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48-798: This event is not to be confused with the Argentine Championship (1918-1997), which was the open national championships of Argentina held at the Tennis Club Argentino (founded 1913) also in Buenos Aires. The tournament is currently without sponsor, but presented by the City of Buenos Aires. Previously the event was known by different names such as Argentina International Championships (1921–1969), South American Open (1969–1974), ATP Buenos Aires (1978–80, 1993–95), Copa AT&T and Copa Telmex . The original tournament

96-534: A basket of them is given to King Henry as a mockery of his youth and playfulness; the incident is also mentioned in some earlier chronicles and ballads . One of the most striking early references appears in a painting by Giambattista Tiepolo entitled The Death of Hyacinth (1752–1753), in which a strung racquet and three tennis balls are depicted. The theme of the painting is the mythological story of Apollo and Hyacinth , written by Ovid . Giovanni Andrea dell'Anguillara translated it into Italian in 1561 and replaced

144-508: A group of 17 giants in The Turke and Gowin (c. 1500). The Medieval form of tennis is termed as real tennis , a game that evolved over three centuries from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France that involved hitting a ball with a bare hand and later with a glove. By the 16th century the glove had become a racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area and

192-589: A severe chill after playing and Charles VIII after hitting his head during a game. King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, creating the first pro tennis 'tour', establishing three professional levels: apprentice, associate, and master. A professional named Forbet wrote and published the first codification of the rules in 1599. Royal interest in England began with Henry V (1413–22). Henry VIII (1509–47) made

240-601: Is acknowledged that this stereotype still exists). The word tennis came into use in English in the mid-14th century from French, via the Anglo-Norman term Tenez, which can be translated as 'hold!', 'receive!' or 'take!', a call from the server to his opponent indicating that he is about to serve. The first known appearance of the word in English literature is by poet John Gower in his poem titled 'In Praise of Peace' dedicated to King Henry IV and composed in 1400; "Of

288-608: Is broadcast Live and Exclusive on TyC Sports in Pay TV (cable and satellite). South American Championships (tennis) The South American Championships for tennis consist of two versions the first is the team event tournaments for men and women organised by the South America Tennis Confederation . The team version for men is known as the Mitre Cup (f.1921). and the team version for women

336-493: Is commonly believed, mistakenly, that Wingfield obtained a patent on the game he devised to be played on that type of court, but in fact Wingfield never applied for nor received a patent on his game, although he did obtain a copyright — but not a patent — on his rules for playing it. And, after a running series of articles and letters in the British sporting magazine The Field , and a meeting at London's Marylebone Cricket Club ,

384-564: Is known as the Osario Cup (f.1957). The second version is a singles and doubles championship tournament sanctioned by the South American Tennis Confederation but organised by the individual South American Tennis Associations when played in those countries. This tournament was first held in 1927. This event has not always been staged continually until 1946. The South American Championships organised by

432-404: Is the direct descendant of what is now denoted real tennis or royal tennis, which continues to be played today as a separate sport with more complex rules. Most rules of (lawn) tennis derive from this precursor and it is reasonable to see both sports as variations of the same game. Most historians believe that tennis originated in the monastic cloisters in northern France in the 12th century, but

480-534: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in 1877 to raise money for the club. The first Championships were contested by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World". The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following year, it was recognized as

528-616: The Argentina International Championships also carrying the denomination South American Championships. In 1947 the South American Tennis Confederation was established and formally incorporated in 1948. In 1952 the tournament was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the event also being valid as the Rio de Janeiro International Championships. In 1953 and 1956 the tournaments were held in Santiago, Chile with

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576-986: The Austro-Hungarian Empire but suffered under English Puritanism . By the Age of Napoleon the royal families of Europe were besieged and real tennis was largely abandoned. Real tennis played a minor role in the history of the French Revolution , through the Tennis Court Oath , a pledge signed by French deputies on a real tennis court, which formed a decisive early step in starting the revolution. An epitaph in St Michael's Church, Coventry , written circa 1705 read, in part: Here lyes an old toss'd Tennis Ball: Was racketted, from spring to fall, With so much heat and so much hast, Time's arm for shame grew tyred at last. In England, during

