Misplaced Pages

#534465

62-576: Guayaquil ( Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaʝaˈkil] ; Quechua : Wayakil ), officially Santiago de Guayaquil , is the largest city in Ecuador and also the nation's economic capital and main port. The city is the capital of Guayas Province and the seat of Guayaquil Canton . The city is located on the west bank of the Guayas River , which flows into the Pacific Ocean at

124-484: A coconut sauce and rice). During breakfast, patacones and bolon (fried plantain with cheese mashed and given a rounded shape) play a big role. These plantain dishes are often accompanied with bistec de carne or encebollado de pescado. Another prominent breakfast dish are empanadas "de viento" made with wheat flour and stretchy cheese or empanadas "de verde" plantain based with mozzarella cheese. Pan de yuca similar to pão de queijo usually served with "yogur persa"

186-610: A division promised by José de San Martín , led the allied independence army in the Battle of Pichincha . His victory confirmed the independence of the Gran Colombia and also what would become the future Republic of Ecuador . On 26 July 1822, generals José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a meeting in Guayaquil to plan how to complete achieving the independence of Perú and, with it, all of Spanish South America. In 1829,

248-1048: A fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g. Cajamarca–Cañaris , Pacaraos , and Yauyos ) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. Torero classifies them as the following: Willem Adelaar adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I: Ancash (Huaylas–Conchucos) Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Yaru Wanka (Jauja–Huanca) Yauyos–Chincha (Huangáscar–Topará) Pacaraos Lambayeque (Cañaris) Cajamarca Lincha Laraos Kichwa ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Lamas (San Martín) Ayacucho Cusco Puno (Collao) Northern Bolivian (Apolo) Southern Bolivia Santiago del Estero Landerman (1991) does not believe

310-425: A free man who worked as a tailor. They had a daughter, Maria del Carmen Espinoza, who was taken away from her by Afonso Cepeda so that her daughter could care for the priest's blind sister. In May 1794, Chiquinquirá was being treated as a slave by Afonso Cepeda. At this point, she decided to present her case to a court in Guayaquil and demand to be treated as a free woman. The legal basis of Chiquinquirá's court case

372-508: A node in Callao, Peru . In the late eighteenth century, the majority of slaves in the region were located in Guayaquil. Their lives and work were conditioned by a practice called jornal . The owners held them legally but the jornalado slaves had "considerable independence" in exchange for paying their owners a fee (the jornal ) every day. Such enslaved Native Americans, such as María Chiquinquirá , would work inside urban homes. (She

434-547: A reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the Romance or Germanic families, and more of the order of Slavic or Arabic . The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the homeland of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. Alfredo Torero devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus

496-591: A significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as Mapuche . It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in Ethnologue 16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in Ethnologue , for example,

558-599: A true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous with Northern Quechua. Quechua I (Central Quechua, Waywash ) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the Ancash Region to Huancayo . It

620-720: Is Christianity . There are two major association football clubs; the Barcelona Sporting Club and the Club Sport Emelec . Each club has its own stadium; the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha is the home of the "Barcelonistas" while the Estadio George Capwell is the home of the "Emelecistas". These two teams have a long history of rivalry in Guayaquil and when these two teams play against each other

682-459: Is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable. Additionally, there

SECTION 10

#1732766001535

744-529: Is Ecuador's most important commercial port; most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil. As the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas. Guayaquil plays an important role in Ecuador's economy as the commercial heart of the country, and is also a vibrant, sprawling city, urban, cultural and touristic. In recent years,

806-465: Is a city that offers a wide variety of activities and events. In addition to excursions or tours: shopping tours, gastronomic tours, religious tours, or tours in agritourism haciendas. A good alternative to get to know the city are the free tours offered by the Municipality of Guayaquil. Or also some of the self-guided tours that are offered to get to know the city. There are also maps to get to know

868-713: Is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as Kichwa , and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of Cusco . The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of Cusco Quechua on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this

930-448: Is a typical snack in Guayaquil. With the rise in middle eastern migration, shawarma shops dot the city. Chifa or Chinese-Ecuadorian dishes like arroz chaufa , tallarin saltado , and sopa Fui Chi Fu are common fast food options. Some other original dishes of Guayaquil are the plantain ball soup (based on peanuts and green plantains creating a green plantain ball filled with meat and other ingredients). Bollo, analogous to hallaca ,

992-455: Is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities. There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them dialect continua . However, there

