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93-756: An American correspondent in Marash in 1864 called the alphabet "Armeno-Turkish", describing it as consisting of 31 Armenian letters and "infinitely superior" to the Arabic or Greek alphabets for rendering Turkish. This Armenian script was used alongside the Arabic script for official documents of the Ottoman Empire written in Ottoman Turkish . For instance, the first novel to be written in Turkish in

186-721: A Gath (believed to be Tell es-Safi ) and Gath-rimmon or Gittaim (in or near Ramla). Archaeological excavations in Ramla conducted in 1992–1995 unearthed the remains of a dyeing industry ( Dar al-Sabbaghin , House of the Dyers) near the White Mosque; hydraulic installations such as pools, subterranean reservoirs and cisterns; and abundant ceramic finds that include glass, coins and jar handles stamped with Arabic inscriptions. Excavations in Ramla continued into 2010, led by Eli Haddad, Orit Segal, Vered Eshed, and Ron Toueg, on behalf of

279-482: A Turkish gendarme escorting four Muslim women to a house. When they were safely inside he turned and fired his rifle into the air three times. Immediately fire replied from every quarter." As Stanley Kerr recounts: The city was deserted except for groups of heavily armed Turks who were all headed in one direction... It was apparent that the insurrection had been carefully planned. Groups of armed men occupied houses at street intersections and shot down French soldiers on

372-528: A constant barrage upon the American relief hospital. Thibault recorded "the vigilance and boldness of the rebels, who seemed to be animated by an ardent offensive spirit." Previously, a telegram sent to the French Commander by the most respected elders of Marash stated that British occupation had been understandable and no incident had occurred and they did not object to a French occupation, but

465-615: A decade later, the population had increased nearly 25%; the 1931 census recorded 10,347 people (8,157 Muslims, 2,194 Christians, five Jews, and two Druze ), in a total of 2,339 houses. Ramla was connected to wired electricity (supplied by the Zionist-owned Palestine Electric Company ) towards the end of the 1920s. Economist Basim Faris noted this fact as proof of Ramla's higher standard of living than neighbouring Lydda. In Ramla, he wrote, "economic demands triumph over nationalism" while Lydda, "which

558-484: A determined local Christian cleric refused Sulayman's requests for plots in the middle of Lydda. Infuriated, he attempted to have the cleric executed, but his local adviser Raja ibn Haywa dissuaded him and instead proposed building a new city at a superior, adjacent site. In choosing the site, Sulayman utilized the strategic advantages of Lydda's vicinity while avoiding the physical constraints of an already-established urban center. Historian Moshe Sharon holds that Lydda

651-569: A few Turks they found here and there. The Armenians were rejoicing at the defeat of the Turks—not knowing that the French were in the process of evacuating the city. Dr. Mustafa, a leader of the Turks, planned to surrender under the condition that Turkish women and children would be protected, but was murdered after meeting with French leaders. His letter stating his willingness to surrender and his terms

744-466: A market town for the surrounding area's agricultural products, and as a center for dyeing, weaving and pottery. It was also home to many Muslim religious scholars . Sulayman built an aqueduct in the city called al-Barada, which transported water to Ramla from Tel Gezer , about 10 kilometers (6 mi) to the southeast. Ramla superseded Lydda as the commercial center of Palestine. Many of Lydda's Christian, Samaritan and Jewish inhabitants were moved to

837-571: A mixed Jewish–Arab town within the state of Israel. Arab homes of those who left in Ramla were given by the Israeli government to Jews, first Holocaust refugees from Europe and then immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries. In February 1949, the Jewish population was over 6,000. Ramla remained economically depressed over the next two decades, although the population steadily mounted, reaching 34,000 by 1972. A 2013 Israeli police report documented that

930-402: A more ancient city, visited " Rama , or Ramleh, where there are remains of the walls from the days of our ancestors, for thus it was found written upon the stones. About 300 Jews dwell there. It was formerly a very great city; at a distance of two miles (3 km) there is a large Jewish cemetery." In the 1480s, in the late Mamluk era, Felix Fabri visited Ramla and described (among other things)

1023-402: A population of 15,160 (11,900 Muslims and 3,260 Christians). Ramla was part of the territory allotted to a proposed Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan . However, Ramla's geographic location and its strategic position on the main supply route to Jerusalem made it a point of contention during the 1947–1948 civil war , followed by the internationalised 1948 Arab–Israeli War . A bomb by

