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64-610: Arattupuzha is a cultural village in Thrissur district of Kerala in South India , approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) South of the town of Thrissur . Located on the banks of the Karuvannur river, Arattupuzha is home to the annual Arattupuzha Pooram that stages the grand spectacle of numerous caparisoned elephants lined up in a row to the accompaniment of ethnic percussion concerts. Firework displays are also part of
128-652: A Malayali Brahmin caste, native to what is now the state of Kerala , India, where they constituted part of the traditional feudal elite. Headed by the Azhvanchery Thamprakkal Samrāṭ , the Nambudiris were the highest ranking caste in Kerala. They owned a large portion of the land in the region of Malabar , and together with the Nair monarchs, the Nambudiris formed the landed aristocracy known as
192-466: A canning industrial unit at Nadathara and it is going on very successfully. Besides all these the match stick industry , pharmaceuticals , printing etc. give Thrissur its fame as a bustling industrial centre. The first Worker's Indian Coffee House of the state was opened in Thrissur (1957). The 400 kV Electric Power Station at Madakkathara near Thanikkudam is the major electrical hub connecting
256-685: A section among the Hindus of the district. Guruvayur Temple is a Hindu shrine dedicated to the Lord Guruvayurappan , located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala , India . It is one of the most important pilgrim centres for Hindus in South India . The Catholics ( Syro Malabar Church and Latin ), Orthodox and Chaldeans are the main sections of the Christian Community in the district. Catholics constitute 90% of
320-576: A vasthram. Nambudiris wore their traditional hair tufts ( kuṭumi or śikhā ) on the front like the Dikshitars of Tamil Nadu. Nambudiri Brahmin families practised a more strict version of primogeniture than Brahmin communities elsewhere in India. Under this custom, only the eldest son could marry a Nambudiri woman and thus produce an heir to the family property. Younger sons were restricted to sambandam relationships with non-Brahmin women, whom
384-425: Is Malayalam . Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams . The district is known for its ancient temples , churches , and mosques . Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful temple festival in Kerala. The term 'Thrissur' is the shortened form of the word 'Thrissivaperur' which means "the town in
448-525: Is Siva and the other is Maha Vishnu. Both have same the importance. But Siva is the main Idol. Because of this the temple listed in the 108 Siva temples list. The temple faces to the eastern side and has very good Sreekovil. Kodungallur , the capital of the erstwhile Chera Empire , is a region of great archeological and historical significance. The Bhagavathi Temple here attracts thousands of devotees from all over Kerala. The Cheraman Juma Masjid, believed to be
512-543: Is a memorable episode in the history of the national movement. Source: Official Statistics 2007 According to the 2018 Statistics Report , Thrissur district has a population of 3,243,170, roughly equal to the nation of Mongolia or the US state of Iowa . The 2011 Census of India gives it a ranking of 113th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 1,026 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,660/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
576-419: Is certain that in theory hypergamy can cause a shortage of marriageable women in the lowest ranks of a caste and promote upwards social movement from the lower Nair subdivisions, the numbers involved would have been very small. It was not a common practice outside the higher subcaste groups and the Nambudiris had mostly stopped the practice by the 1920s. The form of Sanskrit theatre known as Koodiyattam , which
640-822: Is the Thrissur MP and Benny Behanan is the Chalakudy MP. Thrissur municipal corporation is the only municipal corporation in the district. For administrative purposes, the district of Thrissur is divided into two Revenue Divisions and seven taluks . These seven taluk centres are administrative hubs for 255 villages in Thrissur. The first newspaper which published from Thrissur was Lokamanyan in 1920. Then came Deenabandhu in 1941 and General (newspaper) in 1976. Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include '' Malayala Manorama , Mathrubhumi , Deshabhimani , Deepika , Kerala Kaumudi and Madhyamam . A number of evening papers are also published from
704-413: Is widely known as the "Indian Niagara" nowadays. This is the only district in Kerala with the presence of both Periyar and Bharathappuzha, though they flow only a small distance through the district. The district has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive hot season and plentiful and seasonal rainfall. Annual rainfall is about 3,000 mm (120 in). The hot season from March to May is followed by
