127-588: The 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre , also known as the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot , was an episode of mass racial violence against African Americans in the United States in September 1906. Violent attacks by armed mobs of White Americans against African Americans in Atlanta , Georgia , began after newspapers, on the evening of September 22, 1906, published several unsubstantiated and luridly detailed reports of
254-559: A "Middle Eastern and North African" racial category to the 2020 census. The Trump administration nullified this change after coming to power in 2016. However, in 2024, the Office of Management and Budget under the Biden administration reinstated the proposed changes, announcing that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in
381-537: A Democrat, was asked as to the measures taken to prevent a race riot, he replied: The best way to prevent a race riot depends entirely upon the cause. If your inquiry has anything to do with the present situation in Atlanta then I would say the only remedy is to remove the cause. As long as the black brutes assault our white women, just so long will they be unceremoniously dealt with. On September 28, The New York Times reported, The Fulton County Grand Jury today made
508-521: A calculation of the income and expenses of a typical man, determining that each adult could pay jizya of 4 dinars , a 400% increase over the previous tax; however, this burden seemingly did not increase conversions to Islam. The Cairo Geniza records demonstrate the poll tax collection becoming very strict and burdensome for the Jewish community in Egypt during the 12th century. Evidence suggests that
635-402: A combination of both flat rate and graduated assessments. The minimum amount payable was set at 4d, however tax collectors had to account for a 12d a head mean assessment. Payments were therefore variable; the poorest would theoretically pay the lowest rate, with the deficit being met by a higher payment from those able to afford it. The 1381 tax has been credited as one of the main reasons behind
762-413: A debate surrounding Finnish whiteness and whether Finns should be classified as a Mongoloid peoples. David Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship . (share) The fifty states ,
889-415: A disregard for the proper administration of the law and to promote the organization of citizens to act outside of the law in the punishment of crime; ... Resolved , That the sensationalism of the afternoon papers in the presentation of the criminal news to the public prior to the riots of Saturday night... deserves our severest condemnation..." An unknown and disputed number of black people were killed in
1016-558: A distance. On Sunday a group of African Americans met in the Brownsville community south of downtown and near Clark University to discuss actions; they had armed themselves for defense. Fulton County police learned of the meeting and raided it; an officer was killed in an ensuing shootout. Three militia companies were sent to Brownsville, where they arrested and disarmed about 250 blacks, including university professors. The New York Times reported that when Mayor James G. Woodward ,
1143-407: A large mob attacked Decatur Street , the center of black restaurants and saloons. It destroyed the businesses and assaulted any black people within sight. Mobs moved to Peters Street and related neighborhoods to wreak more damage. Heavy rain from 3 am to 5 am helped suppress the fever for rioting. The events were quickly publicized the next day, Sunday, as violence continued against black people, and
1270-491: A matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite. In the early 21st century, MENA Americans began lobbying for the creation of their own racial group and were successful; in 2015, the US Census Bureau announced that it had responded to their requests and would add
1397-525: A minority in many American Indian reservations , parts of the South , especially areas part of the “ black belt ”, the District of Columbia , all US territories , and in many urban areas throughout the country. However, when including multiracial Americans , those who identify as part or fully White make up the majority of the population in every state except for Hawaii, along with Puerto Rico. Overall
SECTION 10
#17327661119731524-605: A more official sense, the United States Census Bureau , which collects demographic data on Americans , defines "white" as "[a] person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. According to the 2020 census , 71%, or 235,411,507 people, were White alone or in combination, and 61.6%, or 204,277,273 people, were White alone. This represented
1651-512: A national white demographic decline from a 72.4% white alone share of the US population in 2010. As of the latest American Community Survey in 2022, US Census Bureau estimates that 60.9% of the US population were White alone, while Non-Hispanic Whites were 57.7% of the population. Overall, 72.5% of Americans identified as White alone or in combination. European Americans are by far the largest panethnic group of white Americans and have constituted
1778-533: A number of poll tax riots . The most serious was in a protest at Trafalgar Square , London, on 31 March 1990, of more than 200,000 protesters. Terry Fields , Labour MP for Liverpool Broadgreen , was jailed for 60 days for his refusal to pay the poll tax. This unrest was a factor in the fall of Thatcher. Her successor, John Major , replaced the Community Charge with the Council Tax , similar to
1905-759: A platform to disenfranchise black voters in Georgia." Howell was also looking to exclude them from politics. Smith was a former publisher of the Atlanta Journal and Howell was the editor of the Atlanta Constitution . Both candidates used their influence to incite white voters and help spread the fear that whites may not maintain the current social order. These papers and others attacked saloons and bars that were run and frequented by black citizens. These "dives", as whites called them, were said to have nude pictures of women. The Atlanta Georgian and
2032-473: A poll tax in 1718. Nikolay Bunge , Finance Minister from 1881 to 1886 under Emperor Alexander III , abolished it in 1886. Poll taxes in Imperial Russia were determined by revision list enumerations. Prior to the mid 20th century, a poll tax was implemented in some U.S. state and local jurisdictions and paying it was a requirement before one could exercise one's right to vote . After this right
