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95-554: In the first half of the 17th century, a number of towns were situated along 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the Chattahoochee River in Alabama and Georgia, from the south of the falls at present-day Columbus to Barbour County, Alabama . Archaeological evidence indicates that the material culture of the 17th century lower Chattahoochee region had developed in place over several centuries. The ancestors of at least some of

190-622: A lifestyle center . MidTown contains two of the city's early suburban shopping centers (the Village on 13th and St. Elmo), both recently renovated and offering local shops, restaurants, and services. Major venues in the city of Columbus: Columbus is home to nine historic districts, all listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Muscogee County, Georgia . They are: Columbus Northern Little League won

285-673: A cultural niche; downtown features modern architecture mixed among older brick facades. The Ready to Raft 2012 project created an estimated 700 new jobs and is projected to bring in $ 42 million annually to the Columbus area. Demolishing an up-river dam allowed the project to construct the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world. According to the Columbus Convention and Visitors Bureau, this initiative, in addition to other outdoor and indoor tourist attractions, led to around 1.8 million visitors coming to Columbus during

380-569: A few differences. The towns listed by the Spanish, from south to north, were: Three towns that were on or close to the route of de Soto's expedition in 1540 may have later moved to the Chattahoochee River. Alapi may have derived from a town located east of Cofitachequi , the town of Ocuti may have been a successor to the Ocute chiefdom of the Oconee River valley, and Casista (Kasihta) was on

475-520: A friendly manner towards the Spanish. Coweta and Kasihta did not initially return to the former sites of their towns, and became openly hostile towards the Spanish, ceasing trade with them. The English traders soon returned to the Chattahoochee. The Spanish sent three more expeditions to capture the English in the following three years, without success. In 1689 the Spanish built a stockade near

570-409: A junction with I-85 just east of LaGrange and about 60 mi (97 km) southwest of Atlanta. U.S. Route 27 , U.S. Route 280 , and Georgia State Route 520 (known as South Georgia Parkway) all meet in the interior of the city. U.S. Route 80 runs through the northern part of the city, locally known as J.R. Allen Parkway; Alternate U.S. Route 27 and Georgia State Route 85 run northeast from

665-422: A meeting place during cold weather. Rotundas were called "hot houses" because of their resemblance to the winter houses of households. As the people of the towns on Ochese Creek became more involved in the deerskin trade with the English early in the 18th century, adults spent much of the winter living in the woods hunting deer. The town rotundas were big enough for the children and older adults who stayed behind in

760-500: A move known to have occurred in 1755. In the 1770s, William Bartram visited both Apalachicola and Apalachicola Old Town. Foster lists a number of archaeological sites in Russell County, Alabama that may have been occupied by Apalachicola at various times. The Apalachicola River is named after the province. The Spanish included what is now called the Chattahoochee River as part of one river, calling all of it from its origins in

855-544: A multi-community 'chiefdom'." Individual towns in Apalachicola Province were independent to a great extent. Bolton refers to the towns in Apalachicola Province in 1679 as the "Apalachicola Confederacy". The Spanish contacted the towns on the Chattahoochee River in 1638, five years after Spanish missions were first established in Apalachee Province. The Spanish called the association of towns on

950-466: A new waterworks , as well as trolleys extending to outlying neighborhoods such as Rose Hill and Lakebottom. Mayor Lucius Chappell also brought a training camp for soldiers to the area. This training camp, named Camp Benning, grew into present-day Fort Benning , named for General Henry L. Benning , a native of the city. Fort Benning was one of the ten U.S. Army installations named for former Confederate generals that were renamed on 11 May 2023, following

1045-510: A point west of the Flint River just above where it joins the Chattahoochee. A mission named San Carlos de Sabacola was established in the town before 1686. The mission last appears in Spanish records in 1690. The mission town may have included Chatots from the earlier mission of San Carlos de los Chacatos in present-day Jackson County, Florida . In the 1680s, the Spanish were using Uchise to refer to people living around Ochese Creek (now

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1140-572: A recommendation from the congressionally mandated Naming Commission that Fort Benning be renamed Fort Moore after Lieutenant General Hal Moore and his wife Julia Compton Moore , both of whom are buried on post. In the spring of 1866, the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate dead. The secretary of the association, Mary Ann Williams ,

