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70-572: It is an industrial town that belongs to A Coruña metropolitan area. Notable landmarks are a Repsol refinery - with its associated industry - and the corporate headquarters of Inditex which is better known for its worldwide chain of clothing stores, Zara . It also has tungsten, titanium and tin mines. As of 2007, the Outer Harbour of A Coruña is being built here, in the Punta Langosteira Peninsula, to replace

140-525: A rhotic consonant in a certain environment. The most common may be of /z/ to /r/ . When a dialect or member of a language family resists the change and keeps a /z/ sound, this is sometimes known as zetacism . The term comes from the Greek letter rho , denoting /r/ . The southern ( Tosk ) dialects, the base of Standard Albanian , changed /n/ to /r/ , but the northern ( Gheg ) dialects did not: In Aramaic , Proto-Semitic n changed to r in

210-516: A city with a population of fewer than 250,000 inhabitants. The plan is to put a covenant on the land and to encourage a civic consultation on redevelopment of the site. The current mayor is Inés Rey of PSdeG-PSOE . After the War of Independence (1808–1814), the fortunes of Ferrol began to deteriorate. The largest port in northern Spain, site of the Reales Astilleros de Esteiro , one of

280-573: A dental or alveolar tap or trill [r] between vowels: The beginning of the change is attested in the Freising manuscripts from the 10th century AD, which show both the archaism ( ise 'which' < * jь-že ) and the innovation ( tere 'also' < * te- že ). The shift is also found in individual lexical items in Bulgarian dialects , дорде 'until' (< * do - že -dĕ ) and Macedonian , сеѓере (archaic: 'always' < * vьsegъda - že ). However,

350-557: A few garrisons, and the city was no more than a village amidst Roman ruins, the invaders showed the same lack of interest in the ruined city as they did generally for the region. As the city began to recover during the Middle Ages the main problem for the inhabitants was the Norman raids, as well as the ever-present threat of raids ( razzias ) from Al-Andalus to the south. During the 9th century there were several Viking attacks on

420-637: A few words: Aquitanian * l changed to the tapped r between vowels in Basque . It can be observed in words borrowed from Latin; for example, Latin caelum (meaning "sky, heaven") became zeru in Basque ( caelum > celu > zeru ; compare cielo in Spanish). The original l is preserved in the Souletin dialect : caelum > celu > zelü . Western dialects of Finnish are characterised by

490-534: A highly-regular change in pre- Classical Latin , intervocalic / s / in Old Latin , which is assumed to have been pronounced [ z ] , invariably became r , resulting in pairs such as these: Intervocalic s in Classical Latin suggests either borrowing ( rosa ) or reduction of an earlier ss after a long vowel or a diphthong ( pausa < paussa , vīsum < *vīssum < *weid-tom ). The s

560-582: A large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the main industrial and financial centre of northern Galicia, and holds the headquarters of the Universidade da Coruña . A Coruña is the Spanish city featuring the tallest mean-height of buildings, also featuring a population density of 21,972 inhabitants per square kilometre (56,910/sq mi) of built land area. There is no clear evidence as to what

630-438: A massive influx of Galician-speaking rural dwellers, into their quickly developed neighbourhoods. The period between 1960 and 1980 saw a big transformation in most areas of the city from being agricultural dwellings to urban districts. The international oil shocks of the mid and late 1970s severely disrupted the economy, causing many bankruptcies and high unemployment until the mid-1980s, when slower but steady economic development

700-490: A population density of around 6,700 inhabitants per square kilometer. In 2010, there were 12,344 foreigners living in the city, representing 5% of the total population. The main nationalities are Brazilians (10%), Colombians (8%) and Peruvians (7%). By language, according to 2008 data, 7.75% of the population speak Galician as a primary language, 36% speak Spanish and the rest use both interchangeably. The A Coruña metropolitan area has 431,332 inhabitants. The city