2159-485: A poll tax to finance the disbanding of the New Model Army (pay arrears, etc.) ( 12 Cha. 2 . c. 9). The poll tax was assessed according to "rank", e.g. dukes paid £100, earls £60, knights £20, esquires £10. Eldest sons paid two-thirds of their father's rank, widows paid a third of their late husband's rank. The members of the livery companies paid according to company's rank (e.g. masters of first-tier guilds like
2286-477: A poll tax was imposed again by William III and Mary II in 1689 ( 1 Will. & Mar. c. 13), reassessed in 1690 adjusting rank for fortune ( 2 Will. & Mar. c. 2), and then again in 1691 back to rank irrespective of fortune ( 3 Will. & Mar. c. 6). The poll tax was imposed again in 1692 ( 5 & 6 Will. & Mar. c. 14), and one final time in 1698 ( 9 Will. 3 . c. 38), the last poll tax in England until
2413-476: A poll tax, termed jizya by Arab historians, varying between 12 and 2 dirhams, exempting officials, soldiers, and nobles. During the Islamic rule of Muhammad , the magi of Iran and landowners of Bahrain paid jizya of 1 dinar or its equivalent in clothing, while the landless paid 4 dirham and a striped woolen cloak. Elsewhere, the jizya was graded according three classes, e.g. 48 dirhams for
2540-458: A poll tax, the tax usually only applied to free, abled-bodied adult men. The jizya amount could also be vary with the income of the individual. However, according to Shibli Nomani , the word jizya is an Arabicised version of the Persian kizyat , the war tax levied by the Persian empire, which served as a model for the conquering Arabs. The Sasanian Persian emperor Nawsherwan imposed
2667-430: A population of 89,000 in 1900 to 150,000 in 1910) as individuals from rural areas and small towns sought better economic opportunities. With this influx and the subsequent increase in the demand for resources, race relations in Atlanta became increasingly strained in the crowded city. Whites expanded Jim Crow segregation in residential neighborhoods and on public transportation. Freedmen and their descendants had gained
SECTION 20
#17327661119732794-453: A ransom for his soul unto the L ORD , when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them. This they shall give, every one that passeth among them that are numbered, half a shekel after the shekel of the sanctuary: (a shekel is twenty gerahs :) an half shekel shall be the offering of the L ORD . Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and above, shall give an offering unto
2921-557: A referendum that passed with 64% of the vote in 2018. The Twenty-fourth Amendment , ratified in 1964, prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or any other type of tax. Poll taxes for State and local elections were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections . The ninth section of Article One of
3048-415: A total sum of 4 million livres per annum in 1695, and then obtained permanent exemption in 1709 with a lump sum payment of 24 million livres. The Pays d'états (Brittany, Burgundy, etc.) and many towns also escaped assessment by promising annual fixed payments. The nobles did not escape assessment, but they obtained the right to appoint their own capitation tax assessors, which allowed them to escape most of
3175-445: A whole make up a racially diverse group and are the largest minority in the country. Beginning in 1930, Mexican was added as a distinct race on the US census with the explanation that "practically all Mexican laborers are of a racial mixture difficult to classify". The Mexican racial category was removed in 1940, with new direction that "Mexicans are to be regarded as white unless definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race"; this
3302-596: Is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States. The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 US census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria." The Census question on race lists
3429-502: Is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. Poll is an archaic term for "head" or "top of the head". The sense of "counting heads" is found in phrases like polling place and opinion poll . Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century. In the United Kingdom, poll taxes were levied by
3556-473: Is difficult to track full or partial ancestry from Spain in White Hispanics , Mestizos , or Mulattoes since people of direct Spanish descent are also classified as Hispanic, and though the census does track Hispanics' national origin, it does not classify it by race. In 2021, 995,583 people of any race claimed ancestry from Spain, 0.3% of the total population. However, genetic studies have found that
3683-400: The jizya paid by non-Muslims is parallel to the zakat charity obligation on Muslims. However, Umar , the second Caliph, ordered a brand on the shoulder of jizya payers, as well as requiring a tonsure and sumptuary laws to distinguish them from Muslims. Uman distinguished between jizya and kharaj , where the former means the poll tax on non-Muslim individuals, and
3810-555: The hiberna tax. The ancient Romans imposed a tributum capitis (poll tax) as one of the principal direct taxes on the peoples of the Roman provinces ( Digest 50, tit.15). In the Republican period, poll taxes were principally collected by private tax farmers ( publicani ), but from the time of Emperor Augustus , the collections were gradually transferred to magistrates and the senates of provincial cities. The Roman census
3937-455: The 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself. Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of " American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on
1906 Atlanta race massacre - Misplaced Pages Continue
4064-844: The American Community Survey : (Mostly old-stock white Americans of British descent) (Not including French Canadian ) (No country specified) (Including Lebanese (583,719), Egyptian (334,574), Syrian (203,282), Palestinian (171,969), Iraqi (164,851), Moroccan (140,196), and all other Arab ancestries) (Including responses of "Spaniard," "Spanish," and "Spanish American." Many Hispanos of New Mexico identify as Spanish/Spaniard) (Not further specified) (Not further specified) (Not further specified) (No country specified) (Not further specified) (Not further specified) (No country specified) Poll tax A poll tax , also known as head tax or capitation ,
4191-640: The American Revolution . A 2015 genetic study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics analyzed the genetic ancestry of 148,789 European Americans . The study concluded that English ancestry is the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component ranging between 20% (Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota) and 55% (Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas) of the total population (regardless of race) in all 50 states. These states strongly correlated with those where