1235-763: A softball complex, which hosted the 1996 Olympic softball competition; the Chattahoochee RiverWalk ; the National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus ; and the Coca-Cola Space Science Center. Other notable projects were the expansion of the Columbus Museum and road improvements to include a new downtown bridge crossing the Chattahoochee River and into Phenix City. During the late 1990s, commercial activity expanded north of downtown along

1330-464: A varied landscape of rolling hills on the north side and flat plains on the south. The fall line causes rivers in the area to decline rapidly towards sea level. Textile mills were established here in the 19th and early 20th centuries to take advantage of the water power from the falls. Interstate 185 runs north-south through the middle of the city, with nine exits within Muscogee County. I-185 runs north about 50 mi (80 km) from its beginning to

1425-415: Is above the national average. Columbus set a homicide record in 2021 with 70 homicides. Growing gang activity within the city is a major reason for the rise in crime. City leaders are actively working to reduce crime in the city. Companies headquartered in Columbus include Aflac, TSYS, Realtree , Synovus and the W. C. Bradley Co. According to Columbus' 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,

1520-450: Is in Alabama. Columbus has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ). Daytime summer temperatures often reach highs in the mid-90°Fs, and low temperatures in the winter average in the upper 30s. Columbus is often considered a dividing line or "natural snowline" of the southeastern United States with areas north of the city receiving snowfall annually, with areas to the south typically not receiving snowfall every year or at all. Columbus

1615-562: Is located south of the city in southern Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties. Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites, including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the U.S. Army's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River. This was for centuries the traditional territory of the Creek Indians , who became known as one of

1710-456: Is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970; the original merger excluded Bibb City , which joined in 2000 after dissolving its own city charter. Columbus is the second most populous city in Georgia (after Atlanta ), and fields the state's fourth-largest metropolitan area . At the 2020 U.S. census , Columbus had a population of 206,922, with 328,883 in

1805-453: Is within USDA hardiness zone 8b in the city center and zone 8a in the suburbs. Columbus is divided into five geographic areas: The Columbus metropolitan area includes four counties in Georgia, and one in Alabama. The Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL combined statistical area includes two additional counties in Alabama. A 2013 census estimate showed 316,554 in the metro area, with 501,649 in

1900-578: The 2006 Little League World Series , defeating the team from Kawaguchi, Japan in the championship. Current MLB player Josh Lester was a member of the championship team. Columbus is home to upwards of 50 parks, four recreation centers, four senior centers and parks, and the Standing Boy Creek Wildlife Management Area . The Chattahoochee River whitewater opened in 2012. After both the Eagle & Phenix Dam and

1995-774: The Battle of Flint River . More than half of the Apalachees were killed or captured, and most of the 300 that escaped abandoned their weapons. The War of the Spanish Succession , known as Queen Anne's War in the English colonies in North America, had begun in 1701. The English in Carolina attacked Spanish Florida in November 1702. The peoples of what is now the southeastern United States that were allied with

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2090-598: The Columbus metropolitan statistical area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus–Auburn–Opelika combined statistical area , which had a population of 563,967 in 2020. Columbus lies 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Atlanta. Fort Moore , formerly Fort Benning, the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer,

2185-634: The Coosa River at the time of de Soto's visit. The Apalachicolas had requested the Spanish to send missionaries to their towns, but the lack of available missionaries had caused those requests to be ignored. The visit of Henry Woodward to Coweta in the late 1670s alarmed the Spanish. Possibly in response to the English encroachment, the Spanish began courting the Apalachicolas, inviting them to move their towns closer to Apalachee Province so that missions could be established in them. At least part of

2280-474: The Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth, causing the city to outgrow its original plan. The Springer Opera House was built during this time, attracting such notables as Irish writer Oscar Wilde . The Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia. By the time of the Spanish–American War , the city's modernization included the addition of

2375-678: The Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast after European contact. Those who lived closest to white-occupied areas conducted considerable trading and adopted some European American ways. Founded in 1828 by an act of the Georgia Legislature , Columbus was situated at the beginning of the navigable portion of the Chattahoochee River and on the last stretch of the Federal Road before entering Alabama. The city

2470-749: The Grand Army of the Republic , launched the Memorial Day holiday that is now observed across the entire United States. General Logan's wife said he had borrowed from practices of Confederate Memorial Day. She wrote that Logan "said it was not too late for the Union men of the nation to follow the example of the people of the South in perpetuating the memory of their friends who had died for the cause they thought just and right." While two dozen cities across

