadko , where she operated as an ice breaking vessel in

4838-533: The southernmost part of the Inuit's territorial range. When Europeans arrived from 1497 and later, starting with John Cabot , they established contact with the Beothuk. Estimates of the number of Beothuk on the island at this time vary, typically around 700. Later both the English and French settled the island. They were followed by the Mi'kmaq , an Algonquian -speaking indigenous people from eastern Canada and present-day Nova Scotia. As European and Mi'kmaq settlement became year-round and expanded to new areas of

4920-411: The strait can be extremely hazardous with strong tidal currents interacting with the Labrador Current , depths reaching several hundred metres in places, sea ice for 8 to 10 months of the year, and variable weather conditions including gales and fog. While sea ice prevents year-round shipping, the Canadian Coast Guard maintains a vessel traffic service (VTS) to ensure collisions do not occur. The VTS

5002-478: The time the vessel served as a prison ship. Parts of the vessel are on display at the Meigle Lounge in Seal Cove, Conception Bay South . Two ships in the Reid Newfoundland fleet did not adhere to the Alphabet Fleet naming system: Virginia Lake , acquired after the loss of Fife , and Sagona , acquired in 1914. SS Virginia Lake was originally named Conscript and was built in 1888 by A. McMillian & Company, Dumbarton , Scotland. Launched on 10 March 1888, she

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5084-457: The top of a trench. The next morning, only 68 men answered the roll-call. Even now, when the rest of Canada celebrates the founding of the country on July 1, many Newfoundlanders take part in solemn ceremonies of remembrance. The Second World War also had a lasting effect on Newfoundland. In particular, the United States assigned forces to the military bases at Argentia, Gander, Stephenville, Goose Bay, and St. John's. Newfoundland and Labrador

5166-410: The very earliest modern European population on the island. By 1620, the fishermen of England's West Country dominated the east coast of Newfoundland. French fishermen dominated the island's south coast and Northern Peninsula. The decline of the fisheries, the wasting of the shoreline forests, and an overstocking of liquor by local merchants influenced the Whitehall government in 1675 to decline to set up

5248-553: The winter for skiers in eastern Canada. Other major communities include the following towns: Educational institutions include the provincial university, Memorial University of Newfoundland whose main campus is situated in St. John's, along with the Grenfell Campus in Corner Brook, in addition to the College of the North Atlantic based in Stephenville and other communities. Bonavista , Placentia and Ferryland are all historic locations for various early European settlement or discovery activities. Tilting Harbour on Fogo Island

5330-557: Was 180 feet long with a gross register tonnage of 760. A vessel of composite construction (iron frame with wood planking), she sailed from Glasgow on April 13, 1888, bound for St. John's on a charter to the Allan Line . She then went into service between St. John's and St. Anthony for her original owner, A. Harvey & Company. Renamed Virginia Lake in 1892, she was acquired by Robert Gillespie Reid in 1901. Besides passenger and freight service, she engaged in sealing seasonally from 1901 until her loss on 6 April 1909. Badly damaged by ice, she

5412-410: Was 208 feet (63 m) long and 767 gross register tons. The ship was used on Placentia and Fortune Bays, and later on the South Coast run. Glencoe survived and was eventually sold for scrapping at Sorel, Quebec in June 1959. H SS Home built by A. & J. Inglis at Glasgow, Scotland in 1900. Launched on 8 September 1900, she was 155 feet (47 m) long and 439 gross register tons. Her route

5494-419: Was an Irish Catholic fisherman who permanently settled in Newfoundland. He established the fishing town of Branch . He and his cousin Father Patrick Power of Callan , County Kilkenny, spread Catholicism in Newfoundland. This settlement attracted a major migration of Irish Catholic immigrants to Newfoundland in the early eighteenth century. By the late 18th century, permanent settlement increased, peaking in

5576-428: Was between Trepassy , Newfoundland and Hopedale, Labrador. Sold in 1948 to the Home Steamship Company, Ltd., she was lost when she broke her moorings on 18 November 1952, stranding at Jerseyman Harbour in Fortune Bay . I SS Invermore was built by Barclay Curle and Co. of Glasgow , Scotland in 1881. Originally named Dromedary and launched on 15 February 1881, she was 250 long and 922 gross register tons. She

5658-552: Was built at Glasgow by A. & J. Inglis in 1900. Launched on 20 June 1900, she was 155 feet (47 m) long with a gross register tonnage of 440. The ship was used on Conception and Trinity bays, coaling at Carmanville and Carbonear . later she was placed on the Bonne Bay - Battle Harbour run. On December 11, 1919, while carrying a cargo of codfish and herring from Battle Harbour, she was wrecked at Martin's Point, about 20 miles (32 km) from Bonne Bay . Captain Edward English saw that all passengers and crew were rescued by means of

5740-465: Was built by A. & J. Inglis in 1900 at Glasgow and was 155 feet (47 m) long; 439 gross register tons. She was launched on 10 January 1900. Clyde plied the waters of Notre Dame Bay from Lewisporte , delivering passengers and mail to the various communities in that area. In 1948 she was sold to Crosbie and Company ; her last duty was to provide standby power for the whaling station at Williamsport on White Bay. While in layup at Williamsport , she