4318-554: The Atlanta News publicized police reports of white women who were allegedly sexually molested and raped by black men. "Historians and contemporary commentators cite the stage production of The Clansman [by Thomas Dixon, Jr. ] in Atlanta as a contributing factor to that city's race riot of 1906, in which white mobs rampaged through African-American communities." In Savannah , where it opened next, police and military were on high alert, and present on every streetcar going toward
4445-555: The District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 71% of the population in the 2020 United States Census , including 61.6% who identified as 'white alone.' This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified white alone population in 2010. The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were English or British, followed by Germans and Irish. In
4572-564: The Georgia National Guard , and African Americans accused the Atlanta Police Department and some Guardsmen of participating in the violence against them. Local histories by whites ignored the massacre for decades. It was not until 2006 that the event was publicly marked – on its 100th anniversary. The next year, the Atlanta massacre was made part of the state's curriculum for public schools. After
4699-727: The Ku Klux Klan , achieved the desired effect of disenfranchising African Americans . Generally, In the United States, the term "poll tax" is used to mean a tax that must be paid in order to vote, rather than a capitation tax simply. For example, a bill that passed the Florida House of Representatives in April 2019 has been compared to a poll tax because it requires former felons to pay all "financial obligations" related to their sentence, including court fines, fees, and judgments, before their voting rights will be restored as required by
4826-654: The Peasants' Revolt in that year, due in part to attempts to restore feudal conditions in rural areas. The poll tax was resurrected during the 17th century, usually related to a military emergency. It was imposed by Charles I in 1641 to finance the raising of the army against the Scottish and Irish uprisings. With the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the Convention Parliament of 1660 instituted
4953-812: The US census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. On some government documents, such as the 2007 SEER program's Coding and Staging Manual, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shia or Sunni ), Jewish , Zoroastrian , Caucasian , or a MENA or Latin American ethnicity as their race in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin or Native American tribal affiliation, were automatically tallied as White. The 1990 US census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) listed " Caucasian " or " Aryan " among other terms as subgroups of "white" in their ancestry code listing, but 2005 and proceeding years of PUMS codes do not. In
5080-628: The franchise during Reconstruction, and whites increasingly feared and resented their exercise of political power. African Americans had established prosperous businesses and developed an elite who distinguished themselves from working-class blacks. Some whites resented them. Among the successful black businessmen was Alonzo Herndon , who owned and operated a large, refined barber shop that served prominent white men. This new status brought increased competition between blacks and whites for jobs and heightened class distinctions. The police and fire department were still exclusively white, as were most employees in
5207-467: The " Talented Tenth ", purchased a shotgun after rioting broke out in the city. He said in response to the carnage, "I bought a Winchester double-barreled shotgun and two dozen rounds of shells filled with buckshot. If a white mob had stepped on the campus where I lived I would without hesitation have sprayed their guts over the grass." As his position solidified in later years, circa 1906–1920, Du Bois argued that organized political violence by black Americans
1906 Atlanta race massacre - Misplaced Pages Continue
5334-463: The 18th and early 19th centuries. It levied direct taxes on the owners of houses, land, slaves and estates in the late 1790s but cancelled the taxes in 1802. An income tax is neither a poll tax nor a capitation, as the amount of tax will vary from person to person, depending on each person's income. Until a United States Supreme Court decision in 1895, all income taxes were deemed to be excises (i.e., indirect taxes). The Revenue Act of 1861 established
5461-568: The 1906 Bambatha Rebellion against colonial rule in South Africa. However, both of those cases were additional taxation, and not a substitute for other taxes being lowered. As prescribed in Exodus , Jewish law imposed a poll tax of a half- shekel , payable by every man above the age of twenty. And the L ORD spake unto Moses, saying, When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man
5588-456: The 1980 census. White Americans alone (including White Hispanics) are the majority racial group in most of the United States. As of 2022, they are not the majority in Hawaii , California , Texas , New Mexico , Nevada, and Maryland , making up just under half of the population in the last four states. If White Hispanics are excluded, they are also a minority in Georgia. They are also
5715-426: The 1990/91 financial year. The system was very unpopular since many thought it shifted the tax burden from the rich to the poor, as it was based on the number of occupants living in a house, rather than on the estimated market value of the house. Many tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than earlier predictions since the councils realised that not they but the central government would be blamed for
5842-512: The 20th century. A poll tax ("polemoney") was simultaneously imposed in Scotland by the Edinburgh parliament in 1693, again in 1695, and two in 1698. As the greater weight of the 17th century poll taxes fell primarily upon the wealthy and powerful, it was not too unpopular. There were grumblings within the taxed ranks about lack of differentiation by income within ranks. Ultimately, it was
5969-502: The APTUs called for mass nonpayment, which rapidly gathered widespread support and spread as far as England and Wales even though non-payment meant that people could be prosecuted. In some areas, 30% of former ratepayers defaulted. While owner-occupiers were easy to tax, nonpayers who regularly changed accommodation were almost impossible to trace. The cost of collecting the tax rose steeply, and its returns fell. Unrest grew and resulted in
