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67-878: The exact origins of the Aro Confederacy are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been established around the mid-17th century. The Aro people, who were part of the Igbo ethnic group, inhabited the region around present-day Arochukwu in Abia State, Nigeria. They were skilled traders and missionaries who played a pivotal role in connecting various Igbo communities. This migration and their military power, and wars with neighboring kingdoms like supported by their alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly Ohafia , Edda , Abam , Abiriba , Afikpo , Ekoi , Bahumono , Amasiri , Uzuakoli etc.), quickly established

134-512: A 4% chance. The languages spoken in Arochukwu LGA are, Igboland Igbo land ( Standard Igbo : Àlà Ị̀gbò ), east is the indigenous homeland of the Igbo people . It is a cultural and common linguistic region in southeastern Nigeria. Geographically, it is divided into two sections by the: an eastern (the larger of the two) and western. Its population is characterized by

201-405: A basis for a proposed Proto-Igbo cultural heartland antecedent to contemporary Igbo culture. Much of the Igbo population is believed to have expanded from a smaller area in this region, diverging into several independent Igbo-speaking tribes, village-groups, kingdoms and states. The movements were generally broken into two trends in migration: a more northerly group that expanded towards the banks of

268-528: A distinct Igbo ethnic identity. Missionaries had started arriving in the 1850s. The Igbo, at first wary of the religion, started to embrace Christianity and Western education as traditional society broke down. Christianity had played a great part in the introduction of European ideology into Igbo society and culture often time through erasure of cultural practice; adherents to the denominations were often barred in partaking in ancient rites and traditions, and joining fraternities and secret societies were forbidden as

335-489: A divine leader and civiliser sent from heaven to begin civilisation. In contrast, Eri's origins generally suggest a north easterly origin which has sparked up debate pertaining to a possible Igala (not a fact) origin for Eri. Due to historic trade and migration of old, other people also entered the Igboland in about the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries and mixed with the natives. Towards the western end of Igboland, across

402-550: A large expanse of fertile land, which makes it a food basket of Abia State. With Palm plantations, Rubber Plantations, Rice paddies, Cassava farms, Cocoa plantations, and others, covering much of the landscape. It is a place with so much peace and hospitality to its indigenes and visitors alike. Its sons and daughters, doing exploits across the globe. Ihechiowa is an autonomous Igbo speaking community in Arochukwu Local Government Area, Abia State . It

469-744: A population density ranging from 140 to 390 inhabitants per square kilometre (350 to 1,000/sq mi) it could be the most densely populated area in Africa after the Nile Valley . Altogether Igboland has an area of some 40,900 to 41,400 km (15,800 to 16,000 sq mi). Igboland's culture has been shaped by its rainforest climate, its ancient trade along the rivers, migration, and social history within its various clans and peoples. It has been influenced by its ancient trading neighbours, allies, and more recently by relations with Europeans. Mid-nineteenth century trader W. B. Baikie said, "I seized

536-570: A regional military power bloc that the whole of Igbo land dreaded. Sometimes, these power bloc of warrior clans were utilised and exploited by the Aro people for their own Aro territorial expeditions across Southern Nigeria. It is speculated that without the Abam warriors and other neighbouring Warrior clans like the Abam, that there would have not been an Aro confederecy. Abam people were not just warriors, but were also hardworking farmers and traders. Abam has

603-519: A regional military power bloc that the whole of Igbo land dreaded. Sometimes, these power bloc of warrior clans were utilised and exploited by the Aro people for their own Aro territorial expeditions across Southern Nigeria. It is speculated that without the Ututu warriors and other neighbouring Warrior clans like the Ututu, that there would have not been an Aro confederecy. Ututu people were not just warriors, but were also hardworking farmers and traders. It

670-456: A resident named Isiah Anozie found them in the process of digging a cistern. This led to the discovery of a larger network of linked metal works from the 9th century. The works were based in Igbo Ukwu. Further finds were made found by archaeology teams led by Thurstan Shaw in 1959–60, and in 1964 in the compound of Jonah Anozie. Initially, throughout the 1960s and 1970s, scholars believed that