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#1732779529417768-549: The Cheras of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala with their capital at Vanchi . The whole of the present Thrissur District was included in the early Chera Empire. The District can claim to have played a part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. Kodungalloor , which had the distinction of being the "Premium Emporium of India", gave shelter to all
832-600: The Jenmimar , until the Kerala Land Reforms starting in 1957. The Nambudiris have traditionally lived in ancestral homes known as Illams and have been described by anthropologist Joan Mencher as, "A wealthy, aristocratic landed caste of the highest ritual and secular rank." Venerated as the carriers of the Sanskrit language and ancient Vedic culture, the Nambudiris held more power and authority than
896-586: The KSEB electrical power system to the national electrical grid. The station serves more than 30% of the state's electrical energy requirements and acts as the principal feed to the northern half of Kerala. Avinissery , a census town at south of Thrissur city is an important centre of Khadi and Village Industries. Mayannur Namboodithiri The Nambudiri ( Malayalam pronunciation: [n̪ɐmbuːd̪iɾi] ), also transliterated as Nampoothiri , Nambūdiri , Namboodiri , Namboothiri and Nampūtiri , are
960-762: The Kerala Lalitakala Academy and the Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Academy . The town is built around a hillock, crowned by the Vadakkumnathan (Siva) Temple. The temple is a classical example of Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines. Thrissur also has added to its name The Church of Our Lady of Dolors , popularly known as the New Church (Puthen Palli). It is the third tallest church in Asia and
1024-595: The Palakkad Gap , which is also the largest opening in the southern Western Ghats , and settled around the river Bharathappuzha . The region around Coimbatore near Karnataka - western Tamil Nadu border was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu . The Azhvanchery Thamprakkal , who were
1088-609: The twelve apostles of Jesus Christ . It is the first church in India, and Saint Thomas performed the first baptism in India here. It is part of the Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ (seven major churches) that he established in India. The original small church structure has been retained at the original site. Muslims live predominantly in the coastal belt of the district, from north Punnayoorkkulam to South Azhikode. They are dominant in Guruvayur and Chavakkad , in good in numbers Kodungalloor , Kaipamangalam and Nattika areas. Sunnis are
1152-625: The Brahmins who migrated through the Palakkad Gap . Anthropologists Heike Moser and Paul Younger note that the Nambudiri Brahmin presence predates the 9th century, as attested by grants of land given to them by ruling families. According to the historian Romila Thapar , local kings and chiefs encouraged them to move to the area by offering such tax-exempt land grants in return for them officiating in Vedic rites that would legitimise
1216-688: The Chief Priest at the Badrinath Temple , one of the holiest temples for Hindus. Furthermore, the spiritual leader of the Nambudiri Brahmins is given the title Azhvanchery Thamprakkal Samrāṭ , with the word "Samrāṭ" meaning "Emperor" in the Sanskrit language. Aside from holding rights over the sacred Guruvayur Temple , the presence and blessings of the Azhvanchery Thamprakkal was a ritual necessity during
1280-592: The Christian population of the district. Kunnamkulam , a town in the northern part of the district is the center for the Orthodox, Malabar Independent Syrian Church (Thozhiyoor church), Pentecostals and Marthomites . A notable church in the area is St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur . According to Saint Thomas christian tradition, the Palayur church was established in 52 AD by Saint Thomas , one of
1344-471: The Nair aspirational culture whereby they would seek to improve their status within the caste. Furthermore, that: ... among the higher-ranking Nayars (and Kshatriyas and Samantans) in contradistinction to the "commoner" Nayars, no two subdivisions admitted to equal status. Thus the relations set up by the tali-rite [ie: the thalikettu kalyanam ] and the sambandham union were always hypergamous. Although it
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#17327795294171408-442: The Nambudiris considered to be concubines and whose offspring could not inherit. This tradition limited the extent of marriage within their own caste and led to the practice of hypergamy with the Nair community. Kathleen Gough notes that: These hypergamous unions were regarded by Brahmans as socially acceptable concubinage , for the union was not initiated with Vedic rites, the children were not legitimized as Brahmans, and neither