1054-405: Is another typical dish of this city that also the main ingredient is the green plantain and seafood. Just to mention others are the biche, sango de mariscos, and arroz con pescado frito (rice with fried fish) Arroz con menestra y carne asada (rice with stew and roast meat), churrasco , Guatita, Caldo de mondongo, Humitas, Maduro lampriado, Maduro con queso, Tripita, are some more dishes included in

1116-549: Is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks and deposits in a brackish environment. Also, the city itself is strongly affected by the subduction of the active Ecuadorian margin, an intraplate region where active faults locate; and the Guayaquil-Babahoyo strike-slip fault system, formed as the North Andean Block drifts northward. The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also

1178-487: Is located near the city of Durán (Autopista Durán-Boliche km. 23). Investigations by archeologists and historians has led them to conclude that when the town was conquered by the Spanish, it was ruled by a man named Guayaquile. They have not determined if the man or the town was first to receive that name. But researcher Ángel Véliz Mendoza, in his book on the man Guayaquile, says that there at least seven references to

1240-417: Is of Spain. A theory based on a romantic legend, transmitted orally, attributes the name Guayaquil to the joining of the name of a leader named Guayas and of his wife Quil . They are symbols of the local resistance that—according to local tradition—chose to fight to the death (and as a final act, set fire to the town), rather than surrender to the Spanish conquerors. A town with a name similar to Guayaquil

1302-780: Is one of the major locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time. It has complex tectonic features such as the Posorja and the Jambeli – two major east–west trending detachment systems; the Puna-Santa Clara northeast-southwest trending fault system; and the Domito north-south trending fault system; that have developed since the Pleistocene times. Tsunami threats are only predicted for coastal farming zones, not

SECTION 20

#1732766001535

1364-426: Is the most diverse branch of Quechua, to the extent that its divisions are commonly considered different languages. Quechua II (Peripheral Quechua, Wamp'una "Traveler") This is a sampling of words in several Quechuan languages: Mar%C3%ADa Chiquinquir%C3%A1 María Chiquinquirá Díaz ( fl. 1794) was an Afroecuadorian woman who went to court in 1794 to reclaim her freedom and that of her daughter. She

1426-509: The Himno al 9 de Octubre or Canción al Nueve de Octubre , most widely known now as the Himno a Guayaquil ( Guayaquil Anthem ). In 1922, workers in the city went on a general strike lasting three days, ending after at least 300 people were killed by military and police. In 2020, the city was hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic . Its medical and mortuary services were overwhelmed to

1488-477: The Gulf of Guayaquil . The origin of the name Santiago de Guayaquil has been much discussed, although that 'Guayaquil' is pre-Hispanic. Since the founding of the city by the Spanish in 1534, it has been linked to the name of Santiago in memory of its patron saint, Santiago , apostle of Christ. He is also designated as patron saint of several other Spanish American colonial cities, such as Santiago de Chile , as he

1550-595: The University of San Marcos , completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university. Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as Elva Ambía 's Quechua Collective of New York promote

1612-601: The "Granaderos de Reserva" battalion quartered in Guayaquil, led by the Peruvian Colonel Gregorio Escobedo, overwhelmed the resistance of the Royalist guards and arrested the Spanish authorities. Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming the " Provincia Libre de Guayaquil ". José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil of Guayaquil. Departing from Guayaquil, General Antonio José de Sucre , sent by Simón Bolivar and supported by

1674-470: The 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken language lineage in Peru , after Spanish. The Quechua linguistic homeland may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in the Chavín and Wari civilizations. Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before

1736-589: The Americas. As a result of Inca expansion into Central Chile , there were bilingual Quechua- Mapudungu Mapuche in Central Chile at the time of the Spanish arrival . It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in Central Chile , with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish

1798-589: The Ecuadorian territory by Peruvian president Ramón Castilla . Moreno's forces were victorious, countering Peruvian influence over Ecuador. In 1896, large portions of the city were destroyed by a fire. On 8 July 1898, the Guayaquil City Hall Muy Ilustre Municipalidad de Guayaquil officially recognized the anthem written by José Joaquín de Olmedo in 1821, with the music composed by Ana Villamil Ycaza in 1895, as

1860-556: The Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. After the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as