737-571: A stalemate. Both sides arranged a marriage between the king of Obong Okon Ita and a woman from Amanagwu. The marriage eventually failed to bring peace but played a decisive role in the war. Oke Nnachi was led by Nnachi Ipia who was a dibia or priest among the Edda people and was called by Agwu Inobia to help in the war against the Ibibio. These groups were followed by a third non-Igbo Ekoi -cultured group, Akpa or Ibom Oburutu who were led by Akuma Nnaubi,

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804-596: Is Igbo mixed with Ibibio and Akpa . The main language in Arochukwu is Igbo while Ibibio is also spoken. The population of Arochukwu town is 10,776. The local government area had a population of 193,820 in 2011, up from 97,800 in 1991. Daily highs hover around 83 °F, rarely dropping below 79 °F or rising over 87 °F. The day of July 23 had the lowest daily average high temperature at 82 °F. Daily lows hover around 73 °F, rarely dropping below 70 °F or rising beyond 76 °F. On August 6,

871-573: Is also in the food belt of Abia state where most of the staple foods are produced. Before Igbo arrival in the Aro territory, a group of proto Ibibio migrated to the area and established the Ibom Kingdom during the Bantu expansion . This proto Ibibio group originally came from Usak Edet ( Isanguele ), a segment of the Ejagham in present-day Southern Cameroon. The first Igbo settlers to arrive to

938-564: Is evidence of Late Stone Age (late Paleolithic) human presence from at least 10,000 years ago. Early settlement of Igboland is dated to 6000 BC based on pottery found in the Okigwe, Oka Igwe, and known today as Awka. In 1978 a team led by Thurstan Shaw , with the University of Nigeria at Nsukka, excavated a rock quarry. They found that it was a mine for tool and pottery making for a 'stone civilisation' nearby at Ibagwa . Anthropologists at

1005-580: Is now known as Eastern Nigeria. Abam is a populated Igbo clan in Abia state . It is located in Arochukwu / Ohafia federal constituency of Nigeria. Abam is the biggest clan by population and landmass in Arochukwu LGA, and one of the biggest clan in Abia North senatorial district. Abam is a brother clan to Ohafia, as both Abam and Ohafia share a common ancestry, culture, dialect etc.The progenitor of

1072-891: Is perhaps Dr. C. O. Okoreaffia, a renowned anthropologist that best describes the stratification of Ututu Villages. According to him, Ututu is an autonomous community of 19 Villages. These Villages are zoned into four anthropological groupings, which have stood the test of settlement stratification from the very beginning of the Ututu settlement. The zones are in alphabetical order: Zone One: Ututu Akasi: made up of 5 villages, namely; 1. Amakofia 2. Eziama 3. Obijoma 4. Ohomja 5.Ugwuogo Zone Two: Ututu Eleoha: made up of 6 villages, namely; 1. Amasa 2. Amaeke 3. Amankwu 4. Amodu 5. Nkpakpi 6. Obiagwulu Zone Three: Ututu Umunna Isii made up of 4 villages, namely; 1. Amaebem 2. Obiakang 3. Obialuoko 4. Ukwuakwu Zone Four : Ututu Umu Ugwuonyiri made up of 4 villages namely; 1. Abuma. 2. Amaetiti 3. Obiene 4. Ubila The kingdom

1139-819: Is primarily situated in the Lowland forest region of Nigeria. They can also be found in some parts of the Niger-Delta . Here the Niger river fans out into the Atlantic Ocean in a vast network of creeks and mangrove swamps on the Bight of Bonny . The earliest found settlements in Igboland date to 900 BCE in the central area, from where the majority of the Igbo-speaking population is believed to have migrated. The northern Igbo Kingdom of Nri , which rose around