1472-442: The Nambudiris could be found in all matters related to Kerala , including religion, politics, society, economics and culture. Operating from their illam houses, Nambudiris' ownership of agricultural land under the janmi system increased over many centuries and, according to Moser and Younger, they "established landholding temples and taught the people the rules of caste". The Nambudiris have been described to be responsible for
1536-533: The Sanskrit influence on Malayalam , a Dravidian language, due to the Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of Sanskrit and the local Tamil language. Medieval Kerala has been characterised as an oligarchy which was dominated by the Nambudiris, who owned all the temples and their subsidiary villages. The Nambudiris had influence with the ruling class through the practice of sambandam , where younger Nambudiris used to have relationships with Kshatriya women or women from
1600-763: The South West Monsoon season from June to September. The period from December to February is the North East Monsoon season. However the rain stops by the end of December and the rest of the period is generally dry. Thrissur is known as cultural capital of Kerala .The district is known for the Thrissur Pooram . An ancient cultural center, Thrissur houses the Kerala Kalamandalam , the Kerala Sahitya Academy ,
1664-722: The Thrissur Taluk was for long under the domination of the Yogiatiripppads, the ecclesiastical heads of the Vadakkunnathan and Perumanam Devaswoms. The wave of nationalism and political consciousness which swept through the country since the early decades of this century has its repercussions in the District as well. Thrissur District has been in the forefront of the country-wide movement for temple entry and abolition of untouchability. The Guruvayur Satyagraha
1728-547: The area, sociologist Randall Collins thinks it is unlikely that such a change could be imposed and says that "more probably it was the result of a process of marriage politics spread by emulation in the decentralised situation of status competition." Some other scholars believe that the matrilineal customs predate the period entirely and cite the queens of the Pandyan dynasty as evidence for this. The unwillingness of Nambudiris to adapt to changes in wider society persisted until
1792-496: The basis of the Malayalam language version of the epic. There are lots of theories as to how Nambudiri Brahmins came to settle in Kerala, the commonly accepted point of view is that they moved in from North India via Tulu Nadu or Karnataka . Another theory based on the retention of Mahabharata types as memorized by different Brahmin communities points to Tamil Nadu as the base from which they migrated to Kerala via
1856-786: The border of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary of Palakkad. The Periyar , the Chalakudy , the Karuvannur , the Kurumali River (main tributary of the Karuvannur River) and the Ponnani ( Bharatha Puzha ) are the main river systems in the district. They take their origin from the mountains on the east, and flow westward and discharge into the Arabian Sea . There are a number of tributaries also joining these main rivers. There are waterfalls such as Athirappilly Falls which
1920-520: The celebration. The Arattupuzha Sastha Temple is located in Arattupuzha. The temple dates back 3000 years. Thrissur district Thrissur ( Malayalam: [t̪riʃ(ː)uːr] ), anglicised as Trichur , is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala . It is situated in the central region of the state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km (1,171 sq mi),
1984-712: The city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada , Tamil and Telugu are also sold in large numbers. Thrissur is known for the power loom industry and the Textile Mills like the Alagappa Textiles in Alagappa Nagar , Kerala Lakshmi Mills at Pullazhi , Rajgopal Textiles at Athani , Sitaram Spinning and Weaving Mills Thrissur, Vanaja Textiles at Kurichikkara (now defunct), Bhagavathy Spinning Mills at Thanikkudam and Kunnath Textiles at Thrissur. Thrissur are engaged in
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2048-518: The coronation of the Zamorin , the Nair king of Kozhikode . They have historically been distinguished by rare practices such as the adherence to Śrauta ritualism , the Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā school of Hindu philosophy and orthodox traditions, as well as many idiosyncratic customs that are unique among Brahmins , including primogeniture . Cyriac Pullapilly mentions that the dominating influence of