1922-474: The Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in

Guayaquil - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-621: The city has become a business and convention destination. Half a dozen skyscrapers give it the profile of a major city that continues to expand to the north and west. Here are some of the tourist attractions in Guayaquil: Its geographical location makes it the gateway to the Galapagos Islands and it has won several World Travel Awards . These include: South America's Leading City Break Destination and South America's Leading Meetings and Conferences Destination. Guayaquil

2046-638: The city was invaded by the Peruvian Army , which occupied it for seven months. In 1860, the city was the site of the Battle of Guayaquil , the last of a series of military conflicts between the forces of the Provisional Government, led by Gabriel García Moreno and General Juan José Flores , and the forces of the Supreme Chief of Guayas, General Guillermo Franco , whose government was recognized as possessing sovereignty over

2108-593: The city's independence in 1820, the words "very noble and very loyal" disappeared from use, as the city was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. Today, the official name of Santiago de Guayaquil is seldom used outside of official contexts. Guayaquil was founded on 25 July 1538 by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a native village. He named it as Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil ("Most Noble and Most Loyal City of Santiago de Guayaquil"). On 20 April 1687, Guayaquil

2170-412: The city's main tourist streets' sidewalks and upgraded the city's chaotic transit system with multiple infrastructure projects (speedways, bridges, overhead passages, tunnels, etc.). In August 2006, the city's first rapid transit bus system, Metrovía , opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the main projects was called Malecón 2000 [maleˈkon dos ˈmil] , the renovation of

2232-446: The city, including a digital map that can be downloaded and used to visit the city's tourist attractions. As of 2020, Guayaquil's mayor was Cynthia Viteri . Viteri is the second elected female mayor in the city's history; the first was Elsa Bucaram in 1988. The previous mayor, Jaime Nebot, endorsed her. A campaign of construction projects for the city began in the early 2000s to attract tourism. The "urban regeneration" plan reconstructed

2294-561: The country. The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with Aymara and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a spoken language . In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Even in these areas,

2356-591: The court temporarily, but the dispute continued. In time, the Cepeda family persuaded the court and she was ordered to return to be their slave. Chiquinquirá appealed to the Real Audiencia of Quito, the highest court, which took the case but did not resolve the dispute. Chiquinquirá was allowed her freedom until the case could be heard. One version says that the case was never heard as vital documents were lost, although another says that an out-of-court settlement

2418-460: The dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties; Ethnologue lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages. As

2480-592: The expansion of the Inca Empire . The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the Cuzco region particularly has been heavily influenced by Aymara , hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before

2542-531: The first weekend of October since 2005. These race is certified by the (AIMS) Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . Quechua language Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the Incas , that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence in

Guayaquil - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-578: The game is called "El Clásico del Astillero". The city is the birthplace of Francisco Segura Cano; and Andrés Gómez and Nicolás Lapentti , Ecuador's two most successful tennis players, now both retired. The "Abierto de Tenis Ciudad de Guayaquil" is a tennis tournament organised in Guayaquil by Gómez and Luis Morejon , and held annually in November. Another major event in the city is the Guayaquil Marathon , which has been held every year on

2666-869: The governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. Radio Nacional del Perú broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings. Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), misi (cat), waska (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had

2728-666: The great and diverse gastronomy of the city. Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil (Municipal Library of Guayaquil) serves as the public library of Guayaquil. The city has several universities, including the University of Guayaquil (founded in 1867), the Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil , the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL), and the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo . The largest religion in Guayaquil

2790-648: The language of evangelization . The oldest written records of the language are by missionary Domingo de Santo Tomás , who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries,

2852-439: The language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official languages of

2914-522: The main populated areas. Guayaquil, along with most of the coastal region, was impacted by the 16 April 2016 earthquake of 7.8 magnitude. A bridge that was above a major artery, Avenida de las Americas, collapsed in the early evening on that day, killing two people. Guayaquil features a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ). Between January and April, the climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall, especially during El Niño years when it increases dramatically and flooding usually occurs. The rest of

2976-556: The most. Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- Mapudungu toponymy can be found as far south as Osorno Province in Chile (latitude 41° S). In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez at Pablo de Olavide University ( Sevilla ). The same year Pablo Landeo wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student, Roxana Quispe Collantes of

3038-459: The point where bodies lay in the streets. Almost 6,000 more deaths were recorded in the first two weeks of April than the average for the same period in other years. Guayaquileños' main sources of income are formal and informal trade, business, agriculture and aquaculture. Most commerce consists of small and medium businesses , adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment. The Port of Guayaquil

3100-492: The range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the Túpac Amaru II rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales . Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after