6096-561: The Constitution places several limits on Congress' powers. Among them: "No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken". Capitation here means a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per taxpayer. Direct tax means a tax levied directly by the United States federal government on taxpayers, as opposed to a tax on events or transactions. The United States government levied direct taxes from time to time during
6223-733: The Franco-Ottoman alliance , revolutionized relations between the Christian and Islamic states, with the poll tax playing a significant role. Previously, a non-Muslim living in Muslim territory for more than a year became liable to the poll tax. Under the treaty, French Christians in the Ottoman Empire were exempted from all jizya . In 1855, the Ottoman Empire abolished the jizya tax as part of reforms to equalize
6350-445: The L ORD . The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when they give an offering unto the L ORD , to make an atonement for your souls. And thou shalt take the atonement money of the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel before the L ORD , to make an atonement for your souls. The money
6477-586: The Mercers paid £10, whereas masters of fifth-tier guilds, like the Clerks, paid 5 shillings). Professionals also paid differing rates, e.g. physicians (£10), judges (£20), advocates (£5), attorneys (£3), and so on. Anyone with property (land, etc.) paid 40 shillings per £100 earned, anyone over the age of 16 and unmarried paid twelvepence and everyone else over 16 paid sixpence. To finance the Nine Years' War ,
SECTION 50
#17327661119736604-459: The Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian. In US census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino , which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity , separate and independent of race . Hispanic and Latino Americans as
6731-401: The Office of Management and Budget announced that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census. The most commonly reported ancestries of White Americans include English (12.5%), German (7.6%), Irish (5.3%), Italian (3.2%), and Polish (1.3%). It
6858-700: The United States Constitution in 1913 made possible modern income taxes, by limiting the Sixteenth Amendment income tax to the class of indirect excises (i.e. excises, duties, and imposts) – thus requiring no apportionment, a practice that would remain unchanged into the 21st century. Various cities, including Chicago and Denver , have levied head taxes with a set rate per employee targeted at large employers. After Cupertino postponed head tax proposals to 2020, Mountain View became
6985-459: The accommodationist position of Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee Institute , believing that they had to be more forceful about protecting their communities and advancing their race. Some black Americans modified their opinions on the necessity of armed self-defense, even as many issued explicit warnings about the dangers of armed political struggle. Harvard-educated W. E. B. Du Bois , who was teaching at Atlanta University and supported leadership by
7112-692: The alleged rapes of 4 local women by black men. The violence lasted through September 24, 1906. The events were reported by newspapers around the world, including the French Le Petit Journal which described the "lynchings in the USA" and the " massacre of Negroes in Atlanta," the Scottish Aberdeen Press & Journal under the headline "Race Riots in Georgia," and the London Evening Standard under
7239-472: The black elite, helping establish a tradition of communication between these groups. But for decades the massacre was ignored or suppressed in the white community, and left out of official histories of the city. The New York Times noted on September 30 that a letter writer to the Charleston News and Courier wrote in response to the riots: Separation of the races is the only radical solution of
7366-422: The burden (in one calculation, they escaped 7 ⁄ 8 of it). Compounding the burden, the assessment on the capitation did not remain stable. The pays de taille personelle (basically, pays d'élection , the bulk of France and Aquitaine) secured the ability to assess the capitation tax proportionally to the taille – which effectively meant adjusting the burden heavily against the lower classes. According to
7493-512: The capitation, according to Necker in 1788, was 41 million livres, well short of the 54 million estimate, and it was projected that the revenues could have doubled if the exemptions were revoked and the original 1695 assessment properly restored. The old capitation tax was repealed with the French Revolution and replaced, on 13 January 1791, with a new poll tax as part of the contribution personnelle mobilière , which lasted well into
7620-413: The categories White or European American , Black or African American , American Indian and Alaska Native , Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , Asian , plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows: "White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe,
7747-536: The census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white", "black", or any other listed racial category. In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino and Middle Eastern/North African racial categories similar to "white" or "black", with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change
SECTION 60
#17327661119737874-471: The choice of conversion, jizya , or death. This ultimatum was read out in mosques. Many Christians fled Mosul , home to the ancient Christian communities of Iraq , leading Louis Raphaël I Sako to say: "For the first time in the history of Iraq, Mosul is now empty of Christians." ISIS issued the same ultimatum in its capital of Raqqa , Syria, demanding 0.5 ounces (14 g) of pure gold from Christians in exchange for their safety. The Chinese head tax
8001-525: The city and county governments. State requirements from 1877 limited black voting through poll taxes , record keeping and other devices to impede voter registration, but many freedmen and descendants could still vote. But both major candidates played on racial tensions during their campaigning for the gubernatorial election of 1906, in which M. Hoke Smith and Clark Howell competed for the Democratic primary nomination. Smith had explicitly "campaigned on
