99-648: The Asaf Jahi was a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Hyderabad State . The family came to India in the late 17th century and became employees of the Mughal Empire . They were great patrons of Indo-Persian culture , language, and literature, and the family found ready patronage. The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi , a Viceroy of the Deccan —(administrator of six Mughal governorates) under
198-591: A subsidiary alliance agreement. During the British rule in 1901, the state had a revenue of ₹ 4,17,00,000. The native inhabitants of Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic origin, are called "Mulki" (countryman), a term still used today. The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj . After the Partition of India , Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with
297-513: A campaign against the British during the Seven Years' War . Prince Ali Gauhar successfully advanced as far as Patna, which he later besieged with a combined army of over 40,000 in order to capture or kill Ramnarian, a sworn enemy of the Mughals. Mir Jafar was in terror at the near demise of his cohort and sent his own son Miran to relieve Ramnarian and retake Patna. Mir Jafar also implored
396-467: A change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister Salar Jung II . The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of British India . It was headquartered at Secunderabad Railway Station . The railway marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city. During his rule,
495-624: A distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the neoclassical British Residency (1798) and Falaknuma Palace (1893). In the early 20th century, the Osmania General Hospital City College , High Court , and Kacheguda Railway station were designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by Vincent Esch . The Moazzam Jahi Market was also built in a similar style. Various major industries emerged in various parts of
594-520: A powerful army that allowed Hyderabad to become one of the preeminent states in southern India. After his death, the military was crippled by the succession wars of his sons. It was restored under Asaf Jah II (r. 1762–1803) who modernised the army. Notable units during his reign included British -trained battalions, the French-trained Corps Français de Raymond which was led by Michel Joachim Marie Raymond and fought under
693-565: A repudiation of the company's vassalage to the emperor as Diwan (tax collector). In 1793 East India Company was strong enough and abolished Nizamat (local rule) completely and annexed Bengal. Weakened Shah Alam II agreed to the consultation of the East India Company, who advised him never to trust the Marathas . In the year 1771 the Marathas under Mahadaji Shinde returned to northern India and even captured Delhi . Shah Alam II,
792-533: A resolution calling for responsible government. Soon afterwards, it split along the moderate–extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad respectively. Hyderabad's first ruler, Asaf Jah I (r. 1724–1748) was a talented commander and assembled
891-570: A result of a plot by the Mughal emperor to kill the former. Mubariz Khan failed in his attempt and he was himself slain. This one took place in AD 1724, and henceforth Mir Qamaruddin, who assumed the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk , conducted himself as an independent ruler. Earlier, while he was one of the Ministers of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, the latter conferred on him the title of Asaf Jah. Thus begins
990-656: A town located on the bank of the Ganges river then within the territory of Bengal , was a decisive victory for the East India Company. Soon after the Battle of Buxar , Shah Alam II, a sovereign who had just been defeated by the British, sought their protection by signing the Treaty of Allahabad in the year 1765. Shah Alam II was forced to grant the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal (which included Bihar and Odisha ) to
1089-838: A truly secular King by giving yearly donations to various temples. He made large donations to educational institutions in India and abroad. He donated Rs 10 Lakh to the Banaras Hindu University and Rs 5 Lakh to the Aligarh Muslim University . He set up the Osmania University , Osmania General Hospital , Osmania Medical College , State Bank of Hyderabad , South India's first airport -the Begumpet Airport , Nizamia Observatory , Government Nizamia General Hospital , etc. The Nizam
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#17327718055061188-487: A written agreement. Since Sikhs refused to accept authority of the Mughal court due to politics, Mahadji Shinde was given the regency with an agreement that Sikhs will not plunder the crown lands and they will be paid 1/3 of the Delhi revenue annually instead. After the defeats at Muzaffargarh and later at Ghanaur, Majad-ud-Daula was arrested by the orders of Shah Alam II, who then recalled Mirza Najaf Khan . This led to