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1116-550: A powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city and leaving more than 50,000 people dead. Several internationally known ice cream companies, like MADO , Yaşar Pastanesi , EDO and Ferah Pastanesi , started their business in Kahramanmaraş, and thousands of people visit the city because of its ice cream ( dondurma in Turkish). At 2,300 m (7,500 ft) elevation,

1209-532: A proposal by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to have the French formally assume control of Cilicia. The transfer of command took place on 4 November, but Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch 's promise to reinforce the existing forces in the area with at least 32 infantry battalions , 20 cavalry squadrons and 14 artillery batteries went unfulfilled. The French units were thus deprived of armoured cars and air support and lacked automatic weapons, heavy artillery and even wireless transmitters and carrier pigeons . After

1302-463: Is 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) on 14 August 2023. Winters are cool and wet with daytime temperatures typically in the 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) range. The coldest temperature recorded is −9.6 °C (14.7 °F) on 6 February 1997. In the early Iron Age (late 11th century BC to ca. 711 BC ), Maraş was the capital city of the Syro-Hittite state Gurgum ( Hieroglyphic Luwian Kurkuma). It

1395-497: Is 568 meters above sea level. Ceyhan River , which originates from the mountains surrounding Elbistan Plain is the most important hydrological feature in the city. Kahramanmaraş has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa , Trewartha : Cs ) with continental influences from the surrounding northern areas. Summers are very hot and dry with a daytime average of 35 °C (95 °F) but temperatures can reach 40 °C (104 °F) quite easily. The highest recorded temperature

1488-673: Is a city in the Mediterranean region of Turkey and the administrative centre of Kahramanmaraş province . After 1973, Maraş was officially named Kahramanmaraş with the prefix kahraman (Turkish word meaning "heroic") to commemorate the Battle of Marash . The city lies on a plain at the foot of Mount Ahır . On 6 February 2023, much of the city was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes which had their epicentre in Pazarcık and Elbistan in Kahramanmaraş province. The city center

1581-450: Is an inscription stating that on the 15th of Muharram , of the year 425 (=10th of December, 1033 CE), there came an earthquake of great violence, which threw down a large number of buildings, but that no single person sustained an injury. In the city of Ramla there is marble in plenty, and most of the buildings and private houses are of this material; and, further, the surface thereof they do most beautifully sculpture and ornament. They cut

1674-464: Is ten minutes' walk from Ramleh, is still averse to such a convenience as electric current, and so is not as yet served; perhaps the low standard of living of the poor population prevents the use of the service at the present rates, which cannot compete with petroleum for lighting". Sheikh Mustafa al-Khairi was mayor of Ramla from 1920 to 1947. The 1938 village statistics list the population ("Ramle, Er") as 11,950. The 1945/46 survey gives 'Ramle'

1767-474: The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle. In modern Turkey, data on the ethnic makeup of the country is not officially collected, though estimates exist. Kahramanmaraş is currently predominantly populated by Turkish and also Kurdish people, with a small Armenian population. The population of the city was 571,266 as of 2022. In February 2023,

1860-608: The First Crusaders ( c.  1099 ), after which it became the scene of various battles between the Crusaders and Fatimids in the first years of the 12th century. Later that century, it became the centre of a lordship in the Kingdom of Jerusalem , a Crusader state established by Godfrey of Bouillon . Ramla had an Arab -majority population before most were expelled during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . The town

1953-720: The First World War , Maras was controlled by British troops between 22 February 1919 and 30 October 1919, then by French troops, after the Armistice of Mudros . Dr. Mustafa, a Turkish revolutionary and leader in Marash, heard news of the Erzurum Congress that stated Turkish people had the right to resist in majority Turkish speaking lands. On the first day of the French occupation, he was able to telegraph with Mustafa Kemal and succeeded in requesting support from

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2046-620: The Franciscan church. Napoleon used the hospice as his headquarters during his Palestine campaign in 1799. The Ramla Museum is housed in the former municipal headquarters of the British Mandatory authorities. The building, from 1922, incorporates elements of Arab architecture such as arched windows and patterned tiled floors. After 1948, it was the central district office of the Israeli Ministry of Finance . In 2001,

2139-675: The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). In January 2021, archaeologists from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Haifa University announced the discovery of six engravings on 120,000-year-old aurochs bone near the city of Ramla in the open-air Middle Paleolithic site of Nesher Ramla. According to  archaeologist Yossi Zaidner, this finding was definitely the oldest in the Levant . Three-dimensional imaging and microscopic analysis were used to examine

