A medical corps is generally a military branch or officer corps responsible for medical care for serving military personnel. Such officers are typically military physicians .
41-1182: The following organizations are examples of medical corps: In the British Armed Forces and Commonwealth of Nations: In the United States military: In the Indian Armed Forces In the French Armed Forces: In the Irish Defence Forces: In the Israel Defense Forces: In the Myanmar Armed Forces: In the Bangladesh Armed Forces: In the Polish Armed Forces: In the Singapore Armed Forces: In
82-531: A dental surgeon , is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry , the branch of medicine focused on the teeth , gums , and mouth . The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , and sometimes dental therapists . In China as well as France, the first people to perform dentistry were barbers. They have been categorized into 2 distinct groups: guild of barbers and lay barbers. The first group,
123-429: A cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminium from damage by the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew that the cardboard covering prevented light from escaping, yet he observed that the invisible cathode rays caused a fluorescent effect on a small cardboard screen painted with barium platinocyanide when it was placed close to the aluminium window. It occurred to Röntgen that
164-595: A lecturer at the University of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a professor at the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim , Württemberg . He returned to Strasbourg as a professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair of physics at the University of Giessen . In 1888, he obtained the physics chair at the University of Würzburg , and in 1900 at the University of Munich , by special request of
205-470: A scientific textbook on the techniques and practices of dentistry. Over time, trained dentists immigrated from Europe to the Americas to practice dentistry, and by 1760, America had its own native born practicing dentists. Newspapers were used at the time to advertise and promote dental services. In America from 1768 to 1770 the first application of dentistry to verify forensic cases was being pioneered; this
246-822: A specialist board or list, in order to use the title 'specialist'. In the US, dental specialties are recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA) or the American Board of Dental Specialties (ABDS) Currently, the ADA lists twelve dental specialties, who are recognized by the National Commission on Recognition of Dental Specialties and Certifying Boards, while the ABDS recognizes four dental specialty boards. List of Dental Specialties under
287-608: A thin film of a metal such as aluminium. Röntgen published a total of three papers on X-rays between 1895 and 1897. Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology , the medical speciality which uses imaging to diagnose disease. Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig for 47 years until her death in 1919 at the age of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn , Netherlands on 7 July 1872;
328-550: A whole to benefit from practical applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1900. In November 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 roentgenium (Rg) in his honor. IUPAP adopted the name in November 2011. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1897. In 1907, he became a foreign member of
369-639: The Crookes–Hittorf tube , which had a much thicker glass wall than the Lenard tube, might also cause this fluorescent effect. In the late afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering similar to the one he had used on the Lenard tube. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with the cardboard and attached electrodes to a Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electrostatic charge. Before setting up
410-700: The Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich ), he passed the entrance examination and began his studies there as a student of mechanical engineering . In 1869, he graduated with a PhD from the University of Zurich ; once there, he became a favourite student of Professor August Kundt , whom he followed to the newly founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg . In 1874, Röntgen became
451-805: The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland . Today, in Remscheid-Lennep , 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf , is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum. In Würzburg , where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to
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#1732772007696492-671: The Röntgen Memorial Site . World Radiography Day: World Radiography Day is an annual event promoting the role of medical imaging in modern healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with the anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. It was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative between the European Society of Radiology , the Radiological Society of North America , and
533-605: The roentgen (R), is also named after him. He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth manufacturer, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein. When he was aged three, his family moved to the Netherlands, where his mother's family lived. Röntgen attended high school at Utrecht Technical School in Utrecht , Netherlands . He followed courses at the Technical School for almost two years. In 1865, he
574-605: The ADA: List of Dental Specialties under the ABDS: Specialists in these fields are designated "registrable" (in the United States , "board eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as dentist anesthesiologist, orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local accreditation requirements (U.S., "Board Certified") In
615-721: The Bavarian government. Röntgen had family in Iowa in the United States and planned to emigrate. He accepted an appointment at Columbia University in New York City and bought transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak of World War I changed his plans. He remained in Munich for the rest of his career. During 1895, at his laboratory in the Würzburg Physical Institute of the University of Würzburg, Röntgen