1287-799: Is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security". On 4 September the Prime Minister of Hyderabad Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for Lake Success , headed by Moin Nawaz Jung . The Nizam also appealed, without success, to the British Labour Government and to the King for assistance, to fulfil their obligations and promises to Hyderabad by "immediate intervention". Hyderabad only had
1386-649: Is not recorded to have become a decadent prince by the time his father became emperor, and therefore was naturally given high appointments in the course of his father's reign. Upon his father's accession, he became the Wali al-Ahd ( Crown Prince ) of the empire, and became his father's principal agent, though almost all power lay in the Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk 's hand. His quarrels with that amir, and fear for his own life, caused him to flee from Delhi in 1758. Prince Ali Gauhar, afterwards Emperor Shah Alam II, had been
1485-501: The 1952 Legislative Assembly election , Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919. In 1956 during the reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines,
1584-672: The Asaf Jahi dynasty . Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of the Maratha Empire . The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular Chauth (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include Palkhed , Rakshasbhuvan , and Kharda . Following the conquest of Deccan by Bajirao I and
1683-528: The East India Company in return for an annual tribute of 2.6 million rupees to be paid by the company from the collected revenue. Tax exemption status was also restored to the company. The company further secured the districts of Kora and Allahabad which allowed the East India Company to collect tax from more than 20 million people. The East India Company thus became the Imperial tax collector in
1782-410: The East India Company , he also ousted Ramnarian and created firelock manufacturing factories at Patna with the sole purpose of improving the newly reformed Mughal Army . Angered by these developments, the East India Company sought to oust Mir Qasim. Court intrigues encouraged by the East India Company forced Mir Qasim to leave Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Mir Qasim on his part encouraged Shuja-ud-Daula
1881-686: The Emir of Afghanistan , Ahmed Shah Abdali , which led to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) between the Maratha Confederacy , and the Afghan Empire led by Abdali. In 1760, the invading forces of Abdali were driven away by the Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau , who deposed Shah Jahan III , the puppet Mughal emperor of Imad-ul-Mulk , and installed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor (1760 – 1772). Shah Alam II
1980-623: The French Tricolour , and the Victorious Battalion, an elite infantry unit entirely composed of women. The coat of arms features the full titles of the Nizam at the bottom, and a dastar Under the leadership of Asaf Jah V the state changed its traditional heraldic flag. The Asafia flag of Hyderabad. The script along the top reads Al Azmatulillah meaning "All greatness is for God". The bottom script reads Ya Uthman which translates to "Oh Osman ". The writing in
2079-654: The French once again reached out to emperor under Pierre André de Suffren in the year 1781, who initiated a plan to capture Bombay and Surat from the Maratha Confederacy and the British , with the co-operation of Mirza Najaf Khan , this action would eventually lead to Asaf Jah II to join Shah Alam II and the French and assist Hyder Ali to capture Madras from the East India Company . The internal conflicts within
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#17327718055062178-471: The Great Musi Flood of 1908 struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum. He also abolished Sati where women used to jump into their husband's burning pyre, by issuing a royal firman . The last Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of
2277-719: The Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind, Zain Khan Sirhindi , who fell in battle and ever since the Sikhs perpetually raided and took the bounties from the lands as far as Delhi practically every year. The Marathas took Delhi in 1771 before Shah Alam II arrived. Mirza Najaf Khan had restored a sense of order to the Mughal finances and administration and particularly reformed the Mughal Army . In 1777 Mirza Najaf Khan decisively defeated Zabita Khan 's forces and repelled
2376-688: The Mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled after Aurangzeb's death in 1707 and under the title Asaf Jah in 1724. The Mughal Empire crumbled and the Viceroy of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I, declared himself independent, whose domain extended from the Narmada River in the North to Trichinopoly in the South and Masulipatnam in the east to Bijapur in the west. Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi ,
2475-591: The Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II to engage the British. Shah Alam II was acknowledged as the emperor by the Durrani Empire . His rule extended to the 24 Parganas of the Sundarbans , Mir Qasim , Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad (and Bihar ), Raja of Banares , Nizam of Hyderabad , Nawab of Ghazipur , Sahib of Punjab , Hyder Ali 's Mysore , Nawab of Kadapa and Nawab of Kurnool , Nawab of
