55-554: APT Satellite Holdings Limited is a Bermuda-incorporated holding company. Its Hong Kong-incorporated subsidiary APT Satellite Co., Ltd. is the operator of the Apstar satellite constellation. APT Satellite Holdings and APT Satellite are headquartered in Hong Kong. As at 30 June 2016 the company had a market capitalisation of HK$ 3.816 billion. It is a red chip company, as it was an overseas incorporated company, but controlled by
110-405: A cosmetic to redden cheeks and lips and also used henna to color their hair and paint their nails. The ancient Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum . Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called
165-549: A paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars . The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold . A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement. The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of
220-736: A red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The Soviet red banner would subsequently be used throughout the entire history of the Soviet Union . China adopted its own red flag following the Chinese Communist Revolution . A red flag was also adopted by North Vietnam in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975. Since red is the color of blood , it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, and courage. Modern surveys in Europe and
275-647: A 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers . Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state ( DPSS ) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry , Raman spectroscopy , and holography. Red's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies; red lasers, used in early compact disc technologies, are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes
330-666: A Hong Kong company co-owned by Ruentex Group and China Development Corporation. The second largest shareholder of APT Satellite Holdings was Temasek Holdings for 5.51% shares. It was followed by International Value Adviser, LLC for 5.12%. Red chip Red chip stocks ( Chinese : 红筹股 ; pinyin : hóng chóu gǔ ; Jyutping : hung chau gu ) are the stocks of mainland China companies incorporated outside mainland China and listed in Hong Kong . It refers to businesses based in mainland China and with (majority) shares controlled either directly or indirectly by
385-488: A battle meant that no prisoners would be taken. In 1793-94, red became the color of the French Revolution . A red Phrygian cap , or "liberty cap", was part of the uniform of the sans-culottes , the most militant faction of the revolutionaries. In the late 18th century, during a strike English dock workers carried red flags, and it thereafter became closely associated with the new labour movement, and later with
440-580: A government body. This controlling entity could be one or more combinations of the central, provincial or municipal mainland government, with the company listed in Hong Kong to allow private and overseas investment. The term was coined by Hong Kong economist Alex Tang in 1992 and combines blue chip stocks with " red " representing the Socialist economic philosophy of the People's Republic of China. The Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index (HSCCI)
495-428: A greater amount of blue light and less red light. As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering , changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches
550-470: A mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in
605-464: A tint being a red or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. Four examples are shown below. The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between approximately 625 and 740 nanometers . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the light just past this range is called infrared, or below red, and cannot be seen by human eyes, although it can be sensed as heat. In
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#1732798402104660-403: A very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red colored habitus . When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with
715-453: Is a stock market index of 25 red chip companies. As of 30 September 2020 , there were 267 red chip companies, including: Red Red is the color at the long wavelength end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet . It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625–740 nanometres . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and a secondary color (made from magenta and yellow ) in
770-695: Is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France and Switzerland, and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994. The European Union approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants are preserved. In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cosmetics , drugs , and food. It
825-709: Is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field,
880-580: Is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as soft drinks , children's medications, and cotton candy . On June 30, 2010, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Red 40. Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes, many companies have switched to using natural pigments such as carmine , made from crushing
935-477: Is used to generate colors on such as computer monitors and televisions. For example, magenta on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with
990-522: The Aztec people , the Paracas culture and other societies used cochineal , a vivid scarlet dye made from insects. From the 16th until the 19th century, cochineal became a highly profitable export from Spanish Mexico to Europe. In the 18th century, red began to take on a new identity as the color of resistance and revolution. It was already associated with blood, and with danger; a red flag hoisted before
1045-521: The CMYK color model , and is the complementary color of cyan . Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish-red crimson , and vary in shade from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy . Red pigment made from ochre was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art . The Ancient Egyptians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies; Roman generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories. It