1206-820: Is the second largest clan by land size in Arochukwu Local Government area. It is a community of people with common history and ancestor. Ihechiowa consists of seventeen villages, each with its village head (the Eze Ogo). Ihechiowa is among the Igbo population that may have, therefore, been part of waves of migration across the Niger and back, these include Ohafia, Abam, Ututu and so on. They were described as warlike in pre colonial times. They sojourned at various times, in places like Uturu, Ibeku, and Ihenta (now in Ohafia). They finaly settled down in their present location. Although no archaeological research work

1273-581: The Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power. However, Aro economic hegemony was threatened by the penetration of Europeans , mainly British colonists in the wake of the 20th century. Tensions finally led to bloodshed and the Anglo-Aro War took place from 1901 to 1902. The Aro Confederacy stoutly resisted but were eventually defeated. This helped the British to occupy the rest of what

1340-618: The British Empire after several decades of resistance on all fronts; some of the most famous of the resistance include the Ekumeku Movement , the Anglo-Aro War , and the Aba Women's Riots which was contributed to by women of different ethnic backgrounds in eastern Nigeria. A number of polities rose either directly or indirectly as a result of Nri; the most powerful kingdom of these was the Aro Confederacy which rose in

1407-588: The Hausa and the Yoruba , became sharper. British rule brought about changes in culture such as the introduction of warrant chiefs as Eze (traditional rulers) where there were no such monarchies. Following the independence of Nigeria from the United Kingdom in 1960, most of Igboland was included in its Eastern Region . Following a coup in 1966 which saw mostly Igbo soldiers assassinating politicians from

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1474-562: The Igbo subgroup, Aro people . It is composed of five clans namely Abam , Aro, Ihechiowa, Ututu and Isu. Arochukwu is a principal historic town in Igbo land. It was also one of the cities in the Southern protectorate targeted by the British colonial government. Several historic tourist sites exist in the city. The mystic Ibini Ukpabi shrine, the slave routes and other relics of the slave trade era are frequently visited by tourists. It

1541-642: The Ijaw , Efik , and Igbo . The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. The Ajalli , Arondizuogu , Ndikelionwu , and Kingdoms were some of the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after commanders and chiefs like Izuogu Mgbokpo and Iheme who led Aro/Abam forces to conquer Ikpa Ora and founded Arondizuogu. Later Aro commanders such as Okoro Idozuka (also of Arondizuogu) expanded

1608-620: The Niger River , rose a man known as Eze Chima who fled Benin with his accomplices after a dispute with the Oba of Benin who consequently exiled him in the 1560s. As they left Benin City heading eastwards, Eze Chima and his followers settled in a number of lands and established monarchies with the natives in those areas. Other accounts point to Eze Chima coming from Ife as a result of Ekaladeran, an Bini prince who migrated to Ife from Bini and usurped

1675-864: The Ogba , the Omuma , the Abam - Aro - Ohafia ( Abiriba and Nkporo ), the Waawa , the Mbaise ,the Ikwerre , the Ndoki , the Isu and the Ekpeye . Igboland is surrounded on all sides by large rivers, and other southern and central Nigeria indigenous tribes, namely Igala , Tiv , Yako , Idoma and Ibibio . In the words of William B. Baikie: Igbo settlement, extends east and west in

1742-454: The University of Benin have discovered fossils and use of monoliths dating to 4500 BC at Ngodo in the Uturu town. Further evidence of ancient settlements were uncovered at what researchers believe may be an Nsukka metal cultural area from 3000 BC, and later settlements attributed to Ngwa culture at AD 8-18. It is unclear what cultural links there are between these pre-historic artefacts and

1809-443: The sky is overcast or mostly cloudy. On July 29, there is a 78% chance of cloudy or mainly cloudy weather . On July 29, there are 22% more clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast circumstances than any other day of the summer. For comparison, the likelihood of gloomy or largely cloudy weather on May 13, the cloudiest day of the year, is 87%, while the likelihood of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies on December 27,