2232-527: The Maraş Massacre of leftist Alevis took place in the city. A Turkish nationalist group, the Grey Wolves , incited the violence that left more than 100 dead. The incident was important in the Turkish government's decision to declare martial law, and the eventual military coup in 1980 . In February 2023, a powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to

2325-569: The Turkish War of Independence , the French army occupied Maraş, and some Armenians returned to the city as French legionnaires, in addition to returning locals. In February 1920, Turkish nationalist forces regained control from the French, resulting in a massacre of the Armenian population . The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000", though the initial estimates varied. According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to

2418-578: The White Mosque . It was not completed until the reign of Sulayman's successor Caliph Umar II ( r.  717–720 ). The Sulayman's construction works were financially managed by a Christian from Lydda, Bitrik ibn al-Naka. The remains of the White Mosque, dominated by a minaret added at a later date, are visible in the present day. In the courtyard are underground water cisterns from the Umayyad period. From early on, Ramla developed economically as

2511-518: The hammam there; "built in a wonderous and clever fashion". In the early days of the Ottoman period, in 1548, a census was taken recording 528 Muslim families and 82 Christian families living in Ramla. On 2 March 1799 , Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Ramla during his unsuccessful bid to conquer Palestine, using the Franciscan hospice as his headquarters. The village appeared as 'Ramleh' on

2604-603: The Armenians lost 2,100, mostly civilians. In the months following the end of the war, Cilicia had also become a source of dispute between the British and French, who both aspired to establish influence in the region. The British government, however, was under strong domestic pressure to withdraw and demobilize its forces in the Middle East and on 15 September 1919, Prime Minister David Lloyd George begrudgingly accepted

2697-546: The Central District ranks fourth among Israel's seven districts in terms of drug-related arrests. Today, five of Israel's prisons are located in Ramla, including the maximum-security Ayalon Prison and the country's only women's prison, called Neve Tirza . In 2015, Ramla had one of Israel's highest crime rates. The Tower of Ramla , also known as the White Tower, was built in the 13th century. It served as

2790-592: The Danishmends besieged Germanikeia unsuccessfully, but captured it the next year. However, the Crusaders retook it in 1137. Kaykhusraw I , Sultan of Rum captured Marash in 1208. Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Marash was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , following the war with the Ilkhanate . Served by an Armenian Apostolic Church archbishop, it became for a very short period of time,

2883-527: The Defense of Rights, and split their forces into a clandestine cell system , with the members of each cell only knowing the activities and identities of members of their own group of ten. Additional recruits were sought from neighboring villages. The Turkish forces in Marash numbered 2,500. Some of them were armed with old hunting rifles and others with melee weapons. Before the battle, they obtained 850 rifles, two machine guns and two cannons (not used during

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2976-596: The Early Muslim period) to provide Ramla with a steady supply of water. Use of the cistern was apparently discontinued at the beginning of the tenth century (the beginning of the Fatimid period), possibly due to the fact that the main aqueduct to the city went out of use at that time. The Crusaders built a cathedral in the first half on the 12th century, converted into a mosque when the Mamluks conquered Ramla in

3069-721: The German people. According to a 2010 Cumhuriyet article, the first ruins of Germanicia have already been unearthed in the Dulkadiroğulları quarters of the city. During the Byzantine Empire, Germanikeia was seat of an eparch and one of the city's eparch participated in the First Council of Nicea . The city was lost to the Arabs in the 7th century and during the rule of al-Mansur the whole Christian population of

3162-536: The Germanikeia valley was deported and resettled at Ramla in Palestine . After the fall of the Armenian kingdoms in the 11th century the city became an important stronghold for the exiled Armenians and the city became the capital of the short-lived principality of Philaretos Brachamios that at times included Antioch and Edessa . After Philaretos' death, another Armenian general named Tatoul took over

3255-491: The Jarrahids, who continued to dominate the surrounding countryside. The following decade was marked by peace, but, in 1024, the Jarrahids renewed their rebellion. The Fatimid general Anushtakin al-Dizbari secured Ramla for a few months, but the Jarrahids overran the city that year, killing and harassing several inhabitants and seizing much of the population's wealth. They appointed their own governor, Nasr Allah ibn Nizal. In