624-794: The Buenos Aires Lawn Tennis Club . In 1928 and 1929 the tournament was held at the Tennis Club Argentino (f.1913), that was also valid as the Argentine Championships , also known as the Championship of the Argentine Republic. At this time there was no continental wide tennis organisation for South America and the event was not held again. In 1946 the tournament revived by the Argentina Tennis Association with

672-839: The ILTF Grand Prix Circuit . The tournament for the majority of its duration has been staged in Argentina. Notes: These rolls included content from the Argentina International Championships , later ATP Argentina Open and WTA Argentine Open , since 1946, when both tournaments were also valid as the South American Championships or South American Open. (incomplete roll) (incomplete roll) Open era The racket sport traditionally named lawn tennis, invented in Edgbaston , Warwickshire , England, now commonly known simply as tennis ,

720-811: The US Open , was first held in 1881 at Newport, Rhode Island . The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia. The tournament was made officially one of the tennis 'Majors' from 1924 by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF). Name change 1881: U.S. National Championship 1968: U.S. Open Surface change 1881: Grass 1975: Clay Har-Tru 1978: Hard DecoTurf Venue change (men's championship) 1881: Newport 1915: Forest Hills 1921: Germantown 1924: Forest Hills 1978: Flushing Meadows Tennis

768-576: The 18th and early 19th centuries as real tennis declined, three other racquet sports emerged: racquets , squash racquets and lawn tennis (the modern game). The lawyer and memoirist William Hickey recalled that in 1767 "in the summer we had another club, which met at the Red House in Battersea fields, nearly opposite Ranelagh.... The game we played was an invention of our own, and called field tennis, which afforded noble exercise.... The field, which

816-708: The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club for the first lawn tennis championship, The Championships, Wimbledon in 1877. The Davis Cup , an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to 1900. The analogous competition for women's national teams, the Fed Cup , was founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the International Tennis Federation , also known as

864-758: The French courts were decommissioned with the terror that accompanied the French Revolution . The Tennis Court Oath ( Serment du Jeu de Paume ) was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution; it was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789. Marylebone Cricket Club 's Rules of Lawn Tennis have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since 1875. Those rules were adopted by

912-669: The ITF. Promoter C. C. Pyle created the first professional tennis tour in 1926, with a group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying audiences. The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie Richards and the Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen . Players turning pro could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments. In 1968 commercial pressures and rumours of some amateurs taking money under

960-583: The South American Tennis Confederation is made up of all ten South American Tennis Associations. The senior men's team event is called the Mitre Cup that was founded in 1921 and was held in Argentine Tennis Team and won by Argentina. The senior women's team event known as Osario Cup was first held in 1957 in Santiago, Chile and was won by Chilean Tennis Team . The South American Championships for junior boys consists of two team tournaments

1008-653: The U.S. on a grass court set up on the Estate of Col. William Appleton in Nahant, Massachusetts by James Dwight , Richard Dudley Sears and Fred Sears in 1874. In 1881, the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis clubs. The first American National tournament was played in 1880 at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club in New York. An Englishman named Otway Woodhouse won

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1056-679: The United States, setting up supposedly the first tennis court in the United States on the grounds of the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club, which was near where the Staten Island Ferry Terminal is today. The club was founded on or about 22 March 1872. She is also mistakenly said to have played the first tennis game in the U.S. against her sister Laura in Staten Island, New York on an hourglass-shaped court. However, all this would have been impossible, as

1104-633: The Warneford Hospital, founded the world's first tennis club, the Leamington Tennis Club. In December 1873 Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed an hourglass-shaped tennis court in order to obtain a patent on his court (as the rectangular court was already in use and was unpatentable). A temporary patent on this hourglass-shaped court was granted to him in February, 1874, which he never renewed when it expired in 1877. It

1152-543: The ancient game of discus in the original text with pallacorda or tennis, which had achieved a high status at the courts in the middle of the 16th century. Tiepolo's painting, displayed at the Museo Thyssen Bornemisza in Madrid , was ordered in 1752 by German count Wilhelm Friedrich Schaumburg Lippe, who was an avid tennis player. The game thrived among the 17th-century nobility in France, Spain, Italy and

1200-698: The ball was then struck with the palm of the hand, hence the name jeu de paume ( lit.   ' game of the palm ' ). It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use and the game began to be called 'tennis'. It was popular in the Kingdom of France as well as in England, where Henry VIII of England was a notable enthusiast of the game, which is now referred to as 'real tennis'. Many original tennis courts remain, including courts at Oxford, Cambridge, Falkland Palace in Fife where Mary Queen of Scots regularly played, and Hampton Court Palace . Many of