2574-574: The Nawab of Bengal . Shah Alam II, was well supported by Jean Law de Lauriston and 200 Frenchmen during his campaign to regain the Eastern Subahs (during the Seven Years' War ). The brainchild of the campaign was Ghulam Husain Tabatabai , who had gained much administrative and military experience from both the French and the Dutch . After Shah Alam II's defeat in the Battle of Buxar ,
2673-533: The 1941 Hyderabad State Census, 2,187,005 people spoke Urdu , 7,529,229 people spoke Telugu , 3,947,089 people spoke Marathi , 1,724,180 people spoke Kanarese ( Kannada ) as native languages. The Hyderabadi Muslim population, including the ruling Asaf Jahi dynasty numbered around 2,097,475 people, while Hindus numbered around 9,171,318 people. The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in
2772-646: The Asaf Jahi rule over Golconda with the capital at Aurangabad . The fourth son of the Nizam-ul-Mulk , Nizam Ali Khan was born on 24 February 1734. He assumed the Subedari of the Deccan at the age of 28 years and ruled the Deccan for almost 42 years - the longest period among the Nizams. His reign was one of the most important chapters in the history of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Among his efforts to consolidate
2871-685: The British Empire". The Nizam also established Hyderabad State Bank . Hyderabad was the only independent state in Indian subcontinent that had its currency, the Hyderabadi rupee . The Begumpet Airport was established in the 1930s with formation of Hyderabad Aero Club by the Nizam. Initially, it was used as a domestic and international airport for Nizam's Deccan Airways , the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building
2970-453: The British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers. In 1798, Nizam ʿĀlī Khan (Asaf Jah II ) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun salute during the period of British India .) The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule. Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II
3069-607: The Carnatic of Arcot and Nellore , Raja of Kashmir , Nawab of Junagarh , Rohilkhand of Lower Doab, Rohilkhand of Upper Doab, and Nawab of Bhawalpur . The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the combined armies of Mir Qasim , the Nawab of Bengal ; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh ; the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the forces under the command of the East India Company led by Hector Munro . The battle fought at Buxar ,
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3168-621: The Jat power in Northern India and captured the territory in Doab , Ballabgarh and Agra . Jats kept Agra fort and other territories closer to Delhi under their control from 1761 till 1774 CE. Sikhs had been in perpetual war against Mughal intolerance specially after beheading of the Sikh Guru - Guru Teg Bahadur by the Mughals. Simmering Sikhs rose once again in the year 1764 and overran
3267-511: The Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments. Later on, Asaf Jah VI succeeded the position. Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan became the Nizam at the age of three years. His regents were Salar Jung I and Shams-ul-Umra III and later on Asman Jah and Viqar-ul-Umra . He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until he died in 1911. His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu,
3366-600: The Maratha rule on the Mughals, bringing Shah Alam, then a blind old man, seated under a tattered canopy, under British protection. The Mughal Emperor no longer had the military power to enforce his will, but he commanded respect as a dignified member of the House of Timur in the length and breadth of the country. The Nawabs and Subedars still sought formal sanction of the Mughal Emperor on their accession and valued
3465-623: The Maratha whose Peshwa demanded tribute, which the Moguls are known to have paid so as to avoid any further conflict with the Confederacy. After killing Ghulam Qadir and restoring Shah Alam II to the throne, a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Delhi in 1788 and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the East India Company in the Second Anglo-Maratha War . One of his first acts
3564-586: The Mughal Emperor's investiture as Subedar of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and agreed to pay an annual revenue of 2.4 million dam . Shah Alam II then retreated to Allahabad and was protected by the Shuja-ud-Daula , Nawab of Awadh from 1761 until 1764. Meanwhile, Mir Qasim's relations with the East India company began to worsen. He initiated reforms that withdrew the tax exemptions enjoyed by
3663-475: The Mughal Empire weaker than ever. In the year 1779, Mirza Najaf Khan carefully advanced his forces who successfully routed the treasonous Zabita Khan and his Sikh allies who lost more than 5,000 men in a single battle and never returned to threaten the Mughal Empire during the commander Mirza Najaf Khan's lifetime. Najaf Khan as prime minister, granted sovereign rights to the Sikhs as agreement. In