2565-751: The I-185 corridor. During the 2000s, the city began a major initiative to revitalize the downtown area. The project began with the South Commons, an area south of downtown containing the softball complex, A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium , Synovus Park , the Columbus Civic Center , and the Jonathan Hatcher Skateboard Park. The National Infantry Museum was constructed in South Columbus , located outside

2660-687: The 1540s did not enter the Chattahoochee Valley, but appears to have severely disrupted the population of that chiefdom, causing many deaths there due to epidemics of European and African diseases introduced by the Spaniards . Some archaeologists state that only two population centers survived along the Chattahoochee in the late 16th century, situated on opposite sides of the river south of the falls at Columbus. Both sites had large platform mounds , and may have served as ceremonial centers. While some archaeologists believe that some sites along

2755-600: The 1670s. At the same time the English adventurer Henry Woodward , who had reached the upper reaches of the Savannah River , heard reports of the "Cowatoe", the first mention of Coweta in European sources. Later the same year the bishop of Cuba produced a list of potential targets for missions, which included Coweta ("Cueta" to the Spanish) in the northern part of Apalachee Province. While Coweta later claimed to be

2850-606: The 1680s were related to the Hitchiti-speakers of the Apalachicola Province, and may have become part of the province by 1680. There were also Yamasee from Tama Province living in Apalachicola province in the 1680s. Many Apalachees disaffected with the Spanish presence in Apalachee Province moved to the Apalachicola towns in the 1680s. Qua, an Apalachee woman from a prominent family at Mission San Luis (in Anhaica ,

2945-608: The 16th century. Scholars now hold that the Muscogee Confederacy arose in the 18th century. The towns on the Chattahoochee River, which the Spanish called Apalachicola Province, formed a political complex, centered on Coweta. Similar political units existed on the Tallapoosa River , centered on Tuckabatchee , and the Middle Coosa River , centered on Abihka . Those three entities merged to form

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3040-546: The 1725/1744 map), or Uchisi . The Uchisi may have been descendants of the Ichisi people , encountered in the area 150 years earlier by the de Soto expedition, who may have still been living along Ochese Creek when the towns from Apalachicola Province moved there. The Ochese Creek towns entered into an extensive trade relationship with the English of Carolina. Males became increasingly involved in hunting deer for hides and raiding other Native American peoples for captives to sell to

3135-403: The 1826 Treaty of Washington . Those who stayed and made war were forcibly removed in 1836. The river served as Columbus's connection to the world, particularly enabling it to ship its commodity cotton crops from the plantations to the international cotton market via New Orleans and ultimately Liverpool , England. The city's commercial importance increased in the 1850s with the arrival of

3230-640: The Apalachee capitol of San Luis (Anhaica). A force of 800 Apalachee men assembled to attack the Ochese Creek towns in retaliation. That force was met on the trail near the Flint River by just over 400 warriors, primarily from the Muscogee- and Hitchiti-speaking towns, but including Chiscas and Westos. The Ochese Creek force was better armed than the Apalachees and caught the Apalachees by surprise in

3325-531: The Apalachee population went with Moore's force when it left the province. Another force from the Ochese Creek towns attacked Apalachee Province in June 1704, destroying most of the remaining missions. The Spanish and remaining Apalachees then abandoned the province. Spanish holdings in the interior of Florida were quickly reduced to the Mission San Francisco de Potano near present-day Gainesville ,

3420-480: The Apalachicola Province before the reinforcements arrived, hoping to capture the English traders. The English and many of the Apalachicolas fled. Matheos destroyed a half-built English stockade north of the falls of the Chattahoochee, and returned to Apalachee. The Carolinians quickly returned to the Apalachicola towns, and in December Matheos returned up the river, under orders from Governor Cabrera to burn

3515-626: The Apalachicola of the Savannah River as the "Naleathuckles", with 80 men settled in a town about 20 miles up the Savannah River. A more accurate census was taken by Irish colonist John Barnwell in early 1715. It described the Savannah River Apalachicola as living in two villages and having a population of 214 people: 64 men, 71 women, 42 boys, and 37 girls. In the Yamasee War of 1715, the Apalachicola joined in