3348-627: The Jewish militia group Irgun went off in the Ramla market on 18 February, killing 7 residents and injuring 45. After a number of unsuccessful raids on Ramla, the Israeli army launched Operation Dani . Ramla was captured on 12 July 1948, a few days after the capture of Lydda. The Arab resistance surrendered on July 12, and most of the remaining inhabitants were expelled . A disputed claim, advanced by scholars including Ilan Pappé , characterizes this as ethnic cleansing . By November 1949, there were about 2,000 Arabs in Ramla and Lod. Ramla became

3441-573: The Mediterranean coast. Sulayman established his city in Lydda's vicinity, avoiding Lydda proper. This was likely due to a lack of available space for wide-scale development and agreements dating to the Muslim conquest in the 630s that, at least formally, precluded him from confiscating desirable property within Lydda. In a tradition recorded by the historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari (died 1347),

3534-596: The Ottoman Empire was Vartan Pasha 's 1851 Akabi Hikâyesi , written in the Armenian script. ظ ‎ , ض ‎ Although the Armenian alphabet fits the Turkish phonology very well, a few digraphs are needed to write all Turkish sounds, especially vowels. Some of them are also present in Armenian orthography. Marash Kahramanmaraş ( Turkish pronunciation: [kahɾaˈmanmaɾaʃ] ), historically Marash ( Turkish : Maraş ; Armenian : Մարաշ ) and Germanicea ( Greek : Γερμανίκεια ),

3627-481: The Ottoman army to oppose deportation. On the morning of 26 July 1915, they attacked and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. Due to Muslim conscription for World War One , victims were women, children, and the elderly. In response, the Turkish army began a siege of Fundijak under Ali Bey on August 1. 91 captured fighters were executed, and another 100 were deported. The Turkish losses were estimated at 2,000 soldiers and between 4,000 and 5,000 villagers, while

3720-479: The Turkish National Forces in Marash, though they would not arrive in time for the battle. The Sütçü İmam incident , in which a French Legionnaire ripped off the hijab of a woman, contributed to the sparking of public unrest and led to the first shot being fired against the French occupying forces. There was also another incident in which 20 Turkish 'notables' of the city would be killed during

3813-427: The Turkish forces lost 2,000 soldiers. Due to Muslim conscription for World War One , victims were women, children, and the elderly. This would severely accelerate the deportation process for Armenians in Marash. A total of 20,000 Armenians from Marash would be deported, as local officials intentionally grouped the local population under the deportation orders for 'foreign armies' due to French association. During

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3906-541: The Turks themselves performed that maneuver only half an hour before the French zero hour The French responded with cannon fire, shelling Turkish houses and subjecting the city to 'heavy bombardment'. Lieutenant Colonel Thibault recorded that General Querette was head of much of the operations, and told ordered his men to flush out enemy troops from the houses, though Turkish rebels would adopt this strategy to greater success using fire rather than cannons. Turkish rebels threw kerosene -doused rags on Armenian houses and laid

3999-510: The Turks—rushed out from their imprisonment and began to help themselves to everything they could carry out of the empty Turkish houses. They soon reached our center with the news and our people, too, ran for booty. In a few hours our two buildings were filled with food, clothes, house furnishings, etc. I was displeased by all this... At nightfall, as if to avenge the deeds of the Turks, the Armenians set mosques and Turkish houses on fire and killed

4092-608: The West, is known under the name of Filastin. The armies of the First Crusade took the hastily evacuated town without a fight. In the early years of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem though, control over this strategic location led to three consecutive battles between the Crusaders and Egyptian armies from Ascalon , a Fatimid-held town along the southern coast of Palestine. As Crusader rule stabilized, Ramla became

4185-433: The attacks. The notables refused responsibility, but agreed to paying the French a compensation to replace supplies. However, they also stated that France was violating the terms of the Armistice of Mudros . Immediately after the remaining notables had left the French headquarters, the Turkish rebellion began. The plan was to strike suddenly. The very first shots fired were witnessed by nurse Osanna Maksudian, who "noted

4278-407: The battle. In a telegraph, General Dufieux advised the immediate evacuation of Marash if there was no ceasefire. The French secretly planned to withdraw, but Armenian legionnaires spread the word to their neighbors. That morning, Turkish rebels told their families to evacuate the city. Upon hearing this news, an Armenian pastor recounted: The Armenians—learning that the city was now evacuated by

4371-400: The beginning of the occupation, and 20 more would be injured. The Reverend Pascal Maljian was hit by a stone thrown through a window and cut his cheek. According to his account, "Hovnan Pasha had summoned several of the new Armenian recruits and demanded that my blood should not be allowed to dry without being avenged on that very Sunday afternoon... He fired at the lamp, and taking advantage of