1100-624: The Labour Party in the United Kingdom, founded in 1900. In Paris in 1832, a red flag was carried by working-class demonstrators in the failed June Rebellion , an event immortalised in Les Misérables ), and later in the 1848 French Revolution . The red flag was proposed as the new national French flag during the 1848 revolution, but was rejected by at the urging of the poet and statesman Alphonse Lamartine in favour of
1155-746: The St. George's Cross . According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian , who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia . While red
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#17327984021041210-562: The United States show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love, and joy. In China, India , and many other Asian countries it is the color symbolizing happiness and good fortune. Varieties of the color red may differ in hue , chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness), or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness ), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades ,
1265-498: The rod cells in the human eye are not sensitive to red. In the RYB color model , which is the basis of traditional color theory , red is one of the three primary colors , along with blue and yellow. Painters in the Renaissance mixed red and blue to make violet: Cennino Cennini , in his 15th-century manual on painting, wrote, "If you want to make a lovely violet colour, take fine lac ( red lake ), ultramarine blue (the same amount of
1320-622: The Chinese Government indirectly (via China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation ). Fellow Hong Kong–based satellite company AsiaSat was also partially owned by the Chinese Government (via CITIC Group ), but belongs to a different department of the State Council. The establishment of APT Satellite Company Limited was officially approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China on 26 March 1992,
1375-437: The Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross . According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian , who refused to renounce his Christian faith and
1430-992: The World’s population. As of 31 December 2016 The largest shareholder of APT Satellite Holdings was APT Satellite International for 51.77% shares; APT Satellite International was 42.86% owned by Chinese state-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) indirectly, via a non-wholly owned subsidiary China Satellite Communications ; China Satellite Communications owned an additional 1.45% shares of APT Satellite Holdings via another subsidiary: "China Satellite Communications (Hong Kong)". Moreover, CASC owned an additional 14.29% stake of APT Satellite International, via another wholly owned subsidiary China Great Wall Industry Corporation. Lastly, CASC owned 1.45% shares of APT Satellite Holdings directly. To sum up, CASC consortium owned about 54.67% shares of APT Satellite Holdings and CASC owned about 57.15% stake of its intermediate holding company APT Satellite International. CASC acquired
1485-464: The aforementioned 14.29% shares of APT Satellite International from its listed subsidiary China Aerospace International Holdings in 2011, by purchasing a company CASIL Satellite for HK$ 132.3 million. In 2003, the other shareholders of APT Satellite International were China Satellite Communications (at that time a separate state-owned enterprise from CASC); SingaSat, a wholly owned subsidiary of Singtel ; and Kwang Hua Development and Investment,
1540-426: The cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences—both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced. During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in
1595-546: The coast of South Africa, paleoanthropologists in 2000 found evidence that, between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago, Late Stone Age people were scraping and grinding ochre , a clay colored red by iron oxide , probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies. Red hematite powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing . The site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago. The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to
1650-783: The company's incorporation on 21 January 1992 as Free Union Limited, renaming to Trans-Asia-Pacific Satellite Communications Co., Ltd. on 10 March, then APT Satellite Co., Ltd. on 15 April 1992. APT Satellite is a red chip company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 18 December 1996. APT Satellite Holdings, via wholly owned subsidiary APT Satellite Company Limited ("APT Satellite" or "APSTAR") owns and operates five in-orbit satellites: APSTAR-7, APSTAR-9, APSTAR-5C, APSTAR-6C and APSTAR-6D satellite (“APSTAR Satellite Fleet”), covering regions in Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia and Pacific island which contain approximately 75% of
1705-647: The dead. Red, black and white were the first colors used by artists in the Upper Paleolithic age, probably because natural pigments such as red ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived. Madder , a plant whose root could be made into a red dye, grew widely in Europe, Africa and Asia. The cave of Altamira in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to between 15,000 and 16,500 BC. A red dye called Kermes
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1760-696: The effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test ). Inside cave 13B at Pinnacle Point , an archeological site found on
1815-410: The eye. At sunrise and sunset , when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow. Lasers emitting in
1870-412: The fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and
1925-453: The human population. It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation in the MC1R protein. Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper . It is characterized by high levels of
1980-403: The iron components reflecting red light. Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the myoglobin and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual blood. Plants like apples , strawberries , cherries , tomatoes , peppers , and pomegranates are often colored by forms of carotenoids , red pigments that also assist photosynthesis . Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 1–2% of