770-540: A process known as tapping or less accurately as flapping : got a lot of /ˈɡɒtə ˈlɒtə/ becomes [ˈɡɒɾə ˈlɒɾə] . Contrast is usually maintained with /r/ , and the [ɾ] sound is rarely perceived as /r/ . In Central German dialects, especially Rhine Franconian and Hessian , /d/ is frequently realised as [ɾ] in intervocalic position. The change also occurs in Mecklenburg dialects . Compare Borrem (Central Hessian) and Boden (Standard German). Reflecting

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840-594: A similar rate to other major Galician cities, but it was after the death of Francisco Franco when the city of A Coruña (and Vigo) left all the other Galician cities behind. The meteoric increase in the population of the City of A Coruña during the years which followed the Spanish Civil War in the mid-20th century was accompanied by the decline in the villages and hamlets of the province as it industrialized. The municipality of A Coruña has 247,604 inhabitants and

910-561: Is a city and municipality in Galicia , Spain. It is Galicia's second largest city, behind Vigo . The city is the provincial capital of the province of A Coruña , having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982. A Coruña is located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro ,

980-541: Is a street in present A Coruña called "Calle de la Sinagoga", or "synagogue street", which is believed to be the street where the synagogue once stood. During the Modern period , the city was a port and centre for the manufacturing of textiles. In 1520, king Carlos I of Spain , met in the courts of A Coruña and embarked from its harbour to be elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (as Charles V). He allowed

1050-612: Is another town named Coruña in Burgos Province . A more likely possibility is that the name simply means "The Crown", which in Galician is A Coroa and in Spanish is La Corona . It seems less likely that it traces back to the Galician clunia . The name is reputedly from the Greek Κορώνα (Crown), referring to the crown of Geryon that was buried by Hercules under the lighthouse he built to his honour. The hero Hercules slew

1120-456: Is in a constant decline, in favor of the official and historical form "A Coruña". A Coruña is located on a peninsula, and its isthmus was at times formed only by a small strip of sand. Erosion and sea currents caused a progressive accumulation of sand, enlarging it to its present dimensions. A Coruña has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) in the Köppen climate classification . Autumn

1190-475: Is most prevalent in northern dialects and absent from the most southern dialects. Some examples of rhotacized clusters include /kn/ ( cnó ), /mn/ ( mná ), /ɡn/ ( gnó ), and /tn/ ( tnáith ), while /sn/ ( snámh ) is never rhotacized even in the most innovative dialects. This can lead to interesting pairs such as nominative an sneachta /ə ˈʃnʲæːxt̪ˠə/ versus genitive an tsneachta /ə ˈt̪ɾʲæːxt̪ˠə/ . All surviving Germanic languages , which are members of

1260-507: Is particularly widespread in the island of Sicily , but it is almost completely absent in the Sicilian varieties of the mainland ( Calabrese and Salentino ). It affects intervocalic and initial /d/ : cura from Latin caudam , peri from Latin pedem , 'reci from Latin decem . In Andalusian Spanish , particularly in Seville , at the end of a syllable before another consonant, l

1330-664: Is regarded as a sign of speech-language pathology or illiteracy. Rhotacism, in Romanesco , shifts l to r before a consonant, like certain Andalusian dialects of Spanish. Thus, Latin altus (tall) is alto in Italian but becomes arto in Romanesco. Rhotacism used to happen when l was preceded by a consonant, as in the word ingrese (English), but modern speech has lost that characteristic. Another change related to r

1400-550: Is replaced with r : Huerva for Huelva . The reverse occurs in Caribbean Spanish : Puelto Rico for Puerto Rico (lambdacism). Rhotacism ( mola > mora , filum > fir , sal > sare ) exists in some Gallo-Italic languages as well: Lombard ( Western and Alpine  [ lmo ; it ] ) and Ligurian . In Umbrian but not Oscan , rhotacism of intervocalic s occurred as in Latin. Among