8128-408: The conflict. At least two dozen African Americans were believed to have been killed. It was confirmed that there were two white deaths, one a woman who died of a heart attack after seeing mobs outside her house. On the following Monday and Tuesday, leading citizens of the white community, including the mayor, met to discuss the events and prevent any additional violence. The group included leaders of
8255-548: The contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is typically considered white. People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent may also be considered white. However, many of the ethnic groups classified as white by the US census, such as Arab Americans , Berber Americans , Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent, and Hispanics and Latinos of European or MENA descent may not always identify as, and may not always be perceived to be, white. Social perceptions of whiteness have evolved over
8382-746: The course of American history. For example, Benjamin Franklin commented that the Saxons of Germany and the English "make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth". Historically, many individuals of European descent were not readily integrated into mainstream American society and found themselves caught on the "dark" side of the white/black binary, including Irish, Italians, Greeks and Slavs. In Minnesota, increasing numbers of Finnish immigrants led to
8509-544: The de facto head of government at the time. This tax covered almost 60% of the population, far more than lay subsidies had earlier. It was levied two more times, in 1379 and 1381. Each time the taxation basis was slightly different. In 1377, every lay person over the age of 14 years who was not a beggar had to pay a groat (4d) to the Crown. By 1379 that had been graded by social class, with the lower age limit changed to 16, and to 15 two years later. The levy of 1381 operated under
8636-463: The educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%. Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females
8763-555: The end of every Ramadan , except for those in dire poverty. The amount is 2 kg (4.4 lb) of wheat or barley, or its cash equivalent, to be given to the poor. Jizya is a land or poll tax decreed by the Quran , paid annually by non-believers in Islam living under Islamic law (residents with dhimmi status). Jizya began during the reign of Muhammad (from 9 A.H.) in places like Yemen , Bahrain , and Jerash . As
8890-701: The end of the American Civil War and during the Reconstruction era , there was violence of whites against blacks throughout the South, as whites reacted to emancipation of blacks, accusations of black criminality, and political empowerment of freedmen , specifically gaining the voting franchise which led to political power and representation. Having former slaves become equals was threatening to their ideals of racial supremacy. Increased tension also resulted from whites competing with blacks for wages, and
9017-437: The estimates of Jacques Necker in 1788, the capitation tax was so riddled in practice, that the privileged classes (nobles and clergy and towns) were largely exempt, while the lower classes were heavily crushed: the lowest peasant class, originally assessed to pay 3 livres, were now paying 24, the second lowest, assessed at 10 livres, were now paying 60 and the third-lowest assessed at 30 were paying 180. The total collection from
9144-584: The first income tax in the United States, to pay for the cost of the American Civil War . This income tax was abolished after the war, in 1872. Another income tax statute in 1894 was overturned in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. in 1895, where the Supreme Court held that income taxes on income from property, such as rent income, interest income, and dividend income (however excepting income taxes on income from "occupations and labor" if only for
9271-499: The first three blacks had been killed and more were being treated in the hospital (at least five of whom would die); among these were three women. Governor Joseph M. Terrell called out eight companies of the Fifth Infantry and one battery of light artillery. By 2:30 am, some 25 to 30 blacks were reported dead, with many more injured. The trolley lines had been closed before midnight to reduce movement, in hopes of discouraging
9398-413: The following presentment: "Believing that the sensational manner in which the afternoon newspapers of Atlanta have presented to the people the news of the various criminal acts recently committed in this county has largely influenced the creation of the spirit animating the mob of last Saturday night; and that the editorial utterances of The Atlanta News for some time past have been calculated to create
9525-605: The government of Margaret Thatcher . It replaced the rates that were based on the notional rental value of a house. The abolition of rates was in the Conservative Party manifesto for the 1979 general election ; the replacement was proposed in the Green Paper of 1986, Paying for Local Government based on ideas developed by Dr. Madsen Pirie and Douglas Mason of the Adam Smith Institute . It
9652-403: The governments of John of Gaunt in the 14th century, Charles II in the 17th and Margaret Thatcher in the 20th century. In the United States, voting poll taxes (whose payment was a precondition to voting in an election) have been used to disenfranchise impoverished and minority voters (especially after Reconstruction ). Poll taxes are regressive , meaning the higher someone's income is,
9779-423: The guardian of a minor was responsible to pay the full poll tax on his behalf until the age of ten. Even the very sick and poor widows were subject to the tax. Shelomo Dov Goitein concluded that the intolerable burden of the jizya might have caused the mass conversion of Jews in Egypt to Islam, while more prominent Jews embraced Islam for the possibility of government positions. The treaty of 1535, known as
9906-531: The headlines "Anti-Negro Riots" and "Outrages in Georgia." The final death toll of the conflict is unknown and disputed, but officially at least 25 African Americans and two whites died. Unofficial reports ranged from 10–100 black Americans killed during the massacre. According to the Atlanta History Center , some black Americans were hanged from lampposts; others were shot, beaten or stabbed to death. They were pulled from street cars and attacked on
10033-542: The highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest , New England , the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky , West Virginia , and East Tennessee . The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states. (2022 est.) Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities. States with