3162-599: The ransom after an epidemic of yellow fever broke out. In colonial times Guayaquil was the chief Spanish shipyard in the Pacific, although some navigators considered that Valdivia (now in Chile) had better conditions. Guayaquil was a stopover point in the commerce between Asia and Latin America conducted via Philippines-based Manila galleons . The trade route had links to Acapulco in present-day Mexico and terminated with

SECTION 50

#1732766001535

3224-494: The time worked alongside free workers in the shipyards. After her mother contracted leprosy, Chiquinquirá was abandoned by her owners. Her mother eventually died, leaving Chiquinquirá and her sibling as orphans. At this point they were destitute, but technically free people. The two children were adopted by a native Ecuadorian and looked after until their new guardian was enslaved by the Cepeda family, making Chiquinquirá and her sibling de facto their property. Chiquinquirá married

3286-538: The toponym in pre-1543 documents. It is believed that the name Guayaquil is taken from the population's final home, in lands of the chief Guayaquile. This region was occupied by the chonos , people whose archeological name (in Spanish) is Cultura Milagro-Quevedo . After several location changes and fires, the city was founded in 1547 , and named the "Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil" ( "Very noble and very loyal city of Santiago de Guayaquil" ). After

3348-684: The town of Durán, to allow people to make ecotourism trips and return the same day. Guayaquil is the nation's largest city and the capital of Guayas Province. It is on the Guayas River about 60 km (40 mi) north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator. Guayaquil faces major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location on the ring of fire and the south of the North-Andean subduction zone. The city can be easily damaged by earthquakes as its weak and compressible soil

3410-685: The waterfront promenade ( malecón ) along the Guayas River. Another project was the creation of the Nuevo Parque Histórico , a park in a housing development area that is called Entre Ríos because it lies between the Daule and Babahoyo rivers (which merge to form the Guayas River) in a mangrove wetland area. The park cost the city about US$ 7 million. In 2013, the national government led by Rafael Correa built two pedestrian bridges connecting downtown Guayaquil, Santay Island, and

3472-466: The year (from May through December), however, rainfall is minimal due to the cooling influence of the Humboldt Current , with usually cloudy mornings and afternoons, and evening breezes. Here you can find the list of Neighborhoods and Parishes of Guayaquil Typical Guayaquil cuisine includes mostly seafood dishes such as encebollado , ceviche , cazuela , and encocado (shrimp or tuna with

3534-422: Was a local hero because she successfully went to court in 1794 to argue for her freedom.) Other jornalado enslaved men worked alongside free workers in the shipyards. the turn of the nineteenth century, slaves had fought for their freedom in increasing numbers. Together they formed a social group known as the plebe . On 9 October 1820, almost without bloodshed, a group of civilians, supported by soldiers from

3596-548: Was able to persuade the court in Gobierno de Guayaquil  [ es ] that her case held merit. After the case was ruled against her, she appealed to a higher court that determined she should remain free until the court settled the matter. The court never ruled and she died a free woman. María Chiquinquirá Díaz, "a mulatto woman", was born in the Baba Canton in the 1700s. Chiquinquirá had one sibling, and her mother

3658-452: Was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George d'Hout (English), and Picard and Groniet (French). Of more than 260 pirates, 35 were killed and 46 were wounded; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded. In 1709, English captains including Woodes Rogers and William Dampier , along with a crew of 110, looted Guayaquil and demanded ransom. But they departed suddenly and without collecting

3720-585: Was maintained as the prestige dialect in the north. Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. ( Wanka Quechua , in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. The lack of mutual intelligibility among

3782-483: Was one of several people owned by a priest named Presbyter Afonso Cepeda de Arizcum Elizondo. Slavery in the region was centred on Guayaquil , where a variation of slavery known as jornal had developed. Although slaveowners were still ultimately in charge, the people they had enslaved received certain freedoms in exchange for paying their owners a fee, or jornal , every day. Enslaved people like Chiquinquirá would work in private houses, and many other enslaved people at

SECTION 60

#1732766001535

3844-477: Was that her mother had been abandoned by her owners, making her technically manumitted. This meant that she had been technically freed and, crucially, this free status was inherited by Chiquinquirá as one of her children. Moreover, Chiquinquirá argued that she had stayed with the Cepeda family only because they had been kind to her over the years, not out of legal obligation, and that now they were being cruel and unreasonable in their demands of her. Her case persuaded

#534465