3762-511: The Mughal imperial court would not allow the emperor to make such a bold move against the British. Jats rose in retaliation of religious intolerance pursued by Aurangzeb . The Jat kingdom of Bharatpur waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra. Mughals were defeated by Marathas in 1757; and Mughal possessions and territories were under
3861-449: The Mughal throne on behest of Baghel Singh and a title of Badshah Singh was given to him. Begum Samru requested Baghel Singh to show mercy on Shah Alam II. Baghel Singh accepted and stated his demands such as 30,000 of his troops to stay in Delhi and the Mughal Empire would pay for their maintenance. Other demands were the construction of at least 5 Gurdwaras and annual tax payment of 13.5%. The demands were agreed upon by Shah Alam II with
3960-466: The Mughal treasure believed to be worth Rs. 250 million. Unable to locate such a sum and angered by the Mughal Emperor's attempts to eliminate him and his Sikh allies, Ghulam Qadir himself blinded Shah Alam II with an Afghani knife on 10 August 1788. Ghulam Qadir behaved with brutality to the emperor and his family. Three servants and two water-carriers who tried to help the bleeding emperor were beheaded and according to one account, Ghulam Qadir would pull
4059-575: The Nizam dynasty, Nizam Ali Khan Siddiqi died in 1803 at the age of 69. He was buried at the Mecca Masjid alongside the tomb of his mother Umda Begum. Mir Akbar Ali Khan Siddiqi Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III was born on 11 November 1768. After the death of Nizam Ali Khan, he became the Subedar Jah was ratified by the emperor Shah Alam II and also conferred all his father's titles on Sikander Jah. Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Siddiqi Nusir-ud-Dawlah
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4158-451: The Nizam empire was the shift of the Deccan capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad. He ruled the Deccan at a most critical period and got very successful support from the House of Paigah . He protected the Deccan from the attack of the Marathas and Tippu Sultan of Mysore by signing a mutual protection treaty with the British. After a reign that played a pivotal role in the establishment of
4257-552: The Nizam, remarked that his stake in the English state sums up to 36% of the total amount. For claiming the total share of £35 million, Nizam's great-grandson, Himayat Ali Mirza, reached the London High Court. Up to 1920, there was no political organisation of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the Nizam issued a firman appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. It
4356-488: The Sikhs after halting their raids. In 1778, after a Sikh incursion into Delhi, Shah Alam ordered their defeat by appointing, the Mughal Grand Vizier , Majad-ud-Daula marched with 20,000 Mughal troops against the Sikh army into hostile territories, this action led to the defeat of the Mughal Army at Battle of Muzzaffargarh and later at Battle of Ghanaur, due to the mounted casualties Shah Alam II reappointed Mirza Najaf Khan , who soon died of natural circumstances leaving
4455-552: The State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate power plant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused on industrial development in the region of Sanathnagar , housing several industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail. Shah Alam II Shah Alam II ( Persian pronunciation: [ʃɑːh ʔɑː.ˈlam] ; 25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806), also known by his birth name Ali Gohar , or Ali Gauhar ,
4554-550: The Sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the Non-co-operation movement in British India ended this period of cooperation. An organisation called Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed Andhra Mahasabha ) was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the masses of Telangana in political awareness. With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao , Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist
4653-417: The aid of Robert Clive , but it was Major John Caillaud , who dispersed Prince Ali Gauhar's army in 1761 after four major battles including Battle of Patna , Battle of Sirpur , Battle of Birpur and Battle of Siwan . After negotiations assuring peace Shah Alam II was escorted by the British to meet Mir Qasim the new Nawab of Bengal , who was nominated after the sudden death of Miran. Mir Qasim soon had
4752-428: The annexation of the Jats led by Suraj Mal. During one massive assault, Jats sieged Agra in 1761, after 20 days on 12 June 1761 the Mughal forces at Agra surrendered to Jats. Jats plundered the city and carried the bounty, including the two great silver doors to the entrance of the famous Taj Mahal . which were carried off and melted down by Suraj Mal in 1764. Suraj Mal's son Jawahar Singh , further extended
4851-401: The attack with a firm hand. Similarly, trouble started in Solapur but the Maharaja of Solapur was unable to control it. Mir Mahboob Ali Khan was born in Tandur on 17 August 1866. He was the only son of Nawab Afzal-ud-Daula Asaf Jah V . When his father died he was two years and seven months old. He was installed as the Munsab by Sir Salar Jung I , Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan, Shams ul Ummra and