3610-458: The Chattahoochee River "Apalachicola Province",, after what they perceived as the most powerful town in the province, Apalachicola . Apalachicolas began asking for friars to be sent to them in the 1640s, and regular trade between the Spanish in Apalachee Province and the Apalachicola began in the 1650s. By the 1670s, deer skins from the Apalachicola were being shipped to Havana. The Spanish heard of outside people moving into Apalachicola Province in

3705-558: The Chattahoochee River towns may have migrated south towards Apalachee, while Muscogee people from the Coosa and Tallapoosa areas in Alabama may have moved into the Chattahoochee valley. Folklore of the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy supports an interpretation of Muscogee-speaking immigrants joining a Hitchiti-speaking resident population, with the Chattahoochee River area including both Hitchiti- and Muscogee-speaking towns by

3800-553: The Chattahoochee left later for central Georgia, as well. Spanish records state that Apalachicola Province was completely abandoned by the spring of 1692. Most of the towns from the Chattahoochee River that moved to central Georgia settled in the area of what the English called Ochese Creek ( Uchise to the Spanish), which is now known as the Ocmulgee River , a tributary of the Altamaha River . The town of Apalachicola

3895-473: The Chattahoochee remained stable population centers, and became sites of later population expansion, other archaeologists believe that there were significant influxes of other people into the Chattahoochee Valley, changing the material culture of the area, and that similar processes occurred in the Tallahassee Hills region of Florida (the historic Apalachee Province ). At least some of the people of

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3990-541: The City Mills Dams were breached, river flow was restored to natural conditions, allowing the course to be created. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) course is the longest urban whitewater rafting and kayaking in the world, and has been ranked the world's best manmade whitewater course by USA Today . It also features the Blue Heron Adventure, a zip-line course connecting users from the Georgia side of

4085-580: The Civil War. With the expansion of the city, leaders established Columbus College, a two-year institution, which later evolved into Columbus State University , now a comprehensive center of higher learning and part of the University System of Georgia . The city government and the county consolidated in 1971, the first such consolidation in Georgia and one of only 16 in the U.S. at the time. Expanding on its industrial base of textile mills,

4180-525: The Columbus Council, is composed of ten elected council members, eight of whom serve individual districts and two of whom serve the city at large. The Muscogee County School District holds preschool to grade 12, and consists of 35 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and nine high schools. The district has over 2,000 full-time teachers and over 31,899 students. Henry Woodward (colonist) Too Many Requests If you report this error to

4275-710: The Confederacy, with the towns of the old Apalachicola Province becoming known as the Lower towns of the Muscogee Confederacy. A delegation of leaders from throughout the Muscogee Confederacy visited St. Augustine in 1717. The Spanish identified six provinces in the confederacy, including: The Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy (the Coweta or Apalachicola province) of the middle 18th century were an amalgamation of old Apalachicola and other groups (Westo, Yuchi, and others). The Lower Towns material culture, especially ceramics,

4370-429: The English embarked on continued attacks on Spanish missions and on all the native peoples associated with the Spanish. In early 1704, James Moore , governor of the English colony of Carolina, led a force of English and Native American fighters in a major assault on Apalachee Province. Demoralized by the defeat on the Flint River two years earlier, the province put up little resistance to the invaders. A substantial part of

4465-502: The English. They became dependent on the English for firearms and ammunition, almost completely abandoning the use of bow and arrow. While European trade goods became common in the Ochese Creek towns, ceramics showed strong continuity with those produced in the towns while they were on the Chattahoochee. The peoples of the Lamar culture region had traditionally built both winter and summer houses in their towns. A "winter house" or "hot house"

4560-565: The Fort Benning main gate. In 2002, Columbus State University, which previously faced expansion limits due to existing residential and commercial districts surrounding it, began a second campus downtown, starting by moving the music department into the newly opened RiverCenter for the Performing Arts . The university's art, drama, and nursing departments also moved to downtown locations. Such initiatives have provided Columbus with

4655-676: The Native American attacks on South Carolina. Afterward, the survivors returned to the Apalachicola River, forming near the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Some later moved north to live along the Chattahoochee River in present-day Russell County, Alabama . John Swanton concluded that the Muscogee Confederacy (what the English called the Creek Confederacy) was already in existence in