1876-482: The 10th century CE, is credited with the foundation of much of Igboland's culture, customs, and religious practices. It is the oldest existing monarchy in present-day Nigeria. In southern Igboland several groups developed, of which the most notable was the Aro Confederacy . During the late 19th century, Igboland was made part of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate of the British Empire and

1943-601: The 10th century based on Umunri traditions, is credited with the foundation of much of Igboland's culture, customs, and religious practices. It is the oldest existing monarchy in present-day Nigeria. It was around the mid-10th century that the divine figure Eri is said to have migrated, according to Umunri lore, to the Anambra ( Igbo : Omambara ) river basin — specifically at its meeting with Ezu river known as Ezu na Omambara in present-day Aguleri . The exact origins of Eri are unknown and much of Nri traditions present him as

2010-584: The 19th century, things changed. During the 1890s, the Royal Niger Company of Britain bore friction with the Aros because of their economic dominance. The Aro resisted British penetration in the hinterland because their economic and religious influence was being threatened. The Aro and their allies launched offensives against British allies in Igboland and Ibibioland . After failed negotiations,

2077-423: The Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power. The Aro Confederacy's strength came from its well-organized network of Aro agents who were dispersed across different communities in the region. These agents acted as intermediaries in trade, diplomacy, and religious matters. They facilitated commerce, resolved disputes, and spread the worship of the Aro deity known as the " Long Juju " oracle. The " Long Juju " oracle

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2144-470: The British Royal Navy had opened up trade with coastal towns Bonny and Opobo and further inland on the Niger with Asaba in the 1870s. The palm oil industry, the biggest export, grew large and important to the British who traded here. British arrival and trade led to increased encounters between the Igbo and other polities and ethnic groups around the Niger River and led to a deepening sense of

2211-540: The British attempted to conquer the Aro Confederacy in 1899. By 1901, the tensions were especially intensified when British prepared for the Aro Expedition. The invasion of Obegu (in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of the Anglo-Aro War . In November 1901, the British launched the Aro Expedition and after strong Aro resistance, Arochukwu was captured on December 28, 1901. By early 1902,

2278-583: The Cross River region in the 17th century and declined after British colonisation in the early 20th century. The Aro state centred on Arochukwu followed Nri's steady decline, basing much of its economic activities on the rising trade in slaves to Europeans by coastal African middlemen. The present site of Arochukwu was originally settled by the Ibibio people under the Obong Okon Ita kingdom before

2345-715: The Ibom Kingdom. Akakpokpo Okon was the son of a marriage between an Igbo women of the Eze Agwu clan and the King Obong Okon Ita in an attempt of a peace treaty. The Eze Agwu/Nnachi faction decided to help Akakpokpo attempt to overthrow his brother king Akpan Okon. Nnachi invited the Akpa people from the east of the Cross River . The Akpa forces led by Osim and Akuma Nnubi , helped the rebellious group capture

2412-650: The Igbo Ukwu bronze and copper items found here had been made elsewhere and were trade goods or were influenced by outside technology due to their technical sophistication. The opposite was revealed to be true: local copper deposits had been exploited by the 9th century and anthropological evidence, such as the Ichi-like scarifications on the human figures, show the items were of local Igbo cultural origin. The works have since been attributed to an isolated bronze industry, which had developed without outside influence over time and reached great sophistication. Igbo trade routes of

2479-430: The Igbo on both sides of the river. It also enabled ancient trade and migration of people into Igboland, and between Igboland and rest of the world. Some of the notable ancient trade and export routes in Igboland included the famous lower Niger and Njaba - Oguta lake - Orashi navigational routes via Asaba - Onitsha - Aboh , and Awo-omamma - Oguta - Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni - Aboh ferry services, respectively. There

2546-630: The Niger and the upper quadrant of the Cross River; the other, following a southerly trail, had risen from the Isu populations based closer to the axis from which the majority of southern Igbo communities emerged. Mbaise are notably the best examples of an Igbo group claiming autochthony; they reject theories of many migratory histories about their origins. Based on the proximity of traditions to those of their neighbours, and familial and political ties, many of these groups are apparently culturally northern or southern Igbo. The first Igbo Ukwu metal and precious artefacts finds were made accidentally in 1939, when