4950-450: The authority of the Mughal emperor to further French ambition in India. Shah Alam II also corresponded with Hyder Ali and later with his son Tipu Sultan during their conflicts with the East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars and was very well informed about the expansionist agenda of the British. After the Battle of Delhi (1803) , during the Second Anglo-Maratha War , on 14 September 1803 British troops entered Delhi ending
5049-451: The beard of the elderly Mughal Emperor. After ten weeks, during which Ghulam Qadir stripped the princesses of the royal family naked and forced them to dance naked before him (after which they jumped into Yamuna river to drown) and the honour of the royal family and prestige of the Mughal Empire reached its lowest ebb, Mahadaji Shinde intervened and killed Ghulam Qadir, taking possession of Delhi on 2 October 1788. He restored Shah Alam II to
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#17327718055065148-410: The city of Hyderabad . It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana , the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka , and the Marathwada region of Maharashtra in India. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1948 by the Nizam , who was initially a viceroy of the Mughal empire in the Deccan . Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing
5247-414: The command of Feroze Jung, Hyderabad was sieged and later occupied by the Mughals. The founder of this dynasty was Mir Qamaruddin Khan , a noble and a courtier of the Mughal Muhammad Shah , who negotiated a peace treaty with Nadirshah got disgusted with the intrigues that prevailed in Delhi . He was on his way back to the Deccan, where, earlier he was a Subedar . But he had to confront Mubariz Khan , as
5346-523: The conflict soon involved the intervention of the assertive East India Company . The Mughals clearly intended to recapture their breakaway Eastern Subah led by Prince Ali Gauhar, who was accompanied by a Militia consisting of persons like Muhammad Quli Khan, Kadim Husein, Kamgar Khan, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai . Their forces were reinforced by the forces of Shuja-ud-Daula , Najib-ud-Daula and Ahmad Khan Bangash. The Mughals were also joined by Jean Law and 200 Frenchmen and waged
5445-460: The corrupt and treasonous former Grand Vizier, Majad-ud-Daula was restored to his former office, he later colluded with the Sikhs and reduced the size of the Mughal Army from over 20,000 to only 5,000 thus bringing the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II at the mercy of his enemies. The respect toward the house of Timur is so strong that even though the whole subcontinent has been withdrawn from its authority, that no ordinary prince ever intends to take
5544-462: The duties were in the hands of the Diwan (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread. In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised. In 1868, sadr-i-mahrams (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for
5643-426: The famous book Ajaib-ul-Qasas , which is considered one of the earliest and most prominent books of prose in Urdu . Ali Gohar was born to Shahzada (Prince) Aziz-ud-Din , son of the deposed Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah , on 25 June 1728. Alongside his father, he grew up in semi-captivity in the Salatin quarters of the Red Fort . However, unlike the majority of Mughal princes growing up in similar circumstances, he
5742-418: The first Governor of Bengal in 1774. This was the period of "Dual rule" where East India Company enacted laws to maximise collection of revenue and the Mughal Emperor appointed Nawab looked after other affairs of the province. East India Company later discontinued the tribute of 2.6 million Rupees and later also handed over the districts of Allahabad and Kora to the Nawab of Awadh . These measures amounted to
5841-421: The former Grand Vizier 's arrest for causing miscalculations and collaborating with the enemies of the emperor. The traitor was imprisoned and a sum of two million dam in stolen revenue recovered from him. It was Shah Alam II's poor judgement and vacillation that led to his own downfall. Mirza Najaf Khan had given the Mughal Empire breathing space by having a powerful, well managed army in its own right. In 1779
5940-454: The former Mughal province of Bengal (which included Bihar and Northern Odisha ). The Company appointed a deputy, Nawab Muhammad Reza Khan to collect revenue on their behalf. Shah Alam II's absence from Delhi was due to the terms of the treaty he had signed with the British. But his son and heir apparent Prince Mirza Jawan Bakht and Najib-ul-Daula , represented the emperor for the next 12 years in Delhi. The Great Bengal famine of 1770
6039-450: The grandfather of the first Nizam , was born in Aliabad near Samarkand in the kingdom of Bukhara in modern-day Uzbekistan . His father, Alam Shaik, was a well-known Sufi and celebrated man of letters. Khwaja Abid's mother was from the family of Mir Hamdan, a distinguished Syed of Samarkhand. The first Nizam's mother was the daughter of Sadullah Khan , the Grand vizier (1645-1656) of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan . After succeeding in