4750-526: The Ochese Creek grouping between 1692 and 1715, including the Muskogee-speaking Atasi (Addasleas or Attases) and Gowalege (Kwadledji), which had previously been located along the Tallapoosa River , Chiaha , from eastern Tennessee or western North Carolina, and a Westo town. Worth states that the town spelled Ewches shown on the 1715 map in the southern cluster of towns may be a mistransciption of any of Yuchi , Hitchiti ( Echeetes on

4845-456: The Ocmulgee river) in central Georgia. In 1691, after the Apalachicola towns had mostly moved to the Ochese Creek area, the Spanish identified the people that had begun attacking missions that year as "Indians of Uchise, Yamasses, and Englishmen", where Uchise meant Apalachicola . Hann takes this transfer of identity as an indication that the people who lived in the vicinity of Ochese Creek in

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4940-740: The Westos, and forced the missionaries to leave three days later. In 1680, the Carolinians turned on the Westos, who had been their allies and slave-raiders, killing most of them. The surviving Westos sought refuge at Coweta. Now wary of the English, the chief of Coweta renewed contact with the Spanish. In the fall of 1680 the chief of Sabacola went to St. Augustine and invited the Spanish to send missionaries and soldiers to Apalachicola. Juan Márquez Cabrera , who had become governor of Spanish Florida in 1680, sent missionaries back to Sabacola in 1681, with an escort of seven (or twelve) Spanish soldiers. At about

5035-400: The city is the home of the headquarters for Aflac , Synovus , and TSYS . From the 1960s through the 1980s, the subsidized construction of highways and suburbs resulted in drawing off the middle and upper classes, with urban blight , white flight , and prostitution in much of downtown Columbus and adjacent neighborhoods. Early efforts to halt the gradual deterioration of downtown began with

5130-423: The city was $ 22,514. About 12.8% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. According to the 2022 American Community Survey , the median household income throughout the city was $ 53,750 with a per capita income of $ 31,393. Approximately 17.8% of the population lived at or below the poverty line. Columbus' crime rate

5225-440: The city's 2015 fiscal year . The city predicted that an additional 30,000 soldiers would be trained annually at Fort Benning in upcoming years due to base realignment and closure of other facilities. Columbus is one of Georgia's three Fall Line cities , along with Augusta and Macon . The Fall Line is where the hilly lands of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat terrain of the coastal plain . As such, Columbus has

5320-568: The city, locally known as Manchester Expressway. The city is located at 32°29′23″N 84°56′26″W  /  32.489608°N 84.940422°W  / 32.489608; -84.940422 . According to the US Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 221.0 square miles (572 km ), of which 216.3 square miles (560 km ) are land and 4.7 square miles (12 km ) (2.14%) are covered by water. Columbus borders Phenix City , its largest suburb (in Alabama). Columbus also borders Chattahoochee , Talbot , Harris , and Russell County , which

5415-401: The city. The population density was 861.4 inhabitants per square mile (332.6/km ). The 82,690 housing units had an average density of 352.3 per square mile (136.0/km ). In 2010, the racial and ethnic composition of the city was 46.3% White, 45.5% African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 1.90% from other races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.4% of

5510-440: The combined statistical area. Since the 1830 United States census , Columbus has maintained a relatively positive population growth. At the 2020 census , there were 206,922 people, 73,134 households, and 45,689 families residing in the city. At the 2010 census , Columbus had a total population of 189,885, up from 186,291 in the 2000 census. The 2010 census reported 189,885 people, 72,124 households, and 47,686 families residing in

5605-414: The country claim to have originated the Memorial Day holiday, Bellware and Gardiner firmly establish that the holiday began in Columbus. In The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America , they show that the Columbus Ladies Memorial Association's call to observe a day annually to decorate soldiers' graves inaugurated a movement first in the South and then in the North to honor the soldiers who died during

5700-444: The growing English influence in the Chattahoochee valley. The Muscogee and Koasati-speaking towns were in communication with Westos , who were allied with the English in the Province of Carolina . The Christians of Sabacola had not informed the chief of Coweta of their request for Spanish missionaries. On hearing of the arrival of the missionaries, the chief traveled to Sabacola with men from Coweta and other towns who were friendly with

5795-420: The high-end Sears Woods and Windsor Park. Large tracts of blighted areas were cleaned up. A modern Columbus Consolidated Government Center was constructed in the city center. A significant period of urban renewal and revitalization followed in the mid- to late 1990s. With these improvements, the city has attracted residents and businesses to formerly blighted areas. Municipal projects have included construction of

