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69-626: Atalla may refer to: Mohamed M. Atalla , Egyptian-American semiconductor and cybersecurity pioneer, also known by the alias "John" or "Martin" M. Atalla Utimaco Atalla , Information Protection and Control Suite (data security software) company, founded by Mohamed Atalla Ash Atalla , a British television producer Andrew Atalla , the British founder of online marketing agency atom42 The former name of Epworth , Georgia See also [ edit ] Attala (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

138-574: A Distinguished Alumnus doctorate from Purdue University . In 2009, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his important contributions to semiconductor technology as well as data security. He was referred to as one of the "Sultans of Silicon" along with several other semiconductor pioneers. In 2014, the 1959 invention of the MOSFET was included on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics. In 2015, Atalla

207-552: A breakthrough in metal–semiconductor junction and Schottky barrier research, as it overcame most of the fabrication problems inherent in point-contact diodes and made it possible to build practical Schottky diodes. At the Semiconductor Lab during the 1960s, he launched a material science investigation program that provided a base technology for gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and indium arsenide (InAs) devices. These devices became

276-414: A different approach. Its security system wrapped a secure, encrypted envelope around individual pieces of information (such as a word processing file, a customer database , or e-mail) that can only be opened and deciphered with an electronic permit, allowing companies to control which users have access to this information and the necessary permits. It was considered a new approach to enterprise security at

345-721: A job creation and economic engine. This electrification project, I would argue, is monumental with regard to dealing with [increased traffic and environmental impacts] effectively and efficiently." The Caltrain station closed in 2020. Atherton is the wealthiest city in the United States. According to the San Francisco Chronicle , "the town's ascendance stems largely from its single-family zoning, 1-acre-minimum lot sizes, flat land, streamlined permits and changing buyer demographics — which have translated into soaring house sizes and skyrocketing prices." There

414-469: A new Internet security technology, allowing companies to scramble and transmit secure computer files, e-mail , and digital video and audio , over the internet. As a result of these activities, he founded the company TriStrata Security in 1996. In contrast to most conventional computer security systems at the time, which built walls around a company's entire computer network to protect the information within from thieves or corporate spies, TriStrata took

483-611: A remote location for verification. This was a precursor to telephone banking , Internet security and e-commerce . At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976, Atalla announced an upgrade to its Identikey system, called the Interchange Identikey. It added the capabilities of processing online transactions and dealing with network security . Designed with

552-728: A secure PIN system. A key innovation of the Atalla Box was the key block , which is required to securely interchange symmetric keys or PINs with other actors of the banking industry. This secure interchange is performed using the Atalla Key Block (AKB) format, which lies at the root of all cryptographic block formats used within the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards. Fearful that Atalla would dominate

621-513: A temporary restraining order to halt those contracts, preferring to let the suit proceed to a hearing. In September 2016, Contra Costa County Superior Court Judge Barry Goode sided with Caltrain, ruling that the electrification project did not hinge on the high-speed rail project's success, and was thus independent from the latter. Atherton sued CHSRA again in December 2016, stating that using bond money intended for high-speed rail for CalMod

690-477: A thickness of 10 nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge), while the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si). Atalla resigned from BTL in 1962. Extending their work on MOS technology, Atalla and Kahng next did pioneering work on hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier . The Schottky diode , also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but

759-783: Is both an elementary and a middle school. Menlo-Atherton is a high school. Atherton does not have its own public school system. Selby Lane is part of the Redwood City School District , Menlo-Atherton is part of the Sequoia Union High School District , Las Lomitas Elementary School is part of the Las Lomitas Elementary School District , and both Encinal and Laurel are part of the Menlo Park City School District . Among

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828-807: Is considered to be part of the San Francisco metropolitan area . About 73% of the city's inhabitants are ethnically non-Hispanic white; this makes it among the least ethnically diverse cities in Silicon Valley. At the 2010 census Atherton had a population of 6,914. The population density was 1,369.5 inhabitants per square mile (528.8/km ). The racial makeup of Atherton was 5,565 (80.5%) White, 75 (1.1%) African American, 7 (0.1%) Native American, 911 (13.2%) Asian, 45 (0.7%) Pacific Islander, 95 (1.4%) from other races, and 216 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 268 people (3.9%). The census reported that 6,529 people (94.4% of

897-605: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mohamed M. Atalla Born in Port Said , Egypt, he was educated at Cairo University in Egypt and then Purdue University in the United States, before joining Bell Labs in 1949 and later adopting the more anglicized " John " or " Martin " M. Atalla as professional names. He made several important contributions to semiconductor technology at Bell Labs, including his development of