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#17327718055066138-453: The heir apparent of his father Alamgir II . Prince Ali Gauhar's father had been appointed Mughal Emperor by Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha Peshwa 's cousin Sadashivrao Bhau . Prince Ali Gauhar organized a militia and made a daring escape from Delhi. He appeared in the Eastern Subah in 1759, hoping to strengthen his position by attempting to regain control over Bengal , Bihar and Odisha . Very soon however, Najib-ud-Daula forced
6237-411: The imposition of Chauth by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes. In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of Hyderabad . From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the Nizam lost some of his territories to the Marathas . The territorial gains of the Nizam from Mysore as an ally of the British were ceded to
6336-440: The local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one or the other or to remain independent. On 11 June 1947, the Nizam issued a declaration to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India. However, the Nizams were Muslim ruling over a predominantly Hindu population. India insisted that the great majority of residents wanted to join India. The Nizam
6435-640: The members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims united in protesting against the practice which robbed the locals of government employment. The movement, however, fizzled out after the Hindu members raised the issue of 'responsible government', which was of no interest to the Muslim members and led to their resignation. Various properties and wealth owned by the Nizam as part of Hyderabad State are now succeeded by his descendants, including his grandsons Prince Mukarram Jah, Prince Mufakkam Jah & Prince Shahmat Jah and his great-grandson Himayat Ali Mirza among others. Himayat Ali Mirza, great-grandson of
6534-483: The middle reads "Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah" The stamps of the Hyderabad State featured the Golconda Fort , Ajanta Caves , and the Charminar . Mulkis or Mulkhis , are the native inhabitants of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, regardless of ethnic differences. The term was popularly used during the 1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana) , which saw protests demanding job reservations for Mulki people, and demanding non-Mulkis to leave. Languages in Hyderabad State As per
6633-439: The new dominion of India , continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian Union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage led to India's annexation of the state in 1948. Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan , the seventh Nizam, signed an instrument of accession , joining India. Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who
6732-540: The newly reformed Mughal Army decisively defeated Zabita Khan , the rebels lost 5,000 men including their leader and therefore did not return during the lifetime of Mirza Najaf Khan . Upon the general's death, Shah Alam's bad judgement prevailed. The dead man's nephew, Mirza Shafi whose valour had been proven during various occasions, was not appointed commander in chief. Shah Alam II instead appointed worthless individuals whose loyalty and record were questionable at best . They were soon quarrelling over petty matters. Even
6831-506: The residents, there functioned as the Reyab. Shar-ul-Ummul died on 12 December 1881 and Salar Jung became the sole regent. He was remembered as administrator and regent till his death. after the death of Sir Salar Jung I Sir Viqar-ul-Umra became the next Regent and guardian of Mahboob Ali Khan and served as Prime Minister of Hyderabad . He is popularly known for his efforts to abolish the practice of Sati and for having supernatural healing powers against Snakebite . Mir Osman Ali Khan
6930-427: The state of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the Nizams. After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and Mir Osman Ali Khan became the Rajpramukh on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state . In
7029-492: The state of Hyderabad was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later Maharashtra ) and Karnataka . On 2 June 2014, the state of Telangana was formed splitting from the rest of Andhra Pradesh state and formed the 29th state of India, with Hyderabad as its capital. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into modern times. The last Nizam
7128-600: The state. The lower-level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure. All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu Kayastha caste for administrative posts. There
7227-779: The support of Winston Churchill and the British Conservatives . At 4 a.m. on 13 September 1948, India's Hyderabad Campaign, code-named " Operation Polo " by the Indian Army , began. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad
7326-441: The system of begar (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ryots , women's rights, abolition of the devadasi system and purdah , uplifting of Dalits etc. It turned to politics again in 1937, passing