4464-532: The bone. The six lines ranged in length from 38 to 42 millimeters. The city has historically suffered severe damage from several major earthquakes, including the 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake , 1068 Near East earthquake , smaller earthquakes in 1070 and 1546, and the 1927 Jericho earthquake . In May 2006, a naturally sealed-off underground space now known as Ayyalon Cave was discovered near Ramla, outside Moshav Yad Rambam . The cave sustains an unusual type of ecosystem, based on bacteria that create all

4557-611: The building became a museum documenting the history of Ramla. The Commonwealth War Cemetery is the largest of its kind in Israel, holding graves of soldiers fallen during both World Wars and the British Mandate period. A tradition reported by Ishtori Haparchi (1280–1355) and other early Jewish writers is that Ramla was the biblical Gath of the Philistines . Initial archaeological claims seemed to indicate that Ramla

4650-527: The capital of Jund Filastin , the district he governed in Bilad al-Sham before becoming caliph in 715. The city's strategic and economic value derived from its location at the intersection of the Via Maris , connecting Cairo with Damascus , and the road connecting the Mediterranean port of Jaffa with Jerusalem . It rapidly overshadowed the adjacent city of Lydda , whose inhabitants were relocated to

4743-502: The churches were set alight. When the 2,000 Armenians who had taken shelter in the Catholic cathedral attempted to leave, they were shot. The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000". Early reports put the number of Armenians dead at no less than 16,000, although this was later revised down to 5,000–12,000. Stanley Kerr, who served the remaining Christians, stated that 9,700 Armenians were in Marash after

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4836-798: The city and hosted the exhausted army of the First Crusade for four days before it moved on to the Siege of Antioch . According to the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa , it was destroyed by an earthquake and 40,000 people were killed on the 12th of the month of Mareri in the Armenian year 563 (November 29, 1114). In 1100, the city was captured by the Danishmends , followed by the Seljuks in 1103. In 1107, Crusaders led by Tancred retook it with aid from Toros I of Cilician Armenia . In 1135,

4929-604: The city was destroyed by the Jarrahids , a branch of the Tayy tribe. Nonetheless, the 10th-century Jerusalemite geographer al-Muqaddasi described Ramla as "a fine city, and well built; its water is good and plentiful; it fruits are abundant". He noted that it "combines manifold advantages, situated as it is in the midst of beautiful villages and lordly towns, near to holy places and pleasant hamlets", as well as bountiful fields, walled towns and hospices. The geographer further noted

5022-462: The city's disadvantages included the severe muddiness of the place during the rainy winter season and its hard, sandy grounds due to its distance from natural water sources. The limited drinking water gathered in the city's cisterns were generally inaccessible to the poorer inhabitants. By 1011–1012, the Jarrahids controlled all of Palestine, except for the coastal towns, and captured Ramla from its Fatimid garrison, making it their capital. The city and

5115-400: The city's significant commerce and "excellent markets", lauding the quality of its fruits and bread as the best of their kind. During this period, Ramla was one of the major centers for the production and export of oil extracted from unripe olives, known as anfa kinon ( Greek : ὀμφάκιον, ὀμφάχινον; Latin : omphacium; Arabic : زيت الأنفاق ), and used in cuisine and medicine. Conversely,

5208-464: The city, leaving more than 50,000 people dead. The city center was hardest-hit as many homes were destroyed. An estimated 17.37 percent of the city was destroyed. In 1904, Mark Sykes recorded Marash as a city inhabited by Armenians and Turks. Ephraim K. Jernazian estimated that in 1913 the city was home to 45 thousand Turks and 30 thousand Armenians, while other ethnic groups had very small representation. Stanley Kerr reported Turks comprised 75% of

5301-475: The confusion when it flared up, tossed a German hand grenade into the cafe". The explosion wounded some twenty of the Turkish notables and killed another twenty." The cafe was chosen due to its closeness to where the Reverend had been hit, and due to the fact that respected members of the community, or 'notables', often gathered there in the evenings. On 27 November 1919, a group of Turks gathered in secret at

5394-419: The end of his reign in 705 and continued in office through the reign of his brother Caliph al-Walid I ( r.  705–715 ), whom he succeeded. He died as caliph in 717. Ramla remained the capital of Palestine through the Fatimid period (10th–11th centuries). Its role as the principal city and district capital came to an end shortly before the arrival of the First Crusaders in 1099. It received its name,