2112-429: The decade 2001–2011 was 4.58%. Thrissur has a sex ratio of 1107 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 95.32%. 67.17% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 10.39% and 0.30% of the population respectively. Thrissur was also the second highest urbanized district in Kerala after Ernakulam . Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 98.91% of
2176-451: The district is home to over 9% of Kerala's population. Thrissur district is bordered by the districts of Palakkad and Malappuram to the north, the districts of Ernakulam and Idukki to the south and Coimbatore to the east. The Arabian Sea lies to the west and Western Ghats stretches towards the east. It is part of the historical Malabar Coast , which has been trading internationally since ancient times. The main language spoken
2240-552: The district, St.Joseph's Shrine is situated at Pavaratty. There is a legend which tells Saint Thomas (Apostle) was landed in kodungallur , Muziris in 52 AD. The Saint Thomas Church established by him houses many ancient relics. Puthenchira in Thrissur is the birth place of the Catholic Saint Mariam Thresia . According to myth, Malik Bin Deenar and 20 others who were the followers Muhammad ,
2304-503: The early years of the 20th century but Susan Bayly believes that their decline in significance can be traced to the period 1729-1748 when Marthanda Varma established the Kingdom of Travancore and chose to use Iyer and Deshastha Brahmins from Tamil Nadu in his civil service. She believes that decision undermined the relationship between the Nambudiri Brahmins and royalty in the region, although others have said that Varma's influence
2368-590: The east by small parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu , on the south by Ernakulam district, and on the west by the Arabian Sea (54 km (34 mi)). Descending from the heights of the Western Ghats in the east, the land slopes towards the west forming three distinct natural divisions – the highlands, the plains and the sea board. Karimala Gopuram is the highest point in Trissur situated in
2432-580: The founder of Islam , first landed in Kodungallur in Thrissur district when they came to India. Islam received royal patronage in some places here, and later spread to other parts of India. He built the mosque Cheraman Juma Masjid which makes it the first mosque in India. Guruvayur , home to the Sree Krishna Temple, is 25 km (16 mi) to the north of the city. It is a sacred place not only for Keralites but for Hindus all over
2496-476: The grantors' status as rulers. They also gained land and improved their influence over the socio-economic life of the region by helping rulers during the wars between the Chola and Chera dynasties when Vedic schools were turned into military academies. Adi Shankara , one of the most revered Vedic scholars of Hinduism, was a Nambudiri ascetic who initiated the protocol of permitting only Nambudiris to lead as
2560-405: The kings and were "above and outside the political systems of the kingdoms." Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada , Krishna , Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parashurama , the sixth avatar of Vishnu . According to this legend, the region was created when Parashurama threw his axe into the sea Although it is known that
2624-622: The landholdings, inheritance customs and marriage arrangements of both the Nambudiris and Nairs. The traditional basis of life was challenged by these and other changes, affecting also the other major ethnic groups of the area, such as the Ezhavas and the Syrian Christians . Like others, the desire for social reform went strong among the Nambudiris which led to the formation of the Yogakshema movement in 1908 in order to agitate for
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2688-605: The major section in Muslim community. The first mosque in India is claimed to be Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur . Legend claims that it was built in 629 CE, which makes it the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which is still in use. It was built by Malik Deenar , Persian tābiʿūn of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, on the orders of the successor of Cheraman Perumal , the Chera King of modern-day Kerala. The mosque
2752-543: The manufacture of hosiery products. The coir and the tile industry offer employment for many people in the district. The first saw mill in the state was erected at Trichur (1905). Most of the timber is brought down from the forests to Thrissur and Chalakkudy , which are the most important timber marts in the District. Canning is a developing industry in Thrissur and Darlco Cannings and Kayee Plantations Cannings ; both have major units at Thrissur. The Thrissur Fruits and Vegetables Marketing Society are establishing