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5890-407: The later 17th century. Speakers of the Koasati language , Apalachee people , and people known as Chisca or Yuchi also settled in the Chattahoochee towns in the later 17th century. The collapse of the Mississippian culture that followed the disruption caused by the de Soto Expedition was incomplete. Both Foster and Hahn comment that Apalachicola Province had "the form, but not the substance, of

5985-483: The lightly defended city and burned many of the industrial buildings. John Stith Pemberton , who later developed Coca-Cola in Columbus, was wounded in this battle. Col. Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar , owner of the last slave ship in America, was also killed here. A historic marker erected in Columbus notes that this was the site of the "Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865". Reconstruction began almost immediately and prosperity followed. Factories such as

6080-400: The most ancient and powerful town on the Chattahoochee, it had only moved there in the 1660s or 1670s, into the northern end of a province consisting of at least eight Hitchiti-speaking towns. The Spanish originally perceived political power to be concentrated in the southern part of the province. The Spanish recognized Apalachicola as the most important town in the province, while Sabacola , at

6175-572: The most important centers of industry in the Confederacy . During the war, Columbus ranked second only to the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. The Eagle Manufacturing Company made various textiles, especially woolens for Confederate uniforms. The Columbus Iron Works manufactured cannons and machinery for the nearby Confederate Navy shipyard, Greenwood and Gray made firearms, and Louis and Elias Haimon produced swords and bayonets. Smaller firms provided additional munitions and sundries. As

6270-430: The north side of the cluster, near where the Towaliga River joins the Ocmulgee. Some of the Hitchiti-speaking towns, including Ocmulgee, and Hitchiti (Echeetes), were located to the southern part of the Ochese Creek cluster, where Walnut Creek joins the Ocmulgee River (the location of present-day Macon ). Sabacola (Sawokli) was located close to the northern group of primarily Muscogee-speaking towns. Other towns joined

6365-401: The number of men in each town indicated. Another map, originally drawn in 1725, and redrawn in 1744, shows six towns around Ochese Creek prior to 1715, including one or two that do not appear on the 1715 map. Many of the names on the maps correspond to towns that had been on the Chattahoochee River. The Muskogee- (and Koasati-) speaking towns, Coweta, Kasihta, Tuskegee, and Koloni, were located on

6460-584: The people at the Chacato missions, west of Apalachee Province, fled in fear. The mission of San Carlos de los Chacatos was attacked in the fall of 1694. Five Chacatos were killed and 42 captives were taken for sale to the English in Carolina. The attack on the Chacatos was reported to have been conducted by men from the towns of Sabacola, Apalachicola, Coweta, and Tiquepache. In retaliation, 400 Apalachee men and seven Spaniards attacked those towns in central Georgia. The Spanish/Apalachee force surprised one town, rescuing eight Chacato captives, and capturing 50 people from

6555-454: The people in the area may have been there as early as 12,000 years ago. In the Middle and Late Woodland Period (300–750) sites such as Kolomoki were important centers of the regional culture. A variant of the Lamar regional culture , with influences from the Fort Walton culture to the south, developed in the towns along the Chattahoochee between 1300 and 1400. The cultural continuity of archaeological sites into historical times suggests that

6650-439: The population. In 2020, its population was 38.22% non-Hispanic white , 45.77% African American, 0.24% Native American, 2.68% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, 0.52% some other race, 4.35% multiracial, an 7.98% Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2010 census, median income for a household in the city was $ 41,331, and for a family was 41,244. Males had a median income of $ 30,238 versus $ 24,336 for females. The per capita income for

6745-524: The principal town of Apalachee Province), married Emperor Brim of Coweta. One of Brim's sons also had an Apalachee wife. In 1682, Henry Woodward and others from the Carolina colony began trading with the people of what is now western South Carolina and Georgia, reaching the Chattahoochee River in 1685. The Spanish reacted immediately. Juan Márquez Cabrera , governor of Florida, sent soldiers from St. Augustine to Apalachee Province. Antonio Matheos, deputy governor in Apalache Province, set out in September for

6840-631: The railroad. In addition, textile mills were developed along the river, bringing industry to an area reliant upon agriculture. By 1860, the city was one of the more important industrial centers of the South, earning it the nickname the Lowell of the South, referring to an important textile mill town in Massachusetts. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the industries of Columbus expanded their production; this became one of

