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24-603: The northwest peninsular region is an area of hot springs and Roman settlements linked to the exploitation of valuable natural resources. Aquae Flaviae was the principal municipium civitas in the northwest (from epigraphic findings) implanted in the Trás-os-Montes, on a small hill on the banks of the River Tâmega, in the Roman province of Gallaecia . This was a fertile area, where hot springs abound, in addition to

48-507: A large scale until the inception of the Principate. Augustus , who needed to settle over a hundred thousand of his veterans after the end of his civil wars , began a massive colony creation program throughout his empire. However, not all colonies were new cities. Many were created from already-occupied settlements and the process of colonization just expanded them. Some of these colonies would later grow into large cities (modern day Cologne

72-540: A mining region from which gold is extracted. It is also located in a strategic place between the Roman cities of Bracara and Asturica , as well as the mining districts of Três Minas and Jales, located southwest of the civitates . Little is known of the urban fabric although there are some important points: an aqueduct supplied water from a reservoir and dam in Abobeleira, there was a theatre/amphitheatre, vestiges of

96-461: A necropolis and sections of a wall. With respect to the thermal activity, the lack of archaeological excavations means that little is known as of the alleged ancient Roman baths . Modern excavations have begun to uncover the remains of another Roman baths structure associated with a hot spring in Largo do Arrabalde consisting of large pavement slabs and a block of opus caementicium associated with

120-496: A potential reserve of veterans which could be called upon during times of emergency. However, these colonies more importantly served to produce future Roman citizens and therefore recruits to the Roman army . Roman colonies played a major role in the spread of the Latin language within the central and southern Italian peninsula during the early empire. The colonies showed surrounding native populations an example of Roman life. Since

144-459: A thermal spring. These are the first known thermal remains known to be located within Chaves. Further, within the civitates there are many complicated votive epigraphs which seem to relate to thermal worship. There are two inscriptions dedicated to nymphs, a lost inscription dedicated to Tutela and another to Isis, that suggest a thermal cult. Architecturally, the most notable feature of this city,

168-565: Is the bridge of Trajan over the Tâmega River, whose existence marked a period of exceptional development of the city. Functioning as a crossroads, it controlled the routes to the mining districts. The remains of two epigraphic inscriptions are located on the bridge, commemorating the construction or remodelling by Emperor Trajan , as well as another that aroused various interpretations, the Padrão dos Povos . The Padrão dos Povos mentions

192-523: Is unlikely that all the Sabines were invited to Rome, where facilities to feed and house them did not yet exist, it seems clear that population transfer was only offered to some. The rest continued on as independent localities under the ultimate governance of Rome. Under the Roman Republic the impracticality of transferring numerous large city-states to Rome was manifest. The answer to the problem

216-1257: The Second Carthaginian War . In the Empire colonies became large centres for the settlement of army veterans, especially in Roman north Africa which had the largest density of Roman colonies per region in the Roman Empire, where the Italic population constituted more than one third of the total population during the second century AD. New bilateral defence contracts with Falerii, Tarquinii (Etruria) Caere (again), Pomptina and Poplilia tribus (tribes) formed in territories of Antium New Roman municipia made from small towns around Rome: Aricia, Lanuvium, Nomentum, Pedum , Tusculum. Latin ius contracts made with Tibur , Praeneste, Lavinium , Cora (Latium) Ius comercii contracts made with Circei , Notba, Setia , Signia , Nepi , Ardea , Gabii Ius migrationi and ius connubii Ufentina tribus established (on territories of Volscus city Antium), Privernum , Velitrae , Terracia , Fondi and Fotmiae made contract with Rome (cives sine suffragio) Colonies were not founded on

240-471: The colony . In the early Roman Empire these distinctions began to disappear; for example, when Pliny the Elder served in the Roman army, the distinctions were only nominal. In the final stage of development, all citizens of all cities and towns throughout the empire were equally citizens of Rome. The municipium then simply meant municipality, the lowest level of local government . The munera and

264-576: The duties of full citizens in terms of liability to taxes and military service , but not all of the rights: most significantly, they had no right to vote. Executive power in municipium was held by four annually elected officials , composed of two duumvirs and two aediles . Advisory powers were held by the decurions , appointed members of the local equivalent to the Senate . In later years, these became hereditary. Colonia (Roman) A Roman colonia ( pl. : coloniae )