5822-464: Was by the Norse who built a temporary base at L'Anse aux Meadows , a Norse settlement near the northernmost tip of Newfoundland (Cape Norman), which has been dated to be approximately 1000 years old. The site is considered the only undisputed evidence of Pre-Columbian contact between the Old and New Worlds if the Norse– Inuit contact on Greenland is not counted. The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese and French fishermen. The island

5904-477: Was concentrated among residents of the capital St. John's and its surrounding hinterland on the Avalon Peninsula. Newfoundland joined Canada at one minute before midnight on March 31, 1949. Union with Canada has done little to reduce Newfoundlanders' self-image as a distinctive group. In 2003, 72% of residents responding identified first as Newfoundlanders, secondarily as Canadians. Separatist sentiment

5986-567: Was driven ashore in a storm and wrecked on December 17, 1951. D SS Dundee was built in 1900, also by A. & J. Inglis at Glasgow, and launched on 4 June 1900; 155 feet (47 m) long and 439 gross register tons. She operated in the Bonavista Bay area from Port Blandford and was lost on Christmas Day, 1919 on Noggin Island , near Carmanville . The Passengers and crew were rescued by Clyde on 27 December. E SS Ethie

6068-507: Was lost at sea during his return voyage, and plans of settlement were postponed. In July 1596 the Scottish vessel the "William" left Aberdeen for "new fund land" (Newfoundland) and returned in 1600. On 5 July 1610, John Guy set sail from Bristol , England, with 39 other colonists for Cuper's Cove . This, and other early attempts at permanent settlement failed to make a profit for the English investors, but some settlers remained, forming

6150-623: Was lost near Punta Gorda, Cuba on July 14, 1946. Argyle took her name from the Scottish region of Argyll . B SS Bruce was built by A. & J. Inglis in 1897 in Glasgow for service between Port aux Basques and North Sydney. Launched on 12 August 1897, she was 237 feet (72 m) long and registered at 1,154 gross tons. This vessel was lost on March 24, 1911, on the Main-a-Dieu rocks, seven miles from Louisburg, Nova Scotia; two lives were lost. A second vessel commissioned under

6232-469: Was originally owned by John Burns (from 1905 by G. & J. Burns) and operated between Belfast and Glasgow. In 1909 she was acquired by the Reid Newfoundland Company and renamed Invermore . Under the Alphabet Fleet she served on the Labrador service, carrying passengers and mail to remote communities. While northbound with provisions and fishery supplies, she was lost at Brig Harbour Point , Labrador on July 10, 1914. J The criteria for naming his ships

6314-624: Was possibly visited by the Venetian navigator John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), working under contract to Henry VII of England on his expedition from Bristol in 1497. In 1501 Portuguese brothers Gaspar Corte-Real and Miguel Corte-Real charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in an attempt to find the Northwest Passage . On 5 August 1583, Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I , thus officially establishing

6396-474: Was pressed into war service and was part of a convoy that was attacked by German U-boats . On 19 July 1947 she was wrecked at Marines Cove, near St. Shotts . Meigle was one of the vessels that responded to the 1929 tsunami on the Burin Peninsula assisting in bringing supplies for victim relief. The song Twenty-One years a popular Newfoundland folk ballad by Joseph Summers was written at

6478-584: Was set on fire and abandoned to sink; 110 of her crew were picked up by the steamer Bellaventure , while another 50 walked seven miles to shore on one of the Funk Islands. SS Sagona was built in 1912 by the Dundee Shipbuilding Company at Dundee , Scotland. She was 175 feet long and registered at a gross tonnage of 808. Launched on 19 January 1912, she was originally managed by John C. Crosbie 's firm, Crosbie and Company , for

6560-517: Was sold to George Bazeley & Company of Penzance in 1907. Acquired by the Reid interests in 1911 and renamed Meigle , the vessel served as a passenger and cargo ferry until going into layup in 1931. She was used as an auxiliary jail at St. John's from 29 October 1932 to 30 June 1933, after which she became a salt storage vessel. In 1936 she was sold to the Shaw Steamship Co. Limited . She

6642-453: Was spread widely around a rugged coastline in small outport settlements. Many were distant from larger centres of population and isolated for long periods by winter ice or bad weather. These conditions had an effect on the cultures of the immigrants. They generated new ways of thinking and acting. Newfoundland and Labrador developed a wide variety of distinctive customs, beliefs, stories, songs and dialects. A unique vocabulary arose focused on

6724-458: Was that the first letter of each ship's name had to depict a place from Reid's homeland Scotland, they were also to end in "e". For this reason the letter "J" was not used, as no suitable candidate could be found. K SS Kyle was built by Swan, Hunter and Co. at Wallsend , Tyne and Wear , England in 1913. Launched on 7 April 1913, she was 220 feet (67 m) long and 1,055 gross register tons. She began service in Newfoundland in 1913 for

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