1248-512: The biggest impact as a young monarch, playing the game with gusto at Hampton Court on a court he had built in 1530. It is believed that his second wife, Anne Boleyn , was watching a game when she was arrested and that Henry was playing when news of her execution arrived. During the reign of James I (1603–25) London had 14 courts. Real tennis is mentioned in literature by William Shakespeare , who mentions "tennis balles" in Henry V (1599), when

1296-518: The court only, and the service had to bounce beyond the service line instead of in front of it. He adopted the rackets-based system of scoring where games consisted of 15 points (called 'aces'). None of these quirks survived the Marylebone Cricket Club 's 1875 Rules of Lawn Tennis that have been official, with periodic slight modifications, ever since then. Those rules were adopted by the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club for

1344-878: The events also being valid as the Chilean National Championships. In 1972 the tournament was held in Guayaquil, Ecuador with that event also being valid as the Ecuadorian National Championships. In April 1968 the open era began and in November 1968 this tournament was renamed as the South American Open Championships. From 1947 to 1969 it was part of the ILTF South American Circuit . In 1970 it became part of

1392-413: The first Lawn Tennis Championship, at Wimbledon in 1877 (the men who devised those rules were members of both clubs). Wingfield does deserve great credit for popularizing the game of lawn tennis, as he marketed, in one boxed set, all the equipment needed to play his or other versions of it, equipment that had been available previously only at several different outlets. Because of this convenience, versions of

1440-602: The first is for boys age 18 years old who compete for the Bolivia Cup first held in 1953 that was won by Brazil. The second is the tournament for boys age 15 years old who compete for the Harten Cup first played in 1963 and won by Brazil. The South American Championships for junior girls consists of two team tournaments the first is for girls age 18 years old who compete for the Colombia Cup first held in 1963 that

1488-545: The game for the amusement of his guests at a weekend garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan , Wales in 1874, but research has demonstrated that even his game was not likely played during that country weekend in Wales. He had likely based his game on both the evolving sport of outdoor tennis and on real tennis. Much of modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, for Wingfield and others borrowed both

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1536-563: The game spread like wildfire in Britain, and by 1875 lawn tennis had virtually supplanted croquet and badminton as outdoor games for both men and women. Mary Ewing Outerbridge played the game in Bermuda at Clermont, a house with a spacious lawn in Paget parish. Innumerable histories claim that in 1874, Mary returned from Bermuda onboard the ship S.S. Canima and introduced lawn tennis to

1584-400: The game. Wingfield did patent his hourglass court in 1874, but not his eight-page rule book titled "Sphairistike or Lawn Tennis", but he failed in enforcing his patent. In his version, the game was played on an hourglass-shaped court, and the net was higher (4 feet 8 inches) than it is in official lawn tennis. The service had to be made from a diamond-shaped box in the middle of one side of

1632-412: The name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis, and applied them to their variations of real tennis. In the scholarly work Tennis: A Cultural History , Heiner Gillmeister reveals that on 8 December 1874, Wingfield had written to Harry Gem, commenting that he had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis for a year and a half. Gem himself had largely credited Perera with the invention of

1680-687: The name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis: The four majors or Grand Slam tournaments, the four biggest competitions on the tennis circuit, are Wimbledon , the US Open , the French Open , and the Australian Open . Since the mid-1920s they became and have remained the more prestigious events in tennis. Winning these four tournaments in the same year is called the Calendar Grand Slam (a term borrowed from bridge ). The Championships, Wimbledon , were founded by

1728-535: The official British Championships, although it was open to international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and Gentlemen's Doubles Championships were inaugurated, followed by the Ladies and Mixed Doubles in 1913. Name 1877: The Championships Surface 1877: Grass Venue change 1877: Worple Road, Wimbledon 1922: Church Road, Wimbledon Tennis was first played in

1776-413: The official rules of lawn tennis were promulgated by that Club in 1875, which preserved none of the aspects of the variations that Wingfield had dreamed up and named Sphaeristikè ( Greek : σφαιριστική , that is, "sphere-istic", an ancient Greek adjective meaning "of or pertaining to use of a ball, globe or sphere"), which was soon corrupted to "sticky". Wingfield claimed that he had invented his version of