1470-501: Is the site of the Roman Tower of Hercules , a lighthouse which has been in continuous operation since possibly the 2nd century AD. It has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . It is surrounded by a large public park with a golf course and the so-called Moor's Graveyard ( Cemiterio do Mouro in Galician, Cementerio del Moro in Spanish) a building where in fact there were never burials, Muslim or not, which now houses

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1540-497: Is usually mild with spring-like temperatures, but winter is often unsettled and unpredictable, with strong winds and abundant rainfall coming from Atlantic depressions . The ocean keeps temperatures mild all year round (the variation between winter and summer temperatures is only 9 °C (16 °F) on average) and therefore frost and snow are extremely rare. In fact, the city has not received significant snowfall since January 1987. A Coruña lies in plant hardiness zone 10b. Spring

1610-521: Is usually warm and fairly calm, while summers are mostly sunny and humid, with occasional rainfall, usually in the form of drizzle ; high temperatures are warm but rarely uncomfortably hot because of the sea's cooling influence during the day, most often being around 22 °C (72 °F) between July and September. Even the warmest month on record was relatively subdued, being August 2003, with an average high temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) occur many days in

1680-478: The Casa das Palabras (Galician for House of Words) museum. The lighthouse features as the main emblem of the city's flag and coat of arms. The city is also well known for its characteristic glazed window balconies, called galerías . Originally, this type of structure came about as a naval architecture solution for the challenging weather, particularly designed for rainy days. This fashion started in nearby Ferrol in

1750-600: The Low Countries and England, where it was defeated. In the following year, during the Anglo-Spanish War , the English Armada conducted a besieged A Coruña , but was eventually forced to withdraw. A local woman, María Pita , took her dead husband's spear during the siege and killed an enemy captain, rallying support to deny a breach in the wall to the attackers. In the 16th and 17th centuries,

1820-645: The North and West Germanic families , changed /z/ to /r/ , implying a more approximant-like rhotic consonant in Proto-Germanic . Some languages later changed all forms to r , but Gothic , an extinct East Germanic language , did not undergo rhotacism. Note that the Modern German forms have levelled the rhotic consonant to forms that did not originally have it. However, the original sound can still be seen in some nouns such as Wesen , "being" (from

1890-660: The Roman Empire , A Coruña still had a commercial port connected to foreign countries, but contacts with the Mediterranean were slowly replaced by a more Atlantic-oriented focus. The process of deurbanisation that followed the fall of the Roman Empire also affected A Coruña. Between the 7th and 8th centuries, the city was no more than a little village of labourers and sailors. The 11th-century Chronica iriense names Faro do Burgo (ancient name of A Coruña) as one of

1960-747: The Royal Galician Academy , the institution dedicated to the study of Galician culture and especially the Galician language, the Romanesque churches of Santiago and Saint Mary, As Bárbaras Monastery (Romanesque and Baroque ) and the headquarters of the Operational Logistics Force of the Spanish Army . In July, a Medieval Fair takes place in the streets of the Old City. The city has several museums, such as

2030-719: The Spanish Constitution of 1812 . He was supported by the bourgeoisie and the educated people. But on 22 August he was betrayed and hanged in the Campo da Leña two months later. A Coruña supported the liberal side in all the 19th-century rebellions. A Coruña also played an important role in the Rexurdimento , and there were founded the Galician Royal Academy in 1906 and the Brotherhoods of

2100-598: The Spanish colonies in Latin America succeeded in gaining independence from their former metropolis . The population of the City of A Coruña in 1900 reached 43,971, while the population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol as well as Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's miraculous growth happened during the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War at

2170-564: The Turkic languages , the Oghur branch exhibits /r/ , opposing to the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/ . In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/ , *-/z/ , and *-/d/ to /r/ , *-/k/ , *-/kh/ in this branch. (This section relies on the treatment in Greenberg 1999. ) In some South Slavic languages , rhotacism occasionally changes a voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] to