656-536: The Doctor of Dental Surgery degree, often referred to as a DDS degree. In response to the rise in new dentists as well as dentistry techniques, the first dental practice act was established to regulate dentistry. In the United States, the First Dental Practice Act required dentists to pass each specific state medical board exam in order to practice dentistry in that particular state. However, because
697-453: The Father of Surgery, published his own work about the proper maintenance and treatment of teeth. Ambroise Paré was a French barber surgeon who performed dental care for multiple French monarchs. He is often credited with having raised the status of barber surgeons. Pierre Fauchard of France is often referred to as the "father of modern dentistry" because in 1728 he was the first to publish
738-610: The Guild of Barbers, was created to distinguish more educated and qualified dental surgeons from lay barbers. Guild barbers were trained to do complex surgeries. The second group, the lay barbers, were qualified to perform regular hygienic services such as shaving and tooth extraction as well as basic surgery. However, in 1400, France made decrees prohibiting lay barbers from practicing all types of surgery. In Germany as well as France from 1530 to 1575 publications completely devoted to dentistry were being published. Ambroise Paré , often known as
779-806: The South African National Defence Force: In the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: In the German Armed Forces ( Bundeswehr ): A dental corps is a specialist military unit, generally including dentists and dedicated to maintaining the dental health of service personnel. Dental corps are therefore a kind of medical corps, and are typically either within the medical corps of their military organization, or closely associated with it. Dentist A dentist , also known as
820-766: The UK, dentists are required to register with the General Dental Council. In Australia, it is the Dental Board of Australia, while in the United States, dentists are registered according to the individual state board. The main role of a dental regulator is to protect the public by ensuring only qualified dental practitioners are registered, handle any complaints or misconduct, and develop national guidelines and standards for dental practitioners to follow. For many countries, after satisfactory completion of post-graduate training, dental specialists are required to join
861-657: The UK, the specialties are recognized by the General Dental Council (GDC). Currently the GDC lists 13 different dental specialties: European Union legislation recognizes two dental specialties: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (A degree in dentistry and medicine being compulsory) and Orthodontics. Wilhelm R%C3%B6ntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ( / ˈ r ɛ n t ɡ ə n , - dʒ ə n , ˈ r ʌ n t -/ ; German: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʁœntɡən] ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923)
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#1732772007696902-885: The administration of General anesthesia , legally require postdoctoral training in the US. While many oral diseases are unique and self-limiting, poor conditions in the oral cavity can lead to poor general health and vice versa; notably, there is a significant link between periodontal, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases. Conditions in the oral cavity may also be indicative of other systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes , AIDS , and various blood diseases, including malignancies and lymphoma. Dentists can also prescribe medicines. Several studies have suggested that dentists and dental students are at high risk of burnout . During burnout, dentists experience exhaustion, alienate from work and perform less efficiently. A systemic study identified risk factors associated with this condition such as practitioner's young age, personality type, gender,
943-765: The air driven dental tools ushered in a new high-speed dentistry. By nature of their general training, a licensed dentist can carry out most dental treatments such as restorative ( dental restorations , crowns , bridges ), orthodontics ( braces ), prosthodontic ( dentures , crown /bridge), endodontic ( root canal ) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and oral surgery (extraction of teeth), as well as performing examinations, taking radiographs (x-rays) and diagnosis. Additionally, dentists can further engage in oral surgery procedures such as dental implant placement. Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics , fluorides , pain killers , local anesthetics , sedatives / hypnotics and any other medications that serve in
984-498: The barium platinocyanide screen to test his idea, Röntgen darkened the room to test the opacity of his cardboard cover. As he passed the Ruhmkorff coil charge through the tube, he determined that the cover was light-tight and turned to prepare for the next step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen noticed a faint shimmering from a bench a few feet away from the tube. To be sure, he tried several more discharges and saw
1025-433: The delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's senior and his father not approving of her age or humble background. Their marriage began with financial difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted as a six-year-old after her father, Anna's only brother, died in 1887. For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not seek patents for his discoveries, holding
1066-487: The dental X-ray was discovered by a German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen . In the 20th century, new dental techniques and technology were invented such as the porcelain crowns (1903), Novocain (a local anesthetic) 1905, precision cast fillings (1907), nylon toothbrushes (1938), water fluoridation (1945), fluoride toothpaste (1950), air driven dental tools (1957), lasers (1960), electric toothbrushes (1960), and home tooth bleaching kits (1989) were invented. Inventions such as