10160-400: The highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020: States with the highest percentages of non-Latino/Hispanic whites, as of 2020: [REDACTED] White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also
10287-411: The highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $ 33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $ 34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which
10414-524: The idea of paying for labor which had been free for centuries. Atlanta had developed rapidly, attracting workers for its rebuilding and, particularly from the 1880s as the "rail hub" of the South: workers from all over the country began to flood the city. This resulted in a dramatic increase in both the African-American population (9,000 in 1880 to 35,000 in 1900) and the overall city population (from
10541-521: The inefficiency of their collection (what they brought in routinely fell far short of expected revenues) that prompted the government to abandon the poll tax after 1698. Far more controversial was the hearth tax introduced by the Fire-Hearth and Stoves Taxation Act 1662 ( 14 Cha. 2 . c. 10), which imposed a hefty two shillings on every hearth in a family dwelling, which was easier to count than persons. Heavier, more permanent and more regressive than
10668-399: The largest number of people identified with "American" ancestry on the census. Many white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. According to the 2022 American Community Survey , 76,678,228 Americans identified with multiple European, Middle Eastern, or North African ancestry groups, with the large majority of these identifying with various European groups. Definitions of who
10795-570: The late 1960s. After World War I, Atlanta worked to promote racial reconciliation and understanding by creating the Commission on Interracial Cooperation in 1919; it later evolved into the Southern Regional Council. But most institutions of the city remained closed to African Americans. For instance, no African-American policemen were hired until 1948, after World War II. The massacre was not covered in local histories and
10922-458: The late 19th century. It was fixed for every individual at "three days's labor" (assessed locally, but by statute, no less than 1 franc 50 centimes and no more than 4 francs 50 centimes, depending on the area). A dwelling tax ( impôt sur les portes et fenêtres , similar to the English window-tax) was imposed in 1798. New Zealand imposed a poll tax on Chinese immigrants during the 19th and early 20th centuries as part of their broader efforts to reduce
11049-474: The latter means the land tax and sometimes the total sum of taxes paid by leaders of the non-Muslim community. Umar stressed that conversion to Islam provided exemption from jizya , though not from kharaj . Amr ibn al-As , after conquering Egypt, made a census for the jizya according to wealth classes, so that the rich paid more. Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan reformed taxes in Mesopotamia based on
11176-521: The legislature included provisions for grandfather clauses to ensure whites were not excluded because of lack of literacy or the required amount of property, and for the Democratic Party to have a white primary , another means of exclusion. These provisions were passed by constitutional amendment in 1908, effectively disfranchising most blacks. Racial segregation was already established by law. Both systems under Jim Crow largely continued into
11303-400: The lower the tax is as a proportion of income: for example, a $ 100 tax on an income of $ 10,000 is a 1% tax rate, while $ 100 tax on a $ 500 income is 20%. Its acceptance or "neutrality" depends on the balance between the tax demanded and the resources of the population. Low amounts generally go unnoticed, while high amounts may generate tax revolts such as the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England and
11430-472: The lowest class, composed of day laborers and servants, who paid 1 livre each. The bulk of the common population was covered by four classes, paying 40, 30, 10 and 3 livres respectively. Unlike most other direct French taxes, nobles and clergy were not exempted from capitation taxes. It did, however, exempt the mendicant orders and the poor who contributed less than 40 sous. The French clergy managed to temporarily escape capitation assessment by promising to pay
11557-656: The majority population of the United States since the nation's founding. The US Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term. The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe , the Middle East or North Africa ". Within official census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as " not Hispanic or Latino " and those who do identify as " Hispanic or Latino ". The term "non-Hispanic white", rather than just "white", may be
11684-481: The massacre was covered internationally. Le Petit journal of Paris reported, "Black men and women were thrown from trolley-cars, assaulted with clubs and pelted with stones." By the next day, the New York Times reported that at least 25 to 30 black men and women were killed, with 90 injured. One white man was reported killed, and about 10 injured. An unknown and disputed number of black people were killed on
11811-549: The mobs and offering some protection to the African-American neighborhoods, as whites were going there and attacking people in their houses, or driving them outside. Alonzo Herndon 's barbershop was among the first targets of the white mob, and the fine fittings were destroyed. Individual black men were killed on the steps of the US Post Office and inside the Marion Hotel, where a crowd chased one. During that night,
11938-529: The negro problem in this country. There is nothing new about it. It was the Almighty who established the bounds of the habitation of the races. The negroes were brought here by compulsion; they should be induced to leave here by persuasion. The New York Times analyzed the populations of the ten states in the South with the most African Americans, two of which were majority black, with two others nearly equal in populations, and African Americans totaling about 70% of
12065-537: The number of Chinese immigrants. The poll tax was effectively lifted in the 1930s following the invasion of China by Japan , and was finally repealed in 1944. Prime Minister Helen Clark offered New Zealand's Chinese community an official apology for the poll tax on 12 February 2002. The Jewish poll tax was a poll tax imposed on the Jews in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was later absorbed into