2613-526: The Niger to the regions of Aniocha, Ndokwa, Ukwuani, and Ika in present-day Delta State. Its eastern side is terminated by the Cross River , although micro-communities exist over on the other side of the river; its northernmost point enters the Savannah climate around Nsukka . In Nigeria today, Igboland is roughly made up of Abia , Anambra , Ebonyi , Enugu , Imo , Northern Delta and Rivers states. More than 30 million people inhabit Igboland and with

2680-645: The Niger-Delta region which is owned by the Middle-Belt, formerly known as Bendel, from the Old Kalabar river to the banks of the Kwora, Niger River , and live in some territory at Aboh , an Igbo clan, to the west-ward of the latter stream. On the north it borders on Igara, Igala and A'kpoto , and it is separated from the sea only by petty tribes, all of which trace their origin to this great race. It

2747-623: The Oguta Lake Slave Market, Onitsha, Abonnema, and Bonny. These markets were centres of international trade, diplomacy, and major gateways through which Western civilization entered Igboland. Aro activities on the coast helped the growth of city-states in the Niger Delta , and these city states became important centres for the export of palm oil and slaves. Such city-states included Opobo , Bonny , Nembe , Calabar , as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by

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2814-526: The Oguta-Ameshi, Onitsha, and Kalabari monarchies. Their economy was primarily based on sale of slaves and agriculture with crops like palm oil , yams, and assava. During the Trans-Atlantic slave trade , the Aro were the primary provider of slaves to the wealthy riverine Igbo merchants of Oguta (Oguta-Ameshi Ameshi, Onitsha, and Kalabari. The prominent international slave markets in Igboland were

2881-727: The area was the Eze Agwu Group led by their leader Agwu Inobia from Abiriba . Tensions between the Igbo settlers and the indigenous Ibibio led to the Aro-Ibibio Wars . The Efik were originally from the Ibom Kingdom and might have left before or during the Aro-Ibibio Wars. The war was initially a stalemate and the Eze Agwu group eventually invited a priest named Nnachi from the Edda clan of northeastern Igboland. Eze Agwu and Nnachi allied with prince Akakpokpo Okon of

2948-416: The church grew stronger. Due to the incompatibility of the Igbo decentralized style of government and the centralized system required for British indirect rule, British colonial rule was marked with open conflicts and much tension. Under British colonial rule, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as

3015-399: The clearest day of the year, is 43%. A day that has at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation is considered to be wet. The likelihood of a wet day in Arochukwu increases quickly throughout the summer, from 80% at the beginning of the season to 86% at the end. For comparison, on September 16 there is a 90% possibility of a wet day, while on January there is

3082-610: The conquest of what became Obinkita in the 17th century by two main Igbo groups: the Eze Agwu clan and the Oke Nnachi assisted by the Ibom Isi (or Akpa) mercenaries under the leadership of the Nnubi dynasty . Led by Agwu Inobia , a descendant of Nna Uru from Abiriba , the Eze Agwu clan was centered at their capital Amanagwu and were resisted by Obong Okon Ita which led to the start of the Aro-Ibibio Wars . The war initially became

3149-731: The diverse Igbo culture Politically, Igboland is divided into several southern Nigerian states ; culturally, it has included several subgroupings, including the Awka - Enugu - Nsukka , Anioma - Enuani , the Umueri - Aguleri -Anam groups, the Ngwa , the Orlu - Okigwe - Owerri communities, the Mbaise , the Ezza , Bende , the Ikwuano - Umuahia (these include Ohuhu , Ubakala , Oboro , Ibeku , etc.),