1824-548: The rules had stabilized. Real tennis spread in popularity throughout royalty in Europe, reaching its peak in the 16th century. In 1437 at the Blackfriars, Perth , the playing of tennis indirectly led to the death of King James I of Scotland , when the drain outlet, through which he hoped to escape assassins, had been blocked to prevent the loss of tennis balls. James was trapped and killed. Francis I of France (1515–1547)

1872-708: The singles match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On 21 May 1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association ) was formed to standardize the rules and organize competitions. The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now

1920-527: The table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating the Open Era, in which all players could compete in all tournaments and top players were able to make their living from tennis. With the beginning of the Open Era, the establishment of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed its upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it

1968-493: The tenetz to winne or lese a chase, Mai no lif wite er that the bal be ronne". (Whether a chase is won or lost at tennis, Nobody can know until the ball is run). Tennis is mentioned in literature as far back as the Middle Ages. In The Second Shepherds' Play (c. 1500) shepherds gave three gifts, including a tennis ball, to the newborn Christ. Sir Gawain , a knight of King Arthur 's round table, plays tennis against

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2016-590: The tennis equipment she is said to have brought back from Bermuda was not available in Bermuda until 1875, and her next trip to Bermuda, when it was available there, was in 1877. In fact, lawn tennis was first introduced in the United States on a grass court on Col. William Appleton's Estate in Nahant, Massachusetts by Dr. James Dwight ("the Father of American Lawn Tennis"), Henry Slocum, Richard Dudley Sears and Sears' half-brother Fred Sears, in 1874. Wingfield borrowed both

2064-429: Was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis, building courts and encouraging play among the courtiers and commoners. His successor, Henry II (1547–59), was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition. In 1555 an Italian priest, Antonio Scaino da Salothe, wrote the first known book about tennis, Trattato del Giuoco della Palla . Two French kings died from tennis related episodes— Louis X of

2112-459: Was first played in 1905 as The Australasian (Australia and New Zealand) Championships. Because of its geographic remoteness, historically, the event did not gain attendance from the top tennis players. It became one of the major tennis tournaments starting in 1924 (designated by the ILTF). In 1927, because of New Zealand tennis authorities releasing their commitments to the tournament, it became known as

2160-527: Was founded as a combined men's and women's championship from 1928 until 1987. For the years 1946-1951, 1955, 1957-1967 this tournament also carried the joint denomination of South American Championships . For the years 1968-1971, 1973-1981 it carried the joint denomination of South American Open Championships or South American Open . In Argentina , Latin America and the United States the ATP from Buenos Aires

2208-477: Was of sixteen acres in extent, was kept in as high an order, and smooth as a bowling green ." The modern sport is tied to two separate inventions. Between 1859 and 1865, in Birmingham, England, Major Harry Gem , a solicitor, and his friend Augurio Perera , a Spanish merchant, combined elements of the game of racquets and a ball of wind and played it on a croquet lawn in Edgbaston. In 1872, both men moved to Leamington Spa and in 1874, with two doctors from

2256-902: Was predominantly a sport of the English-speaking world, dominated by Great Britain and the United States. It was also popular in France, where the French Open dates to 1891 as the Championat de France International de Tennis. This tournament was not recognised as a Major or Grand Slam tournament until it was opened to all nationalities in 1925. Name change 1891: Championnat de France 1925: Championnats Internationaux de France 1928: Tournoi de Roland Garros Surface change 1891: Clay and Sand 1909: Clay Venue change 1891–1908: shared by Tennis Club de Paris/Ile de Puteaux, Paris/Racing Club de France 1909: Societe Athletique de la Villa Primrose, Bordeaux 1910: Racing Club de France, Paris 1925: Stade Français, Paris 1926: Racing Club de France, Paris 1927: Stade Français, Paris 1928: Stade Roland Garros , Paris The Australian Open

2304-401: Was won by Argentina. The second is the tournament for girls age 15 years old who compete for the Chile Cup first played in 1965 and won by Chile. All of the team competitions a organised and run similar way to the Davis Cup . The early editions South American Championships for individual players was organised by the Argentina Tennis Association (ATA) for men and women was held in 1927 at

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