6935-473: The recently created settlement of Apalachee refugees at Abosaya near Payne's Prairie , and the mission at Salamototo, serving the ferry crossing of the St. Johns River on the trail to St. Augustine. In August and September 1705 forces from the Ochese Creek towns attacked Abosaya, Salamototo, and a village just outside of St. Augustine. The Spanish soon abandoned Potano and Salamototo, and the Ochese Creek forces raided

7030-488: The remaining Spanish territory repeatedly. The Spanish governor estimated that 10,000 to 12,000 Christian natives had been captured and sold to the English as slaves, and only 300 or so remained in the vicinity of St. Augustine. In 1705, the English entered into an alliance with several of the towns in the Ochese Creek area, including Coweta, Kasihta, Okmulgee, and Kealedji, and others, such as Tukabatchi, Uchises, Oakfusees, and Alabamas. A colonial census taken in 1708 described

7125-462: The river to the Alabama side on an interstate zip-line over the Chattahoochee River. The course continues with several zip-lines and a ropes course on the Alabama side and completes with another zip-line back to Georgia. It has become a hub for whitewater kayakers, with outstanding standing waves year-round. In mid-winter it is referred to as the "Wintering Grounds" for big wave surfing athletes and enthusiasts. The city council of Columbus, known as

7220-502: The same time, some Apalachicolas killed a couple of Christian Apalachees in Apalachee Province. The Spanish sent more soldiers to Apalachicola, and relations worsened. The missionaries baptized 36 residents of Sabacola before being forced out again a few months later. Cabrera suspected English influence in the hostility shown the missionaries. Threats from Cabrera led to at least the Christianized residents of Sabacola moving south to

7315-723: The saving and restoration of the Springer Opera House in 1965. It was designated as the State Theatre of Georgia, helping spark a movement to preserve the city's history. This effort has documented and preserved various historic districts in and around downtown. Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, large residential neighborhoods were built to accommodate the soldiers coming back from the Vietnam War and for those associated with Fort Benning. These range from Wesley Woods to Leesburg to Brittney and Willowbrook and

7410-596: The southern Appalachian foothills down to the Gulf of Mexico the Apalachicola . Apalachicola Bay and the city of Apalachicola, Florida are named after the river. Columbus, Georgia#Geography Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Columbus lies on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City, Alabama . It

7505-435: The southern end of the province, also exercised great influence, being closest to the Spanish in Apalachee Province. The chief of Sabacola may have converted to Christianinity, and was recognized by the Spanish at one point as the "grand cacique " of Apalachicola Province. The number and names of towns on the Chattahoochee River varied in different Spanish reports. Two lists, from 1675 and 1685–1686, show many similarities, and

7600-426: The top employers in the city were: Columbus is served by one major indoor shopping mall , Peachtree Mall , which is anchored by major department stores Dillard's , Macy's , and J.C. Penney . The total retail floor area is 821,000 f t (76,300 m ). Major strip malls include Columbus Park Crossing , which opened in 2003, and The Landings, which opened in 2005. Columbus is also served by The Shoppes at Bradley Park,

7695-402: The town of Coweta, and left 20 Spanish soldiers and 20 Apalachees to hold it. In 1690 the towns of Cueta (Coweta) and Casista ( Cusseta ) moved to the interior of Georgia, closer to their trading partners in Carolina. Pirates threatened St. Augustine in 1690, and the garrison in the stockade on the Chattahoochee was withdrawn to St. Augustine, destroying the stockade as they left. Other towns along

7790-498: The town of Sabacola moved in 1674 to a spot just south of the junction of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, where they established a new town of Sabacola el Menor, which became the site of the mission of La Encarnation a la Santa Cruz. Fearing attacks from the Chisca in western Florida, who were at war with the Apalachee, the residents of Sabacola el Menor moved north up the Chattahoochee River some time around 1677. Sabacola el Grande

7885-450: The town. The other three towns had been abandoned and were burned by the Apalachees. Hostilities died down for a few years after 1694. In the winter of 1698–1699, 24 men from Tasquique (Tuskegee) headed to Apalachee with buffalo skins, leather shirts, and bezoar stones as trade goods. A party of 40 Chacatos led by a Spaniard, who were hunting buffalo, found the sleeping Tasquique party and killed 16 of them. Nevertheless, relations between