3216-610: The early second millennium reached the cities of Mecca , Medina and Jeddah through a network of trade routes journeyed by middlemen. Beads that originated in India in the 9th century have been found in Igbo Ukwu burial sites: Thousands of glass beads were uncovered from the ruined remains of a nobleman's garments. The burial site was associated with the Nri Kingdom, which began around the same century, according to indigenous history. The northern Igbo Kingdom of Nri , rising around

3283-681: The east by the Cross River and Isu Clan, in the South by Enyong and Itu Rivers / Creeks, in the North by Ihechiowa Clan and in the West by Arochukwu Clan and Nkana River / Iwerre Clan. The geographical area known as Ututu described above is named after the founder of the Clan Mazi Otutu Ezema. Historically, Ututu people were fierce and dreaded warriors. They gloried in war conquests, and participated much in mercenary and military policing duties across Eastern Nigeria. They were contracted across Igboland and beyond for defence purposes, on behalf of communities that were under oppression or annihilation from their neighbouring or far away enemies. Abam warriors were

3350-432: The evils of war, and the benefits of peace, all of which was well received", when signing a trade agreement on August 30, 1885 with Ezebogo, an Igbo chief in Asaba . Due to the native common linguistic standard and interrelated cultures in Igboland, the lower Niger River , which divides Igboland into unequal eastern and western parts, has from ancient times provided easy means of communication, trading and unity amongst

3417-409: The first Eze Aro, the title of the king of the Aro. In southern Igboland several groups developed mostly independent of Nri influence. Most of these groups followed a migration out of Isu communities in present-day Imo State , although some communities, such as the Mbaise cluster of village groups, claim to be autochthonous . Following the British parliament's abolition of the slave trade in 1807,

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3484-417: The head of state of the new republic. The Nigerian Civil War (or the "Nigerian-Biafran War") lasted from 6 July 1967 until 15 January 1970, after which Biafra once again became part of Nigeria. The Republic of Biafra was defeated after three years of war by the federal government of Nigeria from 1967 to 1970 with military support from the United Kingdom (strategy and ammunition), Soviet Union (ammunition),

3551-403: The lowest daily average low temperature is 72 °F. For comparison, the usual temperature range in Arochukwu is 68 °F to 85 °F on January 1, which is the coldest day of the year, and 72 °F to 87 °F on February 17, the warmest day of the year. In Arochukwu, the amount of cloud cover is basically constant throughout the summer , with an average of 81% of the time

3618-460: The method of his killers; Ironsi had his legs tied to the back of a Land Rover and was driven around town while still attached. The Eastern Region formed the core of the secessionist Republic of Biafra. A regional council of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria decided the region should secede as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967. Nigerian General Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu on this day made a declaration of independence of Biafra from Nigeria and became

3685-489: The moment, and, by our interpreter, told Tshukuma, that we had come to make his acquaintance and his friendship, and to ascertain if the people were willing to trade with us." He signed a trade agreement with Igbo chief, Tshukuma (Chukwuma) Obi from Aboh clan, one of the leading Igbo clans, which engaged in early active trading with Europe . Similarly, Baikie recounted that "after our salutations, I spoke of friendship, of trade, and of education, and particularly enlarged upon

3752-412: The original Igbo rulers. . Ife was originally inhabited by Igbos prior to 1300. Those grew into major village groups and towns after the 16th century. Collectively, these places are known as Umuezechima which translates as 'the children or descendants of king Chima'. Igboland was historically known as the Ibo(e) , Ebo(e) , and Ibwo Country by early European explorers. Igboland was conquered by

3819-515: The people of Abam is known as Onyerubi Atita . As a people, Abam clan in Abia state is sometimes referred to as Abam Onyerubi . Historically, Abam people were fierce and dreaded warriors. They gloried in war conquests, and participated much in mercenary and military policing duties across Eastern Nigeria. They were contracted across Igboland and beyond for defence purposes, on behalf of communities that were under oppression or annihilation from their neighbouring or far away enemies. Abam warriors were