7425-704: The throne and acted as his protector. Mahadaji Shinde sent the ears and eyes of Ghulam Qadir to Shah Alam. Thankful for his intervention, he honoured Mahadji Shinde with the titles of Vakil-ul-Mutlaq (Regent of the Empire) and Amir-ul-Amara (Head of the Amirs). He made a deal with the Peshwa granting tribute to Pune in return for the protection provided Mahadji Shinde of the Maratha Confederacy. After killing Ghulam Qadir and restoring Shah Alam II to
7524-500: The throne, a Maratha garrison permanently occupied Delhi in 1788 and ruled on north India for next two decades until they were usurped by the East India Company following the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803. The French threat in Europe and its possible repercussions in India caused the British to strive to regain the custody of Shah Alam II. The British feared that the French military officers might overthrow Maratha power and use
7623-481: The title of sovereign...and Shah Alam II is still seated on the Mughal throne, and everything is still done in his name. Benoît de Boigne , (1790). Nawab Majad-ud-Daula was followed by a known enemy of the Mughals, the grandson of Najib Khan , Ghulam Qadir , with his Sikh allies forced Shah Alam II to appoint him as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire . Ghulam Qadir ravaged the palaces in search of
7722-698: The titles he bestowed upon them. They struck coins and read the khutba (Friday sermons) in his name. The Marathas in 1804 under Yashwantrao Holkar tried to snatch Delhi from the British in Siege of Delhi (1804) , but failed. Shah Alam II died of natural causes on 19 November 1806. His grave lies in a marble enclosure adjoined to the Moti Masjid , next to the dargah of the 13th century Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki , in Mehrauli , Delhi . Also in
7821-401: The two countries had expressly provided that nothing in it should give India the right to send in troops to assist in the maintenance of internal order. At 5 p.m. on 17 September, the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military governors and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction. On 26 January 1950, India formally incorporated
7920-774: The usurper Imad-ul-Mulk to flee from the capital by gathering a large Mughal Army outside Delhi. He used the army to depose the recreant Shah Jahan III . Najib-ud-Daula and Muslim nobles then planned to defeat the Marathas by maintaining correspondence with the powerful Ahmad Shah Durrani . After Durrani decisively defeated the Marathas, he nominated Ali Gauhar as the emperor under the name Shah Alam II. In 1760, after Shah Alam's militia gaining control over pockets in Bengal , Bihar and parts of Odisha , Prince Ali Gauhar and his Mughal Army of 30,000 intended to overthrow Mir Jafar and Imad-ul-Mulk after they tried to capture or kill him by advancing towards Awadh and Patna in 1759. But
8019-581: The war of succession, Aurangzeb made him the Governor of Ajmer and subsequently of Multan with the title of Qalich Khan . He served the Emperor with distinction particularly during the early years of Aurangzeb's reign while he was consolidating and restoring peace in his newly acquired territory. Asaf Jah's father Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I was a military general under Aurangzeb. Under
8118-426: The year 1783, Farzana Zeb un-Nissa had saved Delhi from a possible invasion by a force of 30,000 Sikh troops, under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia , Jassa Singh Ramgarhia , and Baghel Singh , Mughal empire disintegrated to such an extent that Shah Alam II was only left with Delhi city to rule. In 1783, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh laid siege to the city. After entering Red fort, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia sat on
8217-496: Was a British ally in the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysore wars , and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–58). His son, Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan (known as Sikandar Jah ) ruled from 1803 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named in his honour, Secunderabad . The British Residency at Koti
8316-549: Was a massive catastrophe that signalled the end of the Mughal Empire and disorder in the Indian Subcontinent . By the time the famine occurred it became very clear that the Mughal Empire was no longer a major political power, not only in the general world but also within South Asia . Shah Alam II resided in the fort of Allahabad for six years. Warren Hastings , the head of East India Company got appointed as
8415-516: Was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest were elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, Parsis , Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers. The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called non-mulkhis ) – 46,800 of them in 1933, including all