966-601: Is in California's 16th congressional district , represented by Democrat Anna Eshoo . According to the California Secretary of State , as of March 11, 2022, Atherton has 5,063 registered voters. Of those, 2,192 (43.2%) are registered Democrats , 1,247 (24.6%) are registered Republicans and 1,317 (26%) have declined to state a political party. Among Atherton's public schools, Encinal, Las Lomitas, and Laurel are elementary schools, while Selby Lane

1035-480: Is known for its wealth; in 1990 and 2019, Atherton was ranked as having the highest per capita income among U.S. places that have a population between 2,500 and 9,999, and the area covered by its ZIP Code is regularly ranked as having the highest cost of living in the United States. In 2023, the Atherton ZIP Code had the highest median home prices in the United States, at $ 7,950,000. The entire area

1104-457: Is no commercial zoning in the town, thus there are no restaurants, shops or grocery stores. There are no sidewalks in Atherton, only road lanes. Until 2022, the town's zoning regulations permitted only one single-family home per acre and prohibit sidewalks. Partly as a result of these regulations, the average home price in the city in recent years was more than 7.5 million dollars. Many of

1173-603: Is to “preserve the Town's character as a scenic, rural, thickly wooded residential area with abundant open space." According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 5.0 square miles (13 km ), of which 5.0 square miles (13 km ) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.078 km ), comprising 0.63%, is water. Atherton lies two miles (3.2 km) southeast of Redwood City , and 18 miles (29 km) northwest of San Jose . The town

1242-641: The Internet security company TriStrata Security in the 1990s. He died in Atherton , California , on December 30, 2009. Mohamed Mohamed Atalla was born in Port Said , Kingdom of Egypt . He studied at Cairo University in Egypt, where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. He later moved to the United States to study mechanical engineering at Purdue University . There, he received his master's degree ( MSc ) in 1947 and his doctorate ( PhD ) in 1949, both in mechanical engineering . His MSc thesis

1311-749: The San Mateo County Libraries , a member of the Peninsula Library System . In the California State Legislature , Atherton is in the 13th Senate District , represented by Democrat Josh Becker , and is split between the 21st Assembly District , represented by Democrat Diane Papan and the 23rd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Marc Berman . In the United States House of Representatives , Atherton

1380-444: The semiconductor industry in 1972, and began a new career as an entrepreneur in data security and cryptography . In 1972, he founded Atalla Technovation, later called Atalla Corporation , which dealt with safety problems of banking and financial institutions . He invented the first hardware security module (HSM), the so-called " Atalla Box ", a security system that secures a majority of transactions from ATMs today. At

1449-429: The semiconductor industry , and became an entrepreneur in cryptography and data security . In 1972, he founded Atalla Corporation, and filed a patent for a remote Personal Identification Number (PIN) security system. In 1973, he released the first hardware security module , the "Atalla Box", which encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and went on to secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions. He later founded

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1518-571: The "Atalla Box" in 1973. The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and customer identification system , providing a terminal with plastic card and PIN capabilities. The system was designed to let banks and thrift institutions switch to a plastic card environment from a passbook program. The Identikey system consisted of a card reader console, two customer PIN pads , intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package. The device consisted of two keypads, one for

1587-649: The "Father of the PIN" and as a father of information security technology. The Atalla Box protected over 90% of all ATM networks in operation as of 1998, and secured 85% of all ATM transactions worldwide as of 2006. Atalla products still secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions, as of 2014. In 1972, Atalla filed U.S. patent 3,938,091 for a remote PIN verification system, which utilized encryption techniques to assure telephone link security while entering personal ID information, which would be transmitted as encrypted data over telecommunications networks to

1656-487: The Atherton City Council approved a housing plan with 348 mixed-income housing units. Under California law, the units must be built over the next eight years, and the city must reserve 148 units for occupancy by "very low income" or "low income" individuals, 56 units for “moderate income” individuals, and 144 units for “above moderate income” individuals. As of November 2022, Atherton's stated land-use goal

1725-972: The Atherton Tree Committee, the Friends of the Atherton Community Library, the Holbrook-Palmer Park Foundation, the Atherton Dames, the Police Task Force, and the Atherton Civic Interest League. There are also home owners' associations in various neighborhoods. The Menlo Circus Club is a private club with tennis, swimming, stables and a riding ring located within the town. There are also several tracts of contemporary Eichler homes, most notably in

1794-618: The Lindenwood neighborhood in the northeast part of the town. The Holbrook-Palmer Estate , was once an active rural estate and gentleman's farm . The Holbrook-Palmer Estate was donated to the city of Atherton in 1958 and now serves as a 22-acre public park (8.9 ha) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for the architecture. The city is served by the Atherton Public Library of