12192-474: The poll tax proper, the intrusive entry of tax inspectors into private homes to count hearths was a very sore point, and it was promptly repealed with the Glorious Revolution in 1689. It was replaced with a "window tax" in 1695 since inspectors could count windows from outside homes. The Community Charge, popularly dubbed the "poll tax", was a tax to fund local government , instituted in 1989 by
12319-610: The poll tax. The Roman poll tax was deeply resented— Tertullian bewailed the poll tax as a "badge of slavery"—and it provoked numerous revolts in the provinces. Perhaps most famous is the Zealot revolt in Judaea of 66 AD. After the destruction of the temple in 70 AD, the Emperor Vespasian imposed an extra poll tax on Jews throughout the empire, the fiscus judaicus , of two denarii each. The Russian Empire imposed
12446-632: The poor, workers in the Royal Mint , inhabitants of the Cinque Ports , tin workers in Cornwall and Devon , and those who lived in the Palatinate counties of Cheshire and Durham . The Hilary Parliament, held between January and March 1377, levied a poll tax in 1377 to finance the war against France at the request of John of Gaunt who, since King Edward III was mortally sick, was
12573-423: The rating system that preceded the Community Charge. The main differences were that it was levied on capital value rather than notional rental value of a property, and that it had a 25% discount for single-occupancy dwellings. In 2015, Lord Waldegrave reflected in his memoirs that the Community Charge was all his own work and that it was a serious mistake. Although he felt the policy looked like it would work, it
12700-487: The reason of not having been challenged in the case, "We have considered the act only in respect of the tax on income derived from real estate, and from invested personal property") were to be treated as direct taxes. Because the statute in question had not apportioned income taxes on income from property by population, the statute was ruled unconstitutional. Finally, ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to
12827-495: The rich, 24 for the middle class, and 12 for the poor. Although the jizya tax is interpreted by many as a financial humiliation on non-Muslims, others consider it a sign of due allegiance to the political authority of Islam: part of a social contract by which non-Muslims, especially the Jews of Medina , were granted equal social and political rights, and protection of their life, property, and religion. According to some scholars,
12954-407: The second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average. However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white. White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree , with
13081-511: The status of Muslims and non-Muslims. It was replaced by a military-exemption tax on non-Muslims, the bedel-i askeri . It was once believed that the Islamic poll tax derived from a previous Byzantine poll tax, but evidence for this tax has been re-dated to Islamic times. Jizya reemerged in 2014 after the Islamic State conquered some parts of Iraq and Syria . Its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared that Christians would face
13208-407: The street and in their shops, and many were injured. In the center of the city, the militia was seen by 1 am. But most were not armed and organized until 6 am when more were posted in the business district. Sporadic violence had continued in the late night in distant quarters of the city as small gangs operated. On Sunday hundreds of black people left the city by train and other means, seeking safety at
13335-542: The street; white mobs invaded black neighborhoods, destroying homes and businesses. The immediate catalyst was newspaper reports of four white women raped in separate incidents, allegedly by African American men. A grand jury later indicted two African Americans for raping Ethel Lawrence and her niece Mabel Lawrence. An underlying cause was the growing racial tension in a rapidly changing city and economy, competition for jobs, housing, and political power. The violence did not end until after Governor Joseph M. Terrell called in
13462-527: The tax, which led to resentment, even among some who had supported the introduction of it. The tax in different boroughs differed because local taxes paid by businesses varied and grants by central government to local authorities sometimes varied capriciously. Mass protests were called by the All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation with which the vast majority of local Anti-Poll Tax Unions (APTUs) were affiliated. In Scotland,
13589-518: The theater. Authorities in Macon , where the play was next to open, asked for it not to be permitted, and it was not. On Saturday afternoon, September 22, 1906, Atlanta newspapers reported four sexual assaults on local white women, allegedly by black men, including brutal attacks on Ethel Lawrence and her niece, Mabel Lawerence. Mabel, an Englishwoman visiting her brother in Atlanta, and her niece were picking ferns or wildflowers when they were attacked. She
13716-445: The total white population. It noted practically the difficulties if so many workers would be lost, in addition to their businesses. As an outcome of the massacre, the African-American economy suffered, because of property losses, damage, and disruption. Some individual businesses were forced to close. The community made significant social changes, pulling businesses from mixed areas, settling in majority-black neighborhoods (some of which
13843-400: The upcoming 2030 Census, and Hispanic and Latino will also be treated similar to a racial, rather than ethnic, category. The Census Bureau defines the planned definition of White people as follows: "Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and scottish." In cases where individuals do not self-identify,
13970-404: The vast majority of Hispanics in the US have varying amounts of European ancestry, with the largest component being Spanish or Iberian. The English Americans ' demography is also considered a serious under-count, as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply " Americans " (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to
14097-464: Was $ 48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans. In 2005, White households had a median household income of $ 48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $ 44,389. Among Cuban Americans , with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites. The poverty rates for White Americans are