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2240-494: The syllable coda is characteristic of the Caipira dialect . Further rhotacism in the nationwide vernacular includes planta , "plant", as [ˈpɾɐ̃tɐ] , lava , " lava ", as /ˈlarvɐ/ (then homophonous with larva , worm/maggot), lagarto , "lizard", as [laʁˈɡaʁtu] (in dialects with guttural coda r instead of a tap ) and advogado , "lawyer", as [ɐ̞de̞vo̞ʁˈɡadu] . The nonstandard patterns are largely marginalised, and rhotacism

2310-406: The 15th century. In 1208, Alfonso IX re-founded the city of Crunia . Some privileges, such as those of disembarking and selling salt without paying taxes, were granted to the city, and it enjoyed a big growth in fishing and mercantile business. The city grew and extended through the isthmus. In 1446 John II of Castile granted to A Coruña the title of "City". The Catholic Monarchs established

2380-524: The 18th century when some of the technicians working for the Royal Dockyards had the idea of using the shape of the back of a warship in a modern building. Soon afterward, most seaports in northern Spain, were adding these glazed window balconies to their city-port houses. The Old Town ( Ciudad Vieja in Spanish, Cidade Vella in Galician) is the name given to the oldest part of A Coruña. During

2450-544: The 2011 Municipal Elections, the conservative candidate Carlos Negreira ( PP ) obtained a majority, the first one for the People's Party in the city since the arrival of democracy. The mayor of the 2015–2019 mandate was Xulio Ferreiro, from the Marea Atlántica ("Atlantic Tide") party, who was elected in 2015 on an anti-corruption mandate. His remit was to improve the town planning of the city rather than to leave it to

2520-579: The Castle of San Antón Archaeological Museum, Fine Arts Museum and the network of scientific museums ( Casa das Ciencias , which also includes a planetarium, DOMUS, made by Arata Isozaki and Aquarium Finisterrae ). In 2012, the National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) opened a branch in the city. A Coruña's social scene is most popular on Summer nights. Most bars and clubs are on Rua do Orzán, which runs directly parallel to Paseo Maritimo on

2590-571: The Cidade (City), is built on an ancient Celtic castro. It was supposedly inhabited by the Brigantes and Artabrians , the Celtic tribes of the area. The Romans came to the region in the 2nd century BCE; they made the most of the strategic position and soon the city became quite important in maritime trade. In 62 BCE Julius Caesar came to the city (known at the time as Brigantium) in pursuit of

2660-723: The European-funded Maritime Promenade and the city's Scientific Museums (Casa das Ciencias-Planetario-, Casa dos Peixes-Aquarium and Casa do Home-Domus). On 20 January 2006 Vázquez was named ambassador to the Vatican City , and was later replaced by Francisco Javier Losada de Azpiazu. In 2007 Municipal Elections the local government was a coalition of the Socialists' Party of Galicia and the left-wing nationalist Galician Nationalist Bloc party. The city celebrated its first millennium in 2008. In

2730-564: The Galician Language in 1916. Regarding the economy, in 1804 the National Cigarette Factory was founded, and there the workers' movement of the city had its origins. During the 19th century other businesses (glass, foundries, textiles, gas, matches, etc.) were slowly established, but it was maritime trade and migrant travel that attracted Catalan, Belgian, French and English investments. The Bank of A Coruña

2800-601: The Jews in 1492 , a thriving Jewish community created a rich artistic heritage in the city. The most lavishly illuminated Hebrew Bible in medieval Spain was created in A Coruña in 1476. Known as the Kennicott Bible , it is currently housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford . The Jewish community is said to have dated to at least the 11th century, with fragments of Jewish tombstones dating to that time period. There

2870-534: The Latin word Colonya as its origin, where the L was transformed into R which occurs widely in Portuguese. A similar happening can be found today in Coronie , a Surinamese town which also made its course outside the Portuguese system. A folk etymology incorrectly derives Coruña from the ancient columna , or Tower of Hercules . In English, use of the Spanish or Galician forms now predominates. However,