1863-639: The Radio Engineers' Semiconductor Device Research Conference. The semiconductor industry saw the potential significance of Atalla's surface oxidation method, with RCA calling it a "milestone in the surface field." The same year, he made further refinements to the process with his colleagues Eileen Tannenbaum and Edwin Joseph Scheibner, before they published their results in May 1959. According to Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Chih-Tang Sah ,

1932-485: The U.S. commuter railroad Caltrain , which serves cities in the San Francisco Peninsula and Silicon Valley . Residents opposed electrification and the proposed high-speed rail route because the overhead electrical lines would require tree removal and the town could potentially be divided by the closing of the two grade crossings at Fair Oaks Lane and Watkins Avenue. In February 2015, shortly after

2001-545: The basis that overhead wires would require removing a significant number of heritage trees, and city representatives asserted that "newer, cleaner, more efficient diesel trains" should supplant plans for "century-old catenary electrical line technology". Atherton mayor Rick De Golia was quoted as saying "Caltrain is locked into an old technology and 20th century thinking". After Caltrain issued infrastructure and rolling stock contracts in July 2016, Atherton representatives did not file

2070-733: The core technology used by HP's Microwave Division to develop sweepers and network analyzers that pushed 20–40 GHz frequency, giving HP more than 90% of the military communications market. Atalla helped create HP Labs in 1966. He directed its solid-state division. In 1969, he left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor . He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division, from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971. He continued his work on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical readers in 1971. He later left Fairchild in 1972. He left

2139-468: The customer and one for the teller. It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor , into another code for the teller. During a transaction , the customer's account number was read by the card reader . This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with

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2208-504: The emergence of transistors , Atalla was moved to the Murray Hill lab, where he began leading a small transistor research team in 1956. Despite coming from a mechanical engineering background and having no formal education in physical chemistry , he proved himself to be a quick learner in physical chemistry and semiconductor physics , eventually demonstrating a high level of skill in these fields. He researched, among other things,

2277-473: The first MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm , along with a gate length of 20   μm . In 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer -base metal–semiconductor junction (M–S junction) transistor. This device has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with the metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. With its low resistance and short transit times in

2346-425: The first products designed to deal with online transactions, along with Bunker Ramo Corporation products unveiled at the same NAMSB conference. In 1979, Atalla introduced the first network security processor (NSP). In 1987, Atalla Corporation merged with Tandem Computers . Atalla went into retirement in 1990. As of 2013, 250   million card transactions are protected by Atalla products every day. It

2415-461: The focus of taking bank transactions online , the Identikey system was extended to shared-facility operations. It was consistent and compatible with various switching networks , and was capable of resetting itself electronically to any one of 64,000 irreversible nonlinear algorithms as directed by card data information. The Interchange Identikey device was released in March 1976. It was one of

2484-488: The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%. The population density was 1,424.3 inhabitants per square mile (549.9/km ). There was an average 2.94 people per household, 89.2% of homes were owner occupied and 10.8% were renter occupied. The racial makeup of Atherton was 5,403 (75%) White, 1,655 (23%) Asian, 124 (1.7%) African American, 18 (0.3%) Native American, 107 (1.5%) Pacific Islander, 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 540 (7.5%) people. The median age

2553-413: The inhabitants have strongly opposed proposals to permit more housing construction. Among those include Golden State Warriors player Steph Curry . However, with the passage of SB 9 in 2022, the zoning regulations that limit how many units can be built on a property were nullified. In 2022, the town blocked a proposal to build 131 multifamily housing units in the town in response to strong criticism of

2622-541: The invention of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) by Atalla and Kahng, in November 1959. Atalla and Kahng first demonstrated the MOSFET in early 1960. With its high scalability , and much lower power consumption and higher density than bipolar junction transistors , the MOSFET made it possible to build high-density integrated circuit (IC) chips. In 1960, Atalla and Kahng fabricated

2691-521: The late 1950s. He discovered that the formation of a thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) layer greatly reduced the concentration of electronic states at the silicon surface , and discovered the important quality of SiO 2 films to preserve the electrical characteristics of p–n junctions and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment. He found that silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces. He developed

2760-508: The market, banks and credit card companies began working on an international standard. Its PIN verification process was similar to the later IBM 3624 . Atalla was an early competitor to IBM in the banking market, and was cited as an influence by IBM employees who worked on the Data Encryption Standard (DES). In recognition of his work on the PIN system of information security management , Atalla has been referred to as