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288-550: The 6th century BC, Velitrae and Norba in the 5th century BC, and Ostia , Antium , and Tarracina in the late 4th century. In this first period of colonisation, which lasted down to the end of the Punic Wars , colonies were primarily military in purpose, being intended to defend Roman territory. The first Roman colony outside Italy was probably Italica in Hispania founded in 206 BC by Publius Cornelius Scipio during

312-421: The citizenship and its rights and protections were specific to the community. No matter where a person lived, at home or abroad, or what his status or class, he was a citizen of the locality in which he was born. The distinguishing characteristic of the municipium was self-governance . Like any ancient city-state, the municipium was created by an official act of synoecism , or founding. This act removed

336-483: The city. The city of Romulus synoecised the nearby settlements of Latium , transferring their populations to the seven hills, where they resided in typically distinct neighbourhoods. And yet, Sabines continued to live in the Sabine Hills and Alba Longa continued even though synoecised. The exact sequence of events is not known, whether the populace was given a choice or the synoecised sites were reoccupied. As it

360-545: The civitates dependant of Aquae Flaviae: Aquiflavienses, Avobrigenses, Bibali, Coelerni , Equaesi , Interamici , Limici , Naebisoci, Querquerni and Tamagani , as well as the Roman Legio VII Gemina Felix legion. Aquae Flaviae was founded by Rome, although the details of that founding remain obscure. Ptolemy suggests that it was founded in Turodi territory, a theory that has been strengthened by

384-513: The existence of epigraphic evidence documenting the presence of Turodi. Aquae Flaviae became a bishopric in the fourth century which lasted until the Arabic conquest in the eight century. It was restored as a titular see in 1969. Municipium In ancient Rome , the Latin term municipium ( pl. : municipia ) referred to a town or city. Etymologically, the municipium

408-489: The first order held full Roman citizenship and their rights ( civitas optimo iure ) included the right to vote , which was the ultimate right in Rome, and a sure sign of full rights. The second order of municipia comprised important tribal centres which had come under Roman control. Residents of these did not become full Roman citizens (although their magistrates could become so after retirement). They were given

432-461: The sovereignty and independence from the signatory local communities, replacing them with the jurisdiction of a common government. This government was then called the res publica ('public affair'), or in the Greek world the koinon ('common affair'). The term municipium began to be used with reference to the city-states of Italy brought into the city-state of Rome but not incorporated into

456-768: The urban poor to become farmers again in new colonies as agricultural settlements (e.g. Tarentum in 122 BC). Under Caesar and in the Imperial era starting from Augustus , thousands of Roman legionary veterans were granted lands in many coloniae in the empire and were responsible for the Romanization of many territories (mainly in the spread of Latin language and of Roman laws and customs ). According to Livy , Rome's first colonies were established in about 752 BC at Antemnae and Crustumerium , both in Latium . Other early colonies were established at Signia in

480-478: The urban structure of Rome, where they took up residence in neighbourhoods and became Romans per se . Under the Roman Republic the practical considerations of incorporating communities into the city-state of Rome forced the Romans to devise the concept of municipium , a distinct state under the jurisdiction of Rome. It was necessary to distinguish various types of municipia and other settlements, such as

504-512: Was a social contract among municipes ('duty holders'), or citizens of the town. The duties ( munera ) were a communal obligation assumed by the municipes in exchange for the privileges and protections of citizenship. Every citizen was a municeps . The distinction of municipia was not made in the Roman Kingdom ; instead, the immediate neighbours of the city were invited or compelled to transfer their populations to

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528-528: Was first founded as a Roman colony). During this time, provincial cities can gain the rank of colony, gaining certain rights and privileges. After the era of the Severan emperors the new "colonies" were only cities that were granted a status (often of tax exemption), and in most cases during the Late Imperial times there was no more settlement of retired legionaries. Roman colonies sometimes served as

552-496: Was originally a settlement of Roman citizens , establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term " colony ". Under the Roman Republic , which had no standing army , their own citizens were planted in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. There were two types: After 133 BC tribunes introduced reforms to support

576-409: Was the municipium . The town would be partially synoecised. The local government would remain but to its munera would be added munera due to the city of Rome. The partial synoecism took the form of a charter granting incorporation into the city of Rome and defining the rights and responsibilities of the citizens. The first municipium was Tusculum . The citizens of municipia of

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