14224-459: Was a fixed tax per adult resident, but there was a reduction for those with lower household income. Each person was to pay for the services provided in their community. This proposal was contained in the Conservative Party manifesto for the 1987 general election . The new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1988/89 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of
14351-697: Was a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada . The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 and was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway . The tax was abolished by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 , which stopped all Chinese immigration except for business people, clergy, educators, students, and other categories. The 1923 act
14478-542: Was canceled during the Trump administration. Other persons who are classified as "white" by the US census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent. In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry. However, in 2024,
14605-528: Was conducted periodically in the provinces to draw up and update the poll tax register. The Roman poll tax fell principally on Roman subjects in the provinces, but not on Roman citizens. Towns in the provinces who possessed the Jus Italicum (enjoying the "privileges of Italy") were exempted from the poll tax. The 212 edict of Emperor Caracalla (which formally conferred Roman citizenship on all residents of Roman provinces) did not, however, exempt them from
14732-652: Was continued in 1950. 1970 saw the creation of the Spanish Origin category, which superseded previous classifications for Latin Americans and is now represented by the Hispanic or Latino ethnic category. Hispanic or Latino was again to be raised to racial status for the 2020 census (along with Middle Eastern and North African), but this was canceled by President Donald J. Trump. The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been
14859-666: Was designated for the Tabernacle in the Exodus narrative and later for the upkeep of the Temple of Jerusalem . Priests, women, slaves and minors were exempted, but could offer it voluntarily. Payment by Samaritans or Gentiles was rejected. It was collected yearly in the month of Adar at the Temple or provincial collection offices. Zakat al-Fitr is an obligatory charity that must be given by every Muslim (or their guardian) near
14986-491: Was enforced by discriminatory housing practices into the 1960s), and changing other social patterns. In the years after the massacre, African Americans were most likely to live in predominately black communities, including those that developed west of the city near Atlanta University or in eastern downtown. Many black businesses dispersed from the center to the east, where the thriving black business district known as " Sweet Auburn " soon developed. Many African Americans rejected
15113-452: Was essentially a lay subsidy, a tax on the movable property of most of the population, to help fund war. It had first been levied in 1275 and continued under different names until the 17th century. People were taxed a percentage of the assessed value of their movable goods. That percentage varied from year to year and place to place, and which goods could be taxed differed between urban and rural locations. Churchmen were exempt, as were
15240-513: Was extended to all races by the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, many Southern states enacted poll taxes as a means of excluding African-American voters, most of whom were poor and unable to pay a tax. So as not to disenfranchise many whites, such laws sometimes included a clause exempting any people who had voted prior to enactment of the laws. The poll tax, along with literacy tests and extra-legal intimidation, such as by
15367-541: Was folly. Still, in response to real-world threats on black people, Du Bois "was adamant about the legitimacy and perhaps the duty of self-defense, even where there [might be a] danger of spillover into political violence." Elected in 1906, Governor Hoke Smith fulfilled a campaign promise by proposing legislation in August 1907 for a literacy test for voting, which would disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites through subjective administration by whites. In addition,
15494-567: Was hospitalized with severe injuries and lost an eye. Following this report, several dozen white men and boys began gathering in gangs, and began to beat, stab, and shoot black people in retaliation, pulling them off or assaulting them on streetcars, beginning in the Five Points section of downtown. After extra editions of the paper were printed, by midnight estimates were that 10,000 to 15,000 white men and boys had gathered through downtown streets and were roaming to attack black people. By 10 pm,
15621-482: Was ignored for decades. In 2006, on its 100th anniversary, the city and citizen groups marked the event with discussions, forums and related events such as "walking tours, public art, memorial services, numerous articles and three new books." The next year, it was made part of the state's social studies curriculum for public schools. White Americans White Americans (sometimes also called Caucasian Americans ) are Americans who identify as white people . In
15748-501: Was implemented differently from his predictions "They went gung-ho and introduced it overnight in one go, which was never my plan and I thought they must know what they were doing – but they didn't." In France, a poll tax, the capitation of 1695 , was first imposed by King Louis XIV in 1695 as a temporary measure to finance the War of the League of Augsburg , and thus repealed in 1699. It
15875-409: Was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females. White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts. The following table lists all self-reported European and Middle Eastern ancestries with over 50,000 members, according to 2022 estimates from
16002-576: Was repealed in 1947. In Ceylon, a poll tax was levied by the British colonial government of Ceylon in 1920. The tax charged 2 rupees per year per male adult. Those who did not pay had to work on the roads for one day in lieu of the tax. The Young Lanka League protested the tax, led by A. Ekanayake Gunasinha , and it was repealed by the Legislative Council of Ceylon in 1925 following a motion submitted by C. H. Z. Fernando . The poll tax
16129-570: Was resumed during the War of Spanish Succession and in 1704 set on a permanent basis, remaining until the end of the Ancien regime . Like the English poll tax, the French capitation tax was assessed on rank – for taxation persons, French society was divided in twenty-two "classes", with the Dauphin (a class by himself) paying 2,000 livres , princes of the blood paying 1500 livres, and so on down to
#972027