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2940-705: The Royal Audience of the Kingdom of Galicia in the city, instead of Santiago . A Coruña also became the headquarters of the Captaincy General . Later, in 1522, Charles V conceded to the city of A Coruña the license to establish the House of Spices , being this the port chosen by Jofre Garcia de Loysa to set his expedition to conquer the Moluccans . In the late Middle Ages, before the expulsion of

3010-414: The already established Castillian - Spanish social dominance and extending the equally deep-rooted prejudice against Galician language and cultural expression. Another downside's of Mr Vazquez legacy would be his town-planning policies, with big-money pharaoh-like projects with little social impact (shopping centres, Millennium obelisk, etc.). However, on a positive note Mr Vazquez's 23 year-long mandate saw

3080-521: The beach side. Another popular destination, primarily for a more youthful crowd, is Os Xardins ( The Gardens ), a park near the beginning of Rúa Real and the Os Cantons Village Shopping Centre. Rhotacism Rhotacism ( / ˈ r oʊ t ə s ɪ z əm / ROH -tə-siz-əm ) or rhotacization is a sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant : /z/ , /d/ , /l/ , or /n/ ) to

3150-525: The busy harbour that is now in the city centre. The construction is planned to finish in 2020. It is drained by rivers Seixedo and Arteixo. This article about a location in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . A Coru%C3%B1a A Coruña ( Galician pronunciation: [ɐ koˈɾuɲɐ] ; Spanish : La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ; also informally called just Coruña ; historical English: Corunna or The Groyne)

3220-495: The city, called at that time Faro or Faro Bregancio. In the year 991, King Vermudo II began the construction of defensive military positions on the coast. At Faro, in the ruins of the Tower of Hercules , a fortress was built, which had a permanent military garrison. To pay for it, he gave power over the city to the bishop of Santiago . The bishop of Santiago became the most important political post in Galicia , and remained so until

3290-513: The dioceses that king Miro granted to the episcopate of Iria Flavia in the year 572: The Muslim invasion of the Iberian peninsula left no archaeological evidence in the northwest, so it cannot be said whether or not the Muslim invaders ever reached the city. As Muslim rule in early 8th century Galicia consisted little more than a short-lived overlordship of the remote and rugged region backed by

3360-633: The elections, the republican parties obtained 34 of the 39 council seats. The best results were of the ORGA and of the Partido Radical Socialista, and the Radical Republican Party lost a lot of support. From 1983 to 2006, the mayor of the city was Francisco Vázquez Vázquez ( PSOE ), and the city became devoted to services, but he also was criticised because of his being openly against Galician nationalism , favouring

3430-703: The fourteenth century, the scarcely-surviving city walls of the Old Town were built, as well as three harbors: the Parrot and San Miguel. It also preserves the stronghold known as the Old Fortress, now converted into the Garden of San Carlos, in which Sir John Moore is buried. The Old City of A Coruña kept streets and squares that revive the city's history and noble mansions and residences such as Rosalia de Castro's house, located on Prince Street. Notable buildings are

3500-436: The giant tyrant Geryon after three days and three nights of continuous battle. Hercules then—in a Celtic gesture—buried the head of Geryon with his weapons and ordered that a city be built on the site. The lighthouse atop a skull and crossbones representing the buried head of Hercules' slain enemy appears in the coat-of-arms of the city of A Coruña, Loukeris (2019). A proxy evolution within the Portuguese language points out to

3570-420: The government of the Kingdom of Galicia to distribute spice in Europe between 1522 and 1529. Commerce with the Indies was allowed between 1529 and 1575. San Antón Castle was built to defend of the city and its harbour. From the port of Ferrol in the Province of A Coruña , Philip II left to marry Mary I of England in 1554, and much later, in 1588, from the same port the Spanish Armada would set sail to