5487-612: The energy they need chemically, from the sulfur compounds they find in the water, with no light or organic food coming in from the surface. A bulldozer working in the Nesher cement quarry on the outskirts of Ramla accidentally broke into the cavern. The finds have been attributed to the cave's isolation, which led to the evolution of a whole food chain of specially developed organisms, including several previously unknown species of invertebrates . With several large halls on different levels, it measures 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) long, making it

5580-509: The fighting), from the gendarmerie building in Marash. Those without firearms armed themselves with rifles acquired from dead French soldiers. On 20 January, the French Captain Fontaine and his battalion were ambushed by Turkish rebels, losing twelve legionnaires. When General Querette of the French learned of these events, he summoned Marash 'notables' (respected leaders of the city) and charged them with complicity in

5673-399: The following year, al-Dizbari drove the Jarrahids out of Ramla, but was recalled to Egypt in 1026. In 1029, he returned and routed the Jarrahids and their Bedouin allies. Persian geographer Nasir-i-Khusrau visited the city in 1047, remarking: Ramla is a great city, with strong walls built of stone, mortared, of great height and thickness, with iron gates opening therein. From the town to

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5766-531: The food supply to dwindle. Seven more species of troglobite crustaceans and springtails were discovered in "Noah's Ark Cave", as the cave has been dubbed by journalists, several of them unknown to science. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), a total of 63,462 people were living in Ramla at the end of 2004. In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 80% Jewish, 20% Arab (16% Muslim Arabs and 4% Christian Arabs ). Ramla

5859-401: The home of Mehmet Veziroghlu to organize resistance to the French occupation. A committee of eight was decided upon, and all members took this vow: "For the security of our Nation we swear to Allah to sacrifice our lives; and to punish by death —even if it should be our brothers—any treachery made against our organization; and to guard all secrets". They named the organization The Committee for

5952-460: The inhabitants were Muslims, but later a substantial number of non-Muslims migrated to the city, mainly in the 19th century. During Ottoman rule, the city was initially the centre of Eyalet of Dulkadir (also called Eyalet of Zûlkâdiriyye ) and then an administrative centre of a sanjak in the Vilayet of Aleppo . Around Maras, Armenians from Kishifli, Dere Keoy, and Fundijak chose to fight

6045-557: The majority of the occupying force was Armenian, and "from the moment of their arrival had shown nothing but hatred for the Muslims". Recruitment for the occupying forces began at Fort Said, and Stanley Kerr states that the motivation for many joining up was "revenge for the cruel deportation and massacres", which led to inciting incidents such as the 'bomb carrying priest' and the Sütçü İmam incident . On 8 February, General Querette gave

6138-480: The map of Pierre Jacotin compiled during this campaign. In 1838, Edward Robinson found Ramleh to be a town of about 3000 inhabitants, surrounded by olive-groves and vegetables. It had few streets, and the houses were made of stone and were well-built. There were several mosques in the town. In 1863, Victor Guérin noted that the Latin (Catholic) population was reduced to two priests and 50 parishioners. In 1869,

6231-432: The marble here with a toothless saw, which is worked with 'Mekka sand'. They saw the marble in length, as is the case with wood, to form the columns; not in across; they also cut it into slabs. The marbles that I saw here were of all colours, some variegated, some green, red, black and white. There is, too, at Ramla, a particular kind of fig, and this they export to all the countries round. This city Ramla, throughout Syria and

6324-457: The minaret of the White Mosque ( al-Masjid al-Abyad ) erected by Caliph Suleiman in the 8th century, of which only remnants are to be seen today. The tower is six stories high, with a spiral staircase of 119 steps. The Pool of Arches, also known as St. Helen's Pool and Bīr al-Anezīya, is an underground water cistern built during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Haroun al-Rashid in 789 CE (in

6417-541: The nearby Yedikuyular Ski Resort offers winter sports activities. Ramla Ramla or Ramle ( Hebrew : רַמְלָה , Ramlā ; Arabic : الرملة , ar-Ramleh ) is a city in the Central District of Israel . Ramle is one of Israel's mixed cities , with significant numbers of both Jews and Arabs. The city was founded in the early 8th century CE by the Umayyad caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik as