1107-412: The dental act was rarely enforced, some dentists did not obey the act. From 1846 to 1855, new dental techniques were being invented such as the use of ester anesthesia for surgery, and the cohesive gold foil method which enabled gold to be applied to a cavity. The American Dental Association was established in 1859 after a meeting with 26 dentists. Around 1867, the first university-associated dental school
1148-509: The inflation following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy, spending his final years at his country home at Weilheim , near Munich. Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine, also known as colorectal cancer . In keeping with his will, his personal and scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death. He was a member of the Dutch Reformed Church . In 1901, Röntgen
1189-403: The new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new rays came to bear his name in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms"). At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various materials to stop the rays, Röntgen brought a small piece of lead into position while a discharge
1230-470: The same shimmering each time. Striking a match, he discovered the shimmering had come from the location of the barium platinocyanide screen he had been intending to use next. Based on the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays". As 8 November was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments and made his first notes. In the following weeks, he ate and slept in his laboratory as he investigated many properties of
1271-502: The status of education, high job strain, working hours, and the burden of clinical degrees requisites. The authors of this study concluded that intervention programs at an early stage during the undergraduate level may provide practitioners with a good strategy to prepare for and cope with this condition. Depending on the country, all dentists are required to register with their national or local health board, regulators, and professional indemnity insurance, in order to practice dentistry. In
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1312-465: The treatment of the various conditions that arise in the head and neck. All DDS and DMD degree holders are legally qualified to perform a number of more complex procedures such as gingival grafts , bone grafting , sinus lifts , and implants , as well as a range of more invasive oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures, though many choose to pursue residencies or other post-doctoral education to augment their abilities. A few select procedures, such as
1353-410: The view that they should be publicly available without charge. After receiving his Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona to research at the University of Würzburg . Although he accepted the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine, he rejected an offer of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen). With
1394-628: Was a German physicist , who, on 8 November 1895 , produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 . In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium , a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non- SI unit of radiation exposure ,
1435-528: Was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics . The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him". Shy in public speaking, he declined to give a Nobel lecture. Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize to research at his university, the University of Würzburg . Like Marie and Pierre Curie , Röntgen refused to take out patents related to his discovery of X-rays, as he wanted society as
1476-410: Was called forensic dentistry . With the rise of dentists, there was also the rise of new methods to improve the quality of dentistry. These new methods included the spinning wheel to rotate a drill and chairs made specifically for dental patients. In the 1840s, the world's first dental school and national dental organization were established. Along with the first dental school came the establishment of
1517-585: Was established, Harvard Dental School. Lucy Hobbs Taylor was the first woman to earn a dental degree. In the 1880s, tube toothpaste was created which replaced the original forms of powder or liquid toothpaste. New dental boards, such as the National Association of Dental Examiners, were created to establish standards and uniformity among dentists. In 1887, the first dental laboratory was established; dental laboratories are used to create dentures and crowns that are specific to each patient. In 1895,
1558-411: Was investigating the external effects of passing an electrical discharge through various types of vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz , Johann Hittorf , William Crookes , Nikola Tesla and Philipp von Lenard In early November, he was repeating an experiment with one of Lenard's tubes in which a thin aluminium window had been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube but
1599-503: Was occurring. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly skeleton on the barium platinocyanide screen. About six weeks after his discovery, he took a picture—a radiograph —using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand. When she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!" He later took a better picture of his friend Albert von Kölliker 's hand at a public lecture. Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" ( Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen ),
1640-564: Was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 January 1896, an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery of a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Würzburg after his discovery. He also received the Rumford Medal of the British Royal Society in 1896, jointly with Philipp Lenard , who had already shown that a portion of the cathode rays could pass through
1681-405: Was unfairly expelled from high school when one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else. Without a high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in the Netherlands as a visitor. In 1865, he tried to attend Utrecht University without having the necessary credentials required for a regular student. Upon hearing that he could enter