2829-578: The population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under the age of 18 and 1.1% of those 65 years or over. Property Shark ranked Atherton first for the fourth year in a row as the most expensive ZIP code in the United States in 2022, with the median home price at $ 7,900,000. There are a number of active community organizations: the Atherton Heritage Association, the Atherton Arts Committee,

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2898-604: The population) lived in households, 385 (5.6%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and no one was institutionalized. There were 2,330 households, 787 (33.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,755 (75.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 109 (4.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 48 (2.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 34 (1.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 15 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 321 households (13.8%) were one person and 178 (7.6%) had someone living alone who

2967-593: The project received environmental clearance from the state, Atherton sued Caltrain, alleging the agency's environmental impact review was inadequate and that its collaboration with the CHSRA should be further vetted. In July 2015, the suit proceeded after Caltrain's request to the Surface Transportation Board to exempt it from California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines was denied. Atherton reiterated its opposition to electrification on

3036-463: The proposal by the city's inhabitants. Advocates for the construction of additional homes have criticized Atherton as being a NIMBY town. In 2022, California Governor Gavin Newsom singled out Atherton in a speech for its restrictive housing policies. The mayor said in 2022 that they were focusing on building affordable housing for staff and teachers at the city's eight schools. In February 2023,

3105-463: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Atalla . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atalla&oldid=1018852728 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

3174-460: The same time, Atalla contributed to the development of the personal identification number (PIN) system, which has developed among others in the banking industry as the standard for identification. The work of Atalla in the early 1970s led to the use of hardware security modules . His "Atalla Box", a security system which encrypts PIN and ATM messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key. He commercially released

3243-538: The semiconducting layer. His surface passivation method was a critical step that made possible the ubiquity of silicon integrated circuits , and later became critical to the semiconductor industry. For the surface passivation process, he developed the method of thermal oxidation , which was a breakthrough in silicon semiconductor technology. Atalla first published his findings in BTL memos during 1957, before presenting his work at an Electrochemical Society meeting in 1958,

3312-458: The surface passivation and thermal oxidation processes, Atalla developed the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) process. Atalla then proposed that a field effect transistor –a concept first envisioned in the 1920s and confirmed experimentally in the 1940s, but not achieved as a practical device—be built of metal-oxide-silicon. Atalla assigned the task of assisting him to Dawon Kahng , a Korean scientist who had recently joined his group. That led to

3381-691: The surface passivation process and his demonstration of the MOSFET with Kahng in 1959. His work on MOSFET was initially overlooked at Bell, which led to his resignation from Bell and joining Hewlett-Packard (HP), founding its Semiconductor Lab in 1962 and then HP Labs in 1966, before leaving to join Fairchild Semiconductor , founding its Microwave & Optoelectronics division in 1969. His work at HP and Fairchild included research on Schottky diode , gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), indium arsenide (InAs) and light-emitting diode (LED) technologies. He later left

3450-467: The surface passivation process developed by Atalla and his team "blazed the trail" that led to the development of the silicon integrated circuit. Atalla's silicon transistor passivation technique by thermal oxide was the basis for several important inventions in 1959: the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, the planar process by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor . Building on his earlier pioneering research on

3519-400: The surface passivation process, a new method of semiconductor device fabrication that involves coating a silicon wafer with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. By growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer, Atalla was able to overcome the surface states that prevented electricity from reaching

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3588-473: The surface properties of silicon semiconductors and the use of silica as a protective layer of silicon semiconductor devices . He eventually adopted the alias pseudonyms "Martin" M. Atalla or "John" M. Atalla for his professional career. Between 1956 and 1960, Atalla led a small team of several BTL researchers, including Eileen Tannenbaum, Edwin Joseph Scheibner and Dawon Kahng . They were new recruits at BTL, like himself, with no senior researchers on

3657-414: The surface, due to dangling bonds that occur because unsaturated bonds are present at the surface. This prevented electricity from reliably penetrating the surface to reach the semiconducting silicon layer. Due to the surface state problem, germanium was the dominant semiconductor material of choice for transistors and other semiconductor devices in the early semiconductor industry , as germanium

3726-624: The team. Their work was initially not taken seriously by senior management at BTL and its owner AT&T , due to the team consisting of new recruits, and due to the team leader Atalla himself coming from a mechanical engineering background, in contrast to the physicists , physical chemists and mathematicians who were taken more seriously, despite Atalla demonstrating advanced skills in physical chemistry and semiconductor physics. Despite working mostly on their own, Atalla and his team made significant advances in semiconductor technology. According to Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Chih-Tang Sah ,

3795-447: The thin metallic nanolayer base, the device was capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors . Their pioneering work involved depositing metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with the emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact). They deposited gold (Au) thin films with