2816-701: The marriage of all the junior males within the community itself. It also focused on popularising the English language study and abolishing the Purdah system among the Nambudiri females. The Nambudhiri Brahmins are a super-minority community in Kerala. According to the 1901 Census reports, they represent 0.47% of the total population of Nambudiris within Kerala. They are dominant and highly influential in British Malabar , where they account for more than 66% of
2880-410: The name of Lord Siva". The town is built on an elevated ground, at the apex of which is the famous Vadakkumnatha Temple. A place of great antiquity, Thrissur was also known as Vrishabhadripuram and 'Ten Kailasam' in classical Sanskrit texts. From ancient times, Thrissur District has played a part in the political history of Kerala. The early political history of the District is interlinked with that of
2944-490: The oldest Mosque in India is situated here. Irinjalakkuda , where the only Bharatha Temple in India is located, is another place of importance. The Unnayi Warrier Smaraka Kalanilayam which is located near the Koodalmanickyam Temple is an important center of Kathakali Learning. Since ancient times Thrissur has been the most important center of Vedic Learning in Kerala. Yagas are still conducted in her soil with
3008-545: The oldest Nambudiri settlements of Kerala are situated around the River Bharathappuzha . The Kingdom of Tanur , Kingdom of Valluvanad , Perumpadappu Swaroopam , and the kingdom of Palakkad , located around the river Bharathappuzha , were once strongholds of Nambudiris. The introduction of Grantha script which later got evolved into Malayalam script , and the evolution of Malayalam language through Sanskritisation of Middle Tamil are highly related to
3072-565: The oldest known rituals, was maintained by Nambudiri Brahmins until at least 1975. Although it may have largely died out elsewhere in India and thus be symptomatic of the community's resistance to change, David Knipe notes that it is still performed regularly in Andhra Pradesh and has been for centuries. Traditionally, they wore a simple cloth around the waist called a thorthu (or thortumundu ), in domestic settings. When they had to travel, they wore two sets of cloth in addition known as
3136-421: The population as of 2011. Hinduism is the majority religion in Thrissur, with 58.4% of the population. Christians and Muslims form significant minority. The Hindu community consists of mainly Nairs , Thiyyas , Ambalavasis , Brahmins (including the local Namboodiris and migrants like Iyers and Gouda Saraswat Brahmins ) etc. The Scheduled Castes, around 12% of the population of the district, also form
3200-410: The practice of strict primogeniture and patrilineal inheritance. Despite their younger members having hypergamous relationships with Nairs , whose caste traditions were matrilineal , Nambudiri families remained aloof from general society. Although the historian E. K. Pillai has claimed that the Nambudiris from the 1100s enforced matrilineal polyandry on the previously patrilineal communities of
3264-583: The present-day region of Kerala was once governed by the Chera dynasty , little information exists regarding its early ethnography. Brahmin presence in the Tamil country is attested from the Sangam period onward. Based on the fact that Nambudiris are Pūrvaśikhā Brahmins wearing the traditional hair tuft on the front, T.P Mahadevan proposes that they are the descendants of these Sangam age Brahmins who moved west into
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#17327795294173328-584: The region of Malabar during the Kalabhra interregnum, with those remaining behind in what is today Tamil Nadu composing the Śōḻiya Brahmins. This sets them apart from the later Aparaśikhā Brahmin (wearing their hair tufts on the back) migrants to South India such as the Tamil Iyers . According to T.P Mahadevan, the Nambudiris brought with them a very early recension of the Mahabharata which became
3392-733: The same fervour as they used to be. The only centre of traditional Vedic Learning left in Kerala is situated at the heart of Thrissur Town. The district is divided into two Revenue Sub Divisions; Thrissur and Irinjalakuda and is headed by Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) Thrissur District has four types of administrative hierarchies: There are 13 constituencies from the district of Thrissur : Thrissur Assembly Constituency , Ollur Assembly Constituency , Guruvayoor , Chalakkudy , Kaipamangalam , Nattika , Kodungallur , Irinjalakuda , Puthukad, Manaloor , Kunnamkulam , Wadakkancheri and Chelakkara . There are two parliament constituencies: Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and Chalakudy. Suresh Gopi