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3640-415: The mercy of corrupt, unregulated free-market policies which have left a negative legacy in many areas of the municipality. He has widespread support across the region in opposition to a project to sell off the city's port (a legacy of the preceding mayor Carlos Negreira) to a private equity firm, which wants to construct a gated community of high-rise apartment blocks for which there is no real market demand in

3710-403: The metal trade, establishing commerce with what are now France, England and Portugal. The town began to grow, mainly during the 1st and 2nd centuries (when the Farum Brigantium Tower of Hercules was built), but declined after the 4th century and particularly with the incursions of the Vikings , which forced the population to flee towards the interior of the Estuary of O Burgo. After the fall of

3780-411: The name derives from. It seems to be from Crunia , of unknown origin and meaning, documented for the first time at the time of Ferdinand II of León (reigned 1157–1188). As usual in Galician-Portuguese (as well as in Castilian Spanish), the cluster ni naturally evolved into the sound [ ɲ ] , written n , nn or nh in old Galician orthography, nn in Spanish (later abbreviated to ñ , like

3850-407: The ninth and tenth centuries, the inhabitants of what was then called Faro Island (peninsula where the Tower of Hercules stands) were leaving the area due to constant attacks by the Viking fleet and settled in the area of Betanzos. In 1208 King Alfonso IX refounded the city at the present site of the Old Town and put it under his personal control, free from allegiance to the clergy or feudal lords. In

3920-414: The original Latin cluster "nn"), and nh in Portuguese and alternative Galician spelling. " A " is the Galician-Portuguese article equivalent to English the ; compare Castilian Spanish la ("the"). One proposed etymology derives Crunia from Cluny , the town in France. During its height ( c.  950  – c.  1130 ) the Cluniac religious movement became very prominent in Europe. There

3990-493: The pronunciation /r/ or /ɾ/ of the consonant written d in Standard Finnish kahden kesken- kahren kesken (two together = one on one). The reconstructed older pronunciation is *ð . In Manx , Scottish Gaelic and some dialects of Irish , /n/ becomes /r/ in a variety of consonant clusters, often with nasalization of the following vowel. For example, the /kn/ cluster developed into /kr/ , as in Scottish Gaelic cnoc [krɔ̃xk] ‘hill’. Within Ireland, this phenomenon

4060-446: The results of the sound change have largely been reversed by lexical replacement in dialects in Serbia and Bosnia from the 14th century. Dialects in Croatia and Slovenia have preserved more of the lexical items with the change and have even extended grammatical markers in -r from many sources that formally merged with the rhotic forms that arose from the sound change: Slovene dialect nocor 'tonight' (< * not'ь-sь-ǫ- + -r- ) on

4130-509: The same root as war / waren ) as well as Verlust , "loss" and Verlies , "dungeon" (both from the same root as verlieren / verloren ). Because of the presence of words that did not undergo rhotacisation from the same root as those that did, the result of the process remains visible in a few modern English word pairs: Intervocalic /t/ and /d/ are commonly lenited to [ɾ] in most accents of North American and Australian English and some accents of Irish English and English English ,

4200-428: The summer, while temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are infrequent. A Coruña has five parishes, or parroquias : A Coruña, San Vicente de Elviña, Santa María de Oza, San Cristóbal das Viñas, and San Pedro de Visma. A Coruña spread from the peninsula, the site of the later Tower of Hercules , onto the mainland. The oldest part, known popularly in Galician as Cidade Vella (Old City), Cidade Alta (High City) or

4270-441: The three Royal Royal Dockyards together with Cartagena and Cádiz , almost became a "dead" town during the reign of Ferdinand VII . By 1833, the City and Naval Station of Ferrol saw its civilian population reduced to 13,000. During the administration of the marquess of Molina, Minister for Naval affairs in the mid-19th century new activities sprang up, but Ferrol never fully returned to its former glory. During those years, most of