6510-602: The new Turkish Republic . On 7 April 1925, Marash became one of two cities in Turkey to receive a Turkish Medal of Independence (the other city being İnebolu ). In 1973, Marash's name was changed to Kahramanmaraş when the Turkish government added "Kahraman" to the name, in reference to the resistance to the French occupation after the First World War. Kahraman means "heroic" or “brave” in Turkish . In December 1978,

6603-504: The new city. Although the traditional accounts are in agreement that Lydda almost immediately fell into obscurity following the founding of Ramla, narratives vary about the extent of Sulayman's efforts to transfer Lydda's inhabitants to Ramla, some holding that he only demolished a church in Lydda and others that he demolished the city altogether. Al-Ya'qubi (died 839) noted Sulayman razed the houses of Lydda's inhabitants to force their relocation to Ramla and punished those who resisted. In

6696-467: The new city. Not long after its establishment, Ramla developed as the commercial centre of Palestine , serving as a hub for pottery, dyeing, weaving, and olive oil, and as the home of numerous Muslim scholars . Its prosperity was lauded by geographers in the 10th–11th centuries, when the city was ruled by the Fatimids and Seljuks . It lost its role as a provincial capital shortly before the arrival of

6789-457: The order to bombard houses rebel Turks were in, in addition to the previous bombardment of Turkish houses. During the battle, a massacre of Christian civilians took place. Most died within the first three days, and those that fled were held in French military quarters or otherwise military defended churches and schools. Christians found shelter in Marash's six Armenian Apostolic and three Armenian Evangelical churches alongside soldiers. All of

6882-547: The population was given as 3,460; 3000 Muslims, 400 Greek Orthodox and 60 Catholics. In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine noted that there was a bazaar in the town, "but its prosperity has much decayed, and many of the houses are falling into ruins, including the Serai ." Expansion began only at the end of the 19th century. In 1889, 31 Jewish worker families settled in

6975-581: The population. Ottoman censuses from the time are not fully reliable for many reasons, one of which being that during census taking every household was assumed to have 5 residents. The Armenian population of Maraş, like many other Armenian communities in Turkey. Maraş was the site of massacres and deportations of Armenians, who were subjected to violence, harassment, looting and appropriation of property, and were forced to flee. In 1915, Armenians from Marash villages attacked and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. 4,000-5,000 Turkish villagers died, and

7068-509: The sea-coast is a distance of three leagues. The inhabitants get their water from the rainfall, and in each house is a tank for storing the same, in order that there may always be a supply. In the middle of the Friday Mosque [White Mosque], also, is a large tank: and from it, when it is filled with water, anyone who wishes may take. The area of the mosque measures two hundred paces ( Gam ) by three hundred. Over one of its porches ( suffah )

7161-565: The seat of a seigneury in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Lordship of Ramla within the County of Jaffa and Ascalon . It was a city of some economic significance and an important way station for pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem. The Crusaders identified it with the biblical Ramathaim and called it Arimathea . Around 1163, the rabbi and traveller Benjamin of Tudela , who also mistook it for

7254-664: The seat of the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia . Marash was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil , Mamluk Sultan, in 1292. It was recaptured by Hethum II , King of Cilician Armenia, in 1299. Marash was finally taken by the Mamluks in 1304. Marash was ruled by Dulkadirs as vassals of the Mamluks from 1337 to 1515 before being annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In the early days of Ottoman rule (1525–6) there were 1,557 adult males (total population 7,500); at this time all

7347-496: The second half of the 13th century, when they added a round minaret, an entrance from the north, and a mihrab . The Great Mosque of Ramla, also known as the El-Omari Mosque, it is in architectural terms Israel's largest and best-preserved Crusader church. The Hospice of St Nicodemus and St Joseph of Arimathea on Ramla's main boulevard, Herzl Street, is easily recognized by its clock-faced, square tower. It belongs to

7440-485: The singular form of raml (sand), from the sandy area in which it sat. Sulayman's motives for founding Ramla were personal ambition and practical considerations. The location of Ramla near Lydda, a long-established and prosperous city, was logistically and economically advantageous. The area's economic importance was based on its strategic location at the intersection of the two major roads linking Egypt with Syria (the so-called " Via Maris ") and linking Jerusalem with

7533-551: The state's expenditures. In the late 9th century the Muslim inhabitants were composed mainly of Arabs and Persians, while the clients of the Muslims were Samaritans. The golden age of Ramla under the Umayyads and Abbasids, when the city overtook Jerusalem as a trade center, later gave way to a period of political instability and war beginning in the late 10th century. The Egypt-based Fatimids conquered Ramla in 969 and ten years later