3456-783: The tallest in India . The first two churches of India are also situated in Thrissur, the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor and the Marthoma Pontifical Shrine, Kodungallur . The Metropolitan of the Chaldean Syrian Church (the name used for the Church of the East in India ) is also headquartered in Thrissur, and many religious publications are printed by Mar Narsai Press. The largest Christian pilgrim center in
3520-465: The three communities which have contributed to the prosperity of Malabar . These three communities are the Christians , the Jews and the Muslims . The history of Thrissur district from the 9th to the 12th centuries is the history of Kulasekharas of Mahodayapuram and the history since the 12th century is the history of the rise and growth of Perumpadappu Swarupam . In 1790 Raja Rama Varma (1790–1805) popularly known as Saktan Tampuran ascended
3584-414: The throne of Cochin . With the accession of this ruler the English or modern period in the history of Cochin and of the District began. Saktan Tampuran was mainly responsible for the destruction of the power of the feudal Nair chieftains and increase of royal power. Another force in the public life of Trichur and its suburbs was the Namboodithiri community and Menons of royal ancestry. A large part of
3648-427: The titular head of all Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, originally had right over parts of present-day Palakkad Taluk. Later they moved westwards along the River Bharathappuzha and settled around the river. Finally the Azhvanchery Thamprakkal bought Athavanad- Tirunavaya region in present-day Tirur Taluk and gave Palakkad to Palakkad Raja s ( Tarur Swaroopam ) who were originally from Athavanad region. Many of
3712-462: The total population of Nambudiris in Kerala. Most of them reside in the Palakkad and Kozhikode districts of South Malabar and the Kannur district of North Malabar . A small Population is also found in Cochin and Travancore Kingdom . The following Vedic recensions are attested among them. The ancient Vedic ritual of Agnicayana (the altar of fire), which spans a 12-day period and which Frits Staal and Robert Gardner claim to be one of
3776-421: The upper sections of the Nair caste. The children of such unions were not considered Nambudiris, but a part of their matrilocal lineages. As a result of such unions, many kings and ruling chiefs in Kerala would be the offspring of Nambudiri fathers. These arrangements allowed the Nambudiris to gain political power in addition to religious and cultural dominance. The Nambudiri's grip on land was maintained through
3840-405: The woman nor her child was accorded the rights of kin. By the matrilineal castes, however, the same unions were regarded as marriage, for they fulfilled the conditions of ordinary Nayar marriage and served to legitimize the child as an acceptable member of his matrilineal lineage and caste." The disparity in caste ranking in a relationship between a Brahmin man and a Nair woman meant that the woman
3904-607: The world as well. The adjacent towns of Chavakkad and Kunnamkulam are important centers of Muslims and Christians respectively. The Temple at Thriprayar is another important place of worship. This ancient temple is one of the few Temples dedicated to Lord Srirama in Kerala. Incidentally, two other temples dedicated to Lord Rama, viz., the Thiruvilwamala Temple and the Kadavallur Temple, fall in Thrissur district. Thirumangalam Temple situated at Thirumangalam desam, Engandiyur, Thrissur District. The Temple facing to Gurvayur Ernakulam National Highway. In this temple, there are two idols, one
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#17327795294173968-442: Was constructed in Kerala style with hanging lamps. Thrissur is situated in southwestern India ( 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E / 10.52; 76.21 ) and is in the central part of Kerala . Thrissur is at sea level and spans an area of about 3,032 km (1,171 sq mi). It is bounded on the north by small parts of Malappuram district, on the east and north by Palakkad district, on
4032-413: Was short-lived and that the main cause of change was the influence of British diplomats who worked with the Travancore Maharaja in the 19th century. After the passing of the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 in the British Parliament, the British encouraged the work of Christian missionaries, notably in provision of education, and began the introduction of a judicial system that would have a significant impact on
4096-403: Was unable to live with her husband(s) in the Brahmin family and so remained in her own family. The children resulting from such marriages always became Nairs. K. M. Panikkar argues that it is this type of relationship that resulted in the matrilineal and matrilocal system. It has also been argued that the practice, along with judicious selection of the man who tied the thali , formed a part of
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