3886-455: The people of the region today. Later human settlement in the region may have links with other discoveries made in the wider area, particularly with the culture associated with the terracotta discoveries at Nok , which spanned a wide area of present-day north-central Nigeria. Some local villagers retain what they believe are original names of settlements, such as Umuzuoka, The Blacksmiths Ụzụoka, Ọkigwe, Ịmọka, etc. The Nsukka-Okigwe axis forms

3953-443: The pioneers of the popular Ikpirikpi Ogu, also known as Abam War Dance, that was adapted by the Ohafia clan as Ohafia War Dance and to Abriba clan as Abriba War Dance. Abam was not alone in having a sophisticated military culture. Other clans around Abam also developed this culture just like the Abam. Clans like Ohafia, Abriba, Edda, Alayi, Igbere, Ihechiowa, Ututu etc also developed this warrior culture and they all, including Abam built

4020-440: The pioneers of the popular Ikpirikpi Ogu, also known as Abam War Dance, that was adapted by the Ohafia clan as Ohafia War Dance and to Abriba clan as Abriba War Dance. Ututu was not alone in having a sophisticated military culture. Other clans around Ututu also developed this culture just like the Ututu people. Clans like Ohafia, Abriba,Abam,Edda, Alayi, Igbere etc also developed this warrior culture and they all, including Ututu built

4087-715: The rest of the area. This formed the alliance of 19 new and old states in the area known as the Arochukwu kingdom around 1650–1700. The first king (or Eze Aro) of a unified Arochukwu was Akuma but after his death, Nnachi son's Oke Nnachi took over and his descendants have the throne to this day. By the mid-18th century, Arochukwu people founded many other communities both within and outside Igboland . These migrations, influence of their god Ibini Ukpabi through priests, and their military power backed up by alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly Ohafia , Abam , Abiriba , Ihechiowa , Afikpo , Ekoi , etc.) quickly established

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4154-405: The state's borders through warfare at the start of the 19th century. Aro migrations also played a large role in the expansion of Ozizza, Afikpo, Amasiri, Izombe, and many other city-states. For example, Aro soldiers founded at least three villages in Ozizza. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, derived mostly from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of

4221-453: The war was over and the Aro Confederacy collapsed. Contrary to the belief that the Ibini Ukpabi was destroyed, the shrine still exists, and is intact in Arochukwu and serves mainly as a tourist site. Arochukwu Arochukwu Local Government Area , sometimes referred to as Arochuku or Aro Oke-Igbo , is the third largest local government area in Abia State (after Aba and Umuahia ) in southeastern Nigeria and homeland of

4288-420: The western and northern regions of Nigeria, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi seized control of Lagos, the capital, and came into power as military head of state of Nigeria. In revolt and retaliation against the government General Aguiyi-Ironsi was ambushed and assassinated by Northern members of the military on 29 July 1966 in a revolt against that had strong ethnic overtones. Ironsi's assassination stood out more because of

4355-430: Was amalgamated into modern-day Nigeria in 1914. Nigeria gained independence in 1960. Shortly afterward, Igboland was involved in its biggest war during Biafra's movement for secession . It ended in 1970, when Nigerian government forces prevailed in the conflict. Historically, Igboland has taken up a large part of southeastern Nigeria, mostly on the eastern side of the Niger River . Their territory extends westward across

4422-479: Was the spiritual centerpiece of the Aro Confederacy. It was housed in Arochukwu and considered a potent source of political authority and religious guidance. The Aro people used the oracle to enforce their influence and control over surrounding communities. It also served as a means to administer justice and settle disputes, often attracting pilgrims seeking solutions to their problems. The Aro Confederacy gained significant economic power through trade relations with

4489-405: Was undertaken to validate the people’s traditions of origin, migration, and settlement; nonetheless oral evidence supports the assertion that the ancestors of Ihechiowa, together with those of Abam, Edda, Ohafia, and Ututu share cultural and linguistic relationships. Ututu people are a group of people inhabiting Ututu Clan in Arochukwu L. G A. of Abia State. The original boundaries of Ututu are - in

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