7980-577: The towns along the Chattahoochee River spoke the Hichiti language in the late prehistoric period. A chiefdom of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture had existed in the lower Chattahoochee River valley in the 16th century. A major change in ceramic types at sites along the Chattahoochee River occurred between 1550 and 1650. There is also evidence of a large drop in the population in the area. The de Soto expedition in

8075-528: The towns around Ochese Creek and Spanish Florida remained relatively peaceful for a few more years. In June 1702, 100 men from the Ochese Creek towns who had assembled at Achete (Hitchiti) attacked and burned the Spanish mission of Santa Fe de Toloca on the Santa Fe River . The towns on Ochese Creek decided on war against the Apalachee in the fall of 1702, and attacked the missions of San Antonio de Bacugua and San Cosme y San Damián de Cupaica north of

8170-577: The towns during the winter to sleep there. Within a few years, construction of winter houses in the Ochese Creek towns had ceased. The people of the Ochese Creek towns began attacking Spanish missions in 1691. The mission of San Juan de Guacara, where the Spanish trail connecting St. Augustine to Apalachee Province crossed the Suwannee River , and other places were attacked in August 1691. Many of

8265-447: The towns if they did not surrender the English traders to him. The traders and many of the Apalachicolas again fled. Matheos summoned the chiefs of the towns to meet him at Coweta. Eight chiefs attended the meeting, and were pardoned. The chiefs of Coweta, Kasihta, Tuskegee, and Koloni refused, and their towns were burned. Matheos then returned to Apalachee. Tuskegee and Koloni quickly rebuilt after their towns had been burned, and behaved in

8360-514: The war dead. The date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis. She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's final surrender to Union General Sherman at Bennett Place , North Carolina. For many in the South, that act marked the official end of the Civil War. In 1868, General John A. Logan , commander in chief of the Union Civil War Veterans Fraternity called

8455-505: The war turned in favor of the Union , each industry faced exponentially growing shortages of raw materials and skilled labor, as well as worsening financial opportunities. Unaware of Lee's surrender to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , Union and Confederates clashed in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia , on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a Union detachment of two cavalry divisions under Maj. Gen. James H. Wilson attacked

8550-438: Was a round house with a sunken floor and a central fireplace, with fully enclosed wattle and daub walls, used as winter lodging. Summer houses were less substantial, and generally rectangular. Towns also had a rotunda (Muscogee tcokofa ) next to the public buildings on the town square. This was a large (up to 50 metres (160 ft) across) round structure with wattle and daub walls with a central fireplace, which could be used as

8645-463: Was directed to write a letter inviting the ladies of every Southern state to join them in the observance. The letter was written in March 1866 and sent to representatives of all of the principal cities in the South, including Atlanta, Macon , Montgomery, Memphis, Richmond , St. Louis, Alexandria, Columbia, and New Orleans . This was the beginning of the influential work by ladies' organizations to honor

8740-527: Was established on the lower Savannah River (the English called the town Palachacola ), and the town of Oconee was established on another branch of the Altamaha, now called the Oconee River . English reports placed eleven (unnamed) towns in the Ochese Creek area in 1708, while ten were reported in 1715, with 600 to 730 males of fighting age ("gun men"), and a total population of 2,406 in 1715. A map drawn circa 1715 shows ten named towns around Ochese Creek, with

8835-511: Was located on the Chattahoochee River a few leagues south of the falls at Columbus. Some residents of Sabacola had become Christians when the town was located in Florida, and requested that missionaries be sent to them. In late 1679, three missionaries, including the friar at the former mission in Sabacola el Menor, were sent to Apalachicola Province to convert the Apalachicolas as a counter to

8930-474: Was maintained, despite the absorption of other groups. In 1716, Diego Peña noted the presence of some Alafay (from the Tampa Bay area), Timucua (from interior northern Florida), and Mocama (from coastal northern Florida and southern Georgia) people living in the Chattahoochee River towns. The town of Apalachicola moved to different locations along the Chattahoochee River in the 18th century, including in

9025-477: Was named for Christopher Columbus . The plan for the city was drawn up by Dr. Edwin L. DeGraffenried, who placed the town on a bluff overlooking the river. Edward Lloyd Thomas (surveyor) was selected to lay out the town on 1,200 acres. Across the river to the west, where Phenix City, Alabama, is now located, lived several tribes of the Creek and other Georgia and Alabama indigenous peoples. Most Creeks moved west with

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