2035-528: The language of optics, red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M (short and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina, combined with a fading stimulation of the L (long-wavelength) cone cells. Primates can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans, but many kinds of mammals, such as dogs and cattle, have dichromacy , which means they can see blues and yellows, but cannot distinguish red and green (both are seen as gray). Bulls, for instance, cannot see
2090-441: The laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue-laser recordings. The most common synthetic food coloring today is Allura Red AC , a red azo dye that goes by several names including: Allura Red , Food Red 17 , C.I. 16035 , FD&C Red 40 , It was originally manufactured from coal tar, but now is mostly made from petroleum. In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It
2145-604: The miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, red was adopted as a color of majesty and authority by the Byzantine Empire , and the princes of Europe. It also played an important part in the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church , symbolizing the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as
2200-466: The murals was called vermilion , and it came from the mineral cinnabar , a common ore of mercury . It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén , southwest of Madrid , in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic;
2255-530: The nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as cranberries , red apples , blueberries , cherries , raspberries , and plums . Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas—a famous example being New England —up to 70% of tree species may produce
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2310-519: The one as of the other) with a binder"; he noted that it could also be made by mixing blue indigo and red hematite . In the CMY and CMYK color models, red is a secondary color subtractively mixed from magenta and yellow. In the RGB color model , red, green and blue are additive primary colors . Red, green and blue light combined makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This principle
2365-461: The perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games . Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so
2420-440: The pigment. In autumn forests they appear vivid in the maples , oaks , sourwood , sweetgums , dogwoods , tupelos , cherry trees and persimmons . These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. (See Autumn leaf color ). Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated hemoglobin that contains iron molecules, with
2475-465: The red color of the cape of a bullfighter, but they are agitated by its movement. (See color vision ). One theory for why primates developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation. This may have driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability, such as the emergence of red faces. Red light is used to help adapt night vision in low-light or night time, as
2530-508: The red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography , and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use
2585-516: The reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . The term "redhead" (originally redd hede ) has been in use since at least 1510. Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills , red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone . Red can also affect
2640-528: The tiny female cochineal insect. This insect, originating in Mexico and Central America, was used to make the brilliant scarlet dyes of the European Renaissance. The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called anthocyanins . They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of
2695-467: The tricolor flag. It appeared again as the flag of the short-lived Paris Commune in 1871. It was then adopted by Karl Marx and the new European movements of socialism and communism . Soviet Russia adopted a red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. The People's Republic of China adopted the red flag following the Chinese Communist Revolution . It was adopted by North Vietnam in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975. Surveys show that red
2750-715: The upper classes. In Renaissance Flanders , people of all social classes wore red at celebrations. One such celebration was captured in The Wedding Dance (1566) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder . The painter Johannes Vermeer skilfully used different shades and tints of vermilion to paint the red skirt in The Girl with the Wine Glass , then glazed it with madder lake to make a more luminous color. In Latin America,
2805-551: Was also an important color in China , where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces. In the Renaissance , the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with kermes and cochineal . The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes, which replaced the traditional dyes. Red became a symbolic color of communism and socialism ; Soviet Russia adopted
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#17327984021042860-496: Was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians. In ancient Egypt, red was associated with life, health, and victory. Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during celebrations. Egyptian women used red ochre as
2915-531: Was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes , primarily Kermes vermilio . The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône . Kermes from oak trees
2970-416: Was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia . In Renaissance painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of Christ , the Virgin Mary , or another central figure. In Venice , Titian
3025-562: Was the master of fine reds, particularly vermilion ; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color. The figures of God, the Virgin Mary and two apostles are highlighted by their vermilion red costumes. Queen Elizabeth I of England liked to wear bright reds, before she adopted the more sober image of the "Virgin Queen". Red costumes were not limited to
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