7626-514: The street and sentries at their posts, making use of loopholes prepared in advance. Anyone seen moving was shot, for it was only the Christians who knew nothing of the plan. In the patrols used for policing the city composed of both Turkish gendarmes and French soldiers, the gendarmes turned suddenly on their French companions and killed them. The orders given by the general for the seizure of certain strategic positions could not be carried out, for

7719-595: The surrounding places were plundered by the Bedouin, impoverishing much of the population. The Jarrahids brought the Alid emir of Mecca , al-Hasan ibn Ja'far , to act as caliph in defiance of the Fatimids. The development was short-lived, as the Jarrahids abandoned al-Hasan after Fatimid bribes, and the caliphal claimant left the city for Mecca. A Fatimid army led by Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah wrested control of Ramla from

7812-406: The third-largest limestone cave in Israel. One of the finds was an eyeless scorpion, given the name Akrav israchanani honouring the researchers who identified it, Israel Naaman and Hanan Dimentman. All ten specimen of the blind scorpion found in the cave had been dead for several years, possibly because recent overpumping of the groundwater has led the underground lake to shrink, and with it

7905-519: The town, which had no Jewish population at the time. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities , 'Ramleh' had a population of 7,312 (5,837 Muslims , 1,440 Christians and 35 Jews). The Christians were further noted by denomination: 1,226 Orthodox , 2 Syriac Orthodox (Jacobites), 150 Roman Catholics , 8 Melkite Catholics , 4 Maronite , 15 Armenian , 2 Abyssinian Church and 36 Anglicans . Less than

7998-459: The words of al-Jahshiyari, Sulayman "founded the town of al-Ramla and its mosque and thus caused the ruin of Lod [Lydda]". The Abbasids toppled the Umayyads in 750, confiscating the White Mosque and all other Umayyad properties in Ramla. The Abbasids annually reviewed the high costs of maintaining the Barada canal, though starting under the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim it became a regular part of

8091-712: Was "too Christian in ethos for the taste of the Umayyad rulers", particularly following the Arabization and Islamization reforms instituted by Abd al-Malik. According to al-Jahshiyari (died 942), Sulayman sought a lasting reputation as a great builder following the example of his father and al-Walid, the respective founders of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus . The construction of Ramla

8184-456: Was Sulayman's "way to immortality" and "his personal stamp on the landscape of Palestine", according to Luz. The first structure Sulayman erected in Ramla was his palatial residence, which dually served as the seat of Palestine's administration ( diwan ). The next structure was the Dar al-Sabbaghin (House of the Dyers). At the center of the new city was a congregational mosque , later known as

8277-431: Was initially hidden by Nazaret Bilezikjian, who protested allowing surrender by turning it in to French authorities in a confrontation with Stanley Kerr, saying "Let the Turks get the punishment that they deserve!" According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle, but were ultimately victorious against French forces. The battle

8370-568: Was known as "the Kurkumaean city " to its Luwian inhabitants and as Marqas to the Assyrians . In 711 BC, the land of Gurgum was annexed as an Assyrian province and renamed Marqas after its capital. Maraş was called Germanicia Caesarea ( Ancient Greek : Γερμανίκεια , Germanikeia ) in the time of the Roman and Byzantine empires, probably after Germanicus Julius Caesar rather than

8463-474: Was not built on the site of an ancient city, although in recent years the ruins of an older city were uncovered to the south of Ramla. Earlier, Benjamin Mazar had proposed that ancient Gath lay at the site of Ras Abu Hamid east of Ramla. Avi-Yonah , however, considered that to be a different Gath, usually now called Gath-Gittaim. This view is also supported by other scholars, those holding that there was, both,

8556-421: Was subsequently repopulated by Jewish immigrants. Today, Ramla is one of Israel's mixed cities , with a population 76% Jewish and 24% Arab. The Umayyad prince and governor of Palestine , Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik , founded Ramla as the seat of his administration, replacing Lydda , the Muslims' original provincial capital. Sulayman had been appointed governor by his father Caliph Abd al-Malik before

8649-626: Was won by the Turkish National Movement on 12 February without outside support arriving, and is commemorated by the naming of Onikişubat , a district of Marash. Marash was an important battle in the Franco-Turkish War , and was one of the first major Turkish victories in the Turkish War of Independence . In the years following the battle, the Treaty of Lausanne would be established and Marash would become part of

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