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4340-437: The traditional English form Corunna / k ə ˈ r ʌ n ə / is still often used in the UK, particularly in reference to the Battle of Corunna (1809) in the Peninsular War . Archaically, English-speakers knew the city as "The Groyne", probably from French La Corogne . In Spain, the official form of the name is now the Galician one: "A Coruña", though many Spaniards continue to use "La Coruña". Despite this, "La Coruña"

4410-463: The wars of the Spanish monarchy caused a great increase in taxes and the start of conscription. In 1620, Philip III created the School of the Boys of the Sea. In 1682 the Tower of Hercules was restored by Antúnez. On 16 January 1809, A Coruña was the site of the Battle of Corunna during the Peninsular War , in which British troops fought against the French to cover the embarkation of British troops after their retreat. In this battle Sir John Moore

4480-451: The words obrigado , "thank you" (originally from "obliged [in honourably serving my Sir]"); praia , "beach"; prato , "plate" or "dish"; branco , "white"; prazer / pracer , "pleasure"; praça / praza , "square". Compare Spanish obligado (obliged), playa, plato, blanco, placer, plaza from Latin obligatus, plagia, platus, blancus (Germanic origin), placere (verb), platea . In contemporary Brazilian Portuguese , rhotacism of /l/ in

4550-437: Was founded in 1857. The new provincial division of 1832 also influenced economic development. At the beginning of the 20th century, A Coruña had about 45,000 inhabitants. The Great Depression and the Spanish Civil War severely affected the economy through the 1930s to the mid-1950s. The 1960s and early 1970s saw a dramatic economic recovery, which was part of the wider Spanish Miracle . As elsewhere in Galicia, A Coruña attracted

4620-399: Was killed. Spanish resistance during the war in Galicia was led by Sinforiano López, and A Coruña was the only Galician city that achieved success against the French troops. French troops left Galicia at the end of May 1809. During the 19th century, the city was the centre of anti-monarchist sentiment. On 19 August 1815, Juan Díaz Porlier , pronounced against Fernando VII in defense of

4690-557: Was noted by the Romans themselves: In many words in which the ancients said s , they later said r ... foedesum foederum, plusima plurima, meliosem meliorem, asenam arenam In Neapolitan , rhotacism affects words that etymologically contained intervocalic or initial /d/ , when this is followed by a vowel; and when /l/ is followed by another consonant. This last characteristic, however, is not very common in modern speech. In Galician-Portuguese , rhotacism occurred from /l/ to /r/ , mainly in consonant clusters ending in /l/ such as in

4760-446: Was preserved initially ( septum ) and finally and in consonant clusters. Old Latin honos became honor in Late Latin by analogy with the rhotacised forms in other cases such as genitive, dative and accusative honoris , honori , honorem . Another form of rhotacism in Latin was dissimilation of d to r before another d and dissimilation of l to r before another l , resulting in pairs such as these: The phenomenon

4830-442: Was resumed. In the Spanish general elections, 1931 , all the political parties knew that the electoral results had important political consequences. The campaign of Unión Monárquica was very important in A Coruña and was supported by El Ideal Gallego . Republicans and socialists constituted a block, made up of ORGA, independent republicans, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Radical Socialist Republican Party . In

4900-643: Was the shortening of the geminated rr , which is not rhotacism. Italian errore , guerra and marrone "error", "war", "brown" become erore , guera and marone . In Romanian , rhotacism shifted intervocalic l to r and n to r . Thus, Latin caelum ‘sky; heaven’ became Romanian cer , Latin fenestra ‘window’ Romanian fereastră and Latin felicitas ‘happiness’ Romanian fericire . Some northern Romanian dialects and Istro-Romanian also changed all intervocalic [n] to [ɾ] in words of Latin origin. For example, Latin bonus became Istro-Romanian bur : compare to standard Daco-Romanian bun . Rhotacism

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