8514-399: Was also built during his reign by the then British Resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick . Sikander Jah was succeeded by Asaf Jah IV , who ruled from 1829 to 1857 and was succeeded by his son Asaf Jah V . Asaf Jah V 's reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his Prime Minister Salar Jung I . Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and
8613-669: Was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took notice of it on 16 September in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for the intervention by pointing out that the Stand-still Agreement between
8712-535: Was born in Bidar on 25 April 1794. He was the eldest son of Sikander Jah and after his father's death, he succeeded him on 23 May 1829. Mir Tahniath Ali Khan Siddiqi Afzal-ud-daula was born in Kuruduwadi on 11 October 1827. He was the eldest son of Nawab Nasir-ud-daula. He ascended the throne on 18 May 1857 and Indian mutiny was started on 17 July 1857 Rohillas attacked the residency but Sir Salar Jung put down
8811-412: Was born in Hyderabad on 5 April 1886 at Purani Haveli. Since he was the heir-apparent, great attention was paid to his education, and eminent scholars were engaged to teach him English , Urdu , Persian . On 14 April 1906, he married Dulhan Pasha Begum, daughter of Nawab Jahangir Jung, at Eden Bagh, at the age of 21. He is credited for various reforms in education and development and remembered for being
8910-546: Was considered the only and rightful emperor, but he was unable to return to Delhi until 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde . He also fought against the East India Company at the Battle of Buxar (1764). In 1788, when he was a prisoner of Ghulam Qadir , he was blinded. Shah Alam II authored his own Diwan of poems and was known by the pen-name Aftab . His poems were guided, compiled and collected by Mirza Fakhir Makin. Shah Alam also penned
9009-481: Was created in 1937. To prevent another great flood , the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the Osman Sagar and Himayath Sagar . The Osmania General Hospital , Jubilee Hall , State Library (then known as Asifia Kutubkhana ) and Public Gardens (then known as Bagh e Aam ) were constructed during this period. In 1947 India gained independence and Pakistan came into existence. The British left
9108-511: Was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Along with the Marathas they undertook to win the crown lands of Rohilkhand and defeated Zabita Khan , capturing the fort of Pathargarh with its treasure. The emperor returned to the throne in Delhi in 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general Mahadaji Shinde . The emperor became a client of
9207-547: Was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped. On 21 August 1948, the Secretary-General of the Hyderabad Department of External Affairs requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35(2) of the United Nations Charter , to consider the "grave dispute, which, unless settled by international law and justice,
9306-564: Was reported to have fathered 34 children including 16 sons and 18 daughters. Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabat Jung:- * These three rulers are not enumerated in the order of the Asaf Jah's, mainly because they were not granted the title of ASAF JAH by the Mughal Emperor. (deposed) Hyderabad State Hyderabad State ( pronunciation ) was a princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at
9405-496: Was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world. He was supported by an aristocracy of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs. Next in the social structure were the administrative and official classes, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside
9504-522: Was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of Asaf Jah (granted by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah ). His other title, Nizam ul-Mulk (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded
9603-459: Was the seventeenth Mughal emperor and the son of Alamgir II . Shah Alam II became the emperor of a crumbling Mughal Empire . His power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language , Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam , meaning, 'The empire of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi. Shah Alam faced many invasions, mainly by
9702-432: Was to strengthen and raise a new Mughal Army , under the command of Mirza Najaf Khan . This new army consisted of infantrymen who successfully utilised both Flintlocks and Talwars in combat formations, they used elephants for transportation and were less dependent on artillery and cavalry. Mirza Najaf Khan is also known to have introduced the more-effective Firelock muskets through his collaboration with Mir Qasim ,
9801-725: Was welcomed enthusiastically by a section of the populace, who formed the Hyderabad State Reforms Association. However, the Nizam and the Special Officer ignored all their demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the Nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the State as well as all political meetings and the entry of "political outsiders". Nevertheless, some political activity did take place and witnessed cooperation between Hindus and Muslims. The abolition of
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