3864-635: The time. Atalla was the chairman of A4 System, as of 2003. He lived in Atherton , California . Atalla died on December 30, 2009, in Atherton. Atalla was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) at the 1975 Franklin Institute Awards , for his important contributions to silicon semiconductor technology and his invention of the MOSFET. In 2003, Atalla received

3933-431: The work of Atalla and his team during 1956–1960 was "the most important and significant technology advance" in silicon semiconductor technology. An initial focus of Atalla's research was to solve the problem of silicon surface states . At the time, the electrical conductivity of semiconductor materials such as germanium and silicon were limited by unstable quantum surface states, where electrons are trapped at

4002-404: Was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.9%. 5,921 people (85.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 608 people (8.8%) lived in rental housing units. Forbes ranked Atherton as second on its list of America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes in 2010, listing median house price as over $ 2,000,000. At the 2020 census , Atherton had a population of 7,193 and 2,252 households, and

4071-406: Was 49. For every 100 females there were 100.1 men. The age distribution was 1,472 people (20.5%) under the age of 18, 862 people (5.6%) aged 18 to 24, 932 people (12.9%) aged 25 to 44, 2,123 (29.5%) aged 45–64 and 1,813 people (25.2%) over the age of 65. Median income for a household was over $ 250,000. Males had a median income $ 102,192 versus $ 53,882 for females. About 1.1% of families and 2.6% of

4140-520: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 1,912 families (82.1% of households); the average family size was 3.03. The age distribution was 1,543 people (22.3%) under the age of 18, 579 people (8.4%) aged 18 to 24, 966 people (14.0%) aged 25 to 44, 2,264 people (32.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,562 people (22.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 48.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 95.3 men. The median household income

4209-530: Was a material change in usage and therefore was unconstitutional because such a change would require voter approval first. In response, the California Legislature allowed the funding to be redirected by passing Assembly Bill No. 1889, which had been championed by Assemblymember Kevin Mullin in 2015. Mullin noted "this entire Caltrain corridor is the epicenter of the innovation economy and it's

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4278-421: Was capable of higher carrier mobility . He made a breakthrough with his development of the surface passivation process. This is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert , and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal . The surface passivation process was first developed by Atalla in

4347-548: Was first practically realized as a result of the work of Atalla and Kahng during 1960–1961. They published their results in 1962 and called their device the "hot electron" triode structure with semiconductor-metal emitter. It was one of the first metal -base transistors. The Schottky diode went on to assume a prominent role in mixer applications. In 1962, Atalla joined Hewlett-Packard , where he co-founded Hewlett-Packard and Associates (HP Associates), which provided Hewlett-Packard with fundamental solid-state capabilities. He

4416-467: Was in excess of $ 250,000, the highest of any place in the United States. The per capita income for the town was $ 128,816. About 2.9% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. There were 2,530 housing units at an average density of 501.1 per square mile, of the occupied units 2,116 (90.8%) were owner-occupied and 214 (9.2%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate

4485-584: Was inducted into the IT History Society 's IT Honor Roll for his important contributions to information technology . Atherton, California Atherton ( / ˈ æ θ ə r t ə n / ATH -ər-tən ) is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California , United States. Its population was 6,823 as of July 2023. The town's zoning regulations permit only one single-family home per acre, and prohibit sidewalks. Atherton

4554-420: Was not long until several executives of large banks persuaded him to develop security systems for the Internet to work. They were worried about the fact that no useful framework for electronic commerce would have been possible at that time without innovation in the computer and network security industry. Following a request from former Wells Fargo Bank president William Zuendt in 1993, Atalla began developing

4623-472: Was originally part of the Rancho de las Pulgas . During the 1860s, Atherton was known as Fair Oaks . In 1923, it was decided to rename the town in honor of Faxon Dean Atherton , a former 19th century landowner on the south peninsula. The town has been involved in lawsuits to block or delay the introduction of California High-Speed Rail . Atherton was an early and vocal opponent of the electrification of

4692-455: Was the Director of Semiconductor Research at HP Associates, and the first manager of HP's Semiconductor Lab. He continued research on Schottky diodes , while working with Robert J. Archer, at HP Associates. They developed high vacuum metal film deposition technology, and fabricated stable evaporated / sputtered contacts , publishing their results in January 1963. Their work was

4761-532: Was titled "High Speed Flow in Square Diffusers" and his PhD thesis was titled "High Speed Compressible Flow in Square Diffusers". After completing his PhD at Purdue University , Atalla was employed at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1949. In 1950, he began working at Bell's New York City operations, where he worked on problems related to the reliability of electromechanical relays , and worked on circuit-switched telephone networks . With

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