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38-653: The A112 was available only with a 3-door body. It was offered with the OHV engine of 903 cc from the Fiat 850 capable of attaining 42  PS (31 kW). The Autobianchi represented the first appearance of this engine in a front-engine, front-wheel drive configuration which would later become familiar to a wider range of drivers in the top selling Fiat 127 and its derivatives. Claimed power increased to 47 PS (35 kW) in 1971, but without any mechanical changes having taken place. Performance remained unchanged as well, this

76-431: A camshaft as with typical OHV engines. The exhaust valve(s) were driven by a camshaft, but were located in the engine block as with side-valve engines. The 1894 prototype Diesel engine used overhead poppet valves actuated by a camshaft , pushrods and rocker arms , therefore becoming the first OHV engines. In 1896, U.S. patent 563,140 was taken out by William F. Davis for an OHV engine with liquid coolant used to cool

114-855: A digital clock amongst other creature comforts. Mechanically, the LX was identical to the Elite, with the five-speed transmission and 965 cc engine. The Elegant version was discontinued, with the Elite taking its position in the lineup. The sixth series also received new body-colored vents on the C-pillar, and the front corner lights were incorporated into the top of the bumper. This was the first A112 to be marketed with Lancia badging, originally only in Sweden and in Switzerland. In Sweden, this car had already been sold by Lancia dealers with "Autobianchi" badging. In

152-566: A five-speed gearbox later in life. The mechanics were originally identical to the regular version, now referred to as the Normale , but from 1975 until 1977 the Normale' received a less powerful engine. A performance edition "Abarth" was introduced too. In March 1973, the A112 received a makeover. The grille was new, with a larger mesh, and the bumpers were now of rubber with chrome insert (although

190-487: A large margin. In the early 21st century, several pushrod V8 engines from General Motors and Chrysler used cylinder deactivation to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. In 2008, the first production pushrod engine to use variable valve timing was introduced in the Dodge Viper (fourth generation) . OHV engines have several advantages compared with OHC engines: Compared with OHC engines, OHV engines have

228-579: A low-priced alternative. It was no longer called Junior, however, now being marketed simply as the "Autobianchi A112". Other than the name change, there were no design changes to the car. Production continued into 1986, at which point 1,254,178 Autobianchi A112s had been built. The sportiest version was the A112 Abarth , introduced in September 1971 at the same time as the Elegant. It was prepared by

266-512: A new chess pattern upholstery. Engines remained 903 cc and 982 cc for the Abarth. In 1975, the third series arrived. The insides in the rear were recontoured, so that the car now became a five-seater (instead of four). The easiest way to spot a third series is that it received new, much larger vents on the C-pillars, as well as redesigned taillights - with integrated reversing lights on

304-459: A rubber strip. This was the last model to have the diamond shaped turn signals on the front fenders, with later models receiving more orthodox rectangular ones. The A112 Elegant had metal bumpers with a black rubber cover over it and a strip of metal trim running horizontally across their width. Rayton Fissore showed (and then sold) a special-bodied version of the A112 called "Otas" in 1976, with aerodynamically styled bodywork reminiscent of that of

342-400: A standard five-speed transmission, helping lower noise and fuel consumption, especially at higher speeds. Starting from the end of 1977 this car was also badged as Lancia A112 in some markets outside of Italy. In July 1979, the car underwent another styling modification, receiving large black plastic cladding on the rear, surrounding new taillights, and new side trim and bumpers. The grille

380-448: The 1994 Indianapolis 500 motor race, Team Penske entered a car powered by the custom-built Mercedes-Benz 500I pushrod engine. Due to a loophole in the rules, the pushrod engine was allowed to use a larger displacement and higher boost pressure, significantly increasing its power output compared to the OHC engines used by other teams. Team Penske qualified in pole position and won the race by

418-681: The Mini , Citroën 2CV , Renault 4 and Hillman Imp . However, the 1970s saw the arrival of a host of small cars (mostly hatchbacks) which met the growing demand for "supermini" type cars in the mould of the A112. A year after the launch of the Fiat 127 came the Renault 5 . Within a few years, the A112 had gained a host of other competitors including the Ford Fiesta , Peugeot 104 , Vauxhall Chevette and Volkswagen Polo , as well as Japanese offerings,

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456-485: The Porsche 928 . In November 1977, the "Nuova A112" (new A112) was introduced: The most obvious difference is a slightly taller roof, with a marked edge around the sides. This improved interior habitability considerably. Autobianchi also at this time modified the upmarket version branded as the "A112 Elegant" with an engine enlarged to 965 cc, now promising 48 PS (35 kW) and improved torque. The taillights of

494-400: The engine block . Although an overhead camshaft (OHC) engine also has overhead valves, the common usage of the term "overhead valve engine" is limited to engines where the camshaft is located in the engine block. In these traditional OHV engines, the motion of the camshaft is transferred using pushrods (hence the term "pushrod engine") and rocker arms to operate the valves at the top of

532-642: The A112 and designed by Pininfarina . It debuted in 1973 at the Geneva Motor Show and was received well by both the press and public. It is based on mostly standard A112 mechanicals but is powered by the 982 cc Abarth engine from the A112 Abarth producing 58 bhp (43 kW) and 54 lb⋅ft (73 N⋅m) of torque. The car was named "Giovani", the Italian word for youth, as it was designed as an entry level, sporty car for younger buyers. Unlike

570-466: The British market from 1985. The Y10 was not a strong seller there. Overhead valve engine An overhead valve engine , abbreviated ( OHV ) and sometimes called a pushrod engine , is a piston engine whose valves are located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber . This contrasts with flathead (or "sidevalve") engines , where the valves were located below the combustion chamber in

608-577: The Elegant and Abarth. The Abarth also received a new larger 1050 cc engine ("70HP"), while the Normale's output dropped to 42 PS (31 kW) in July 1975. All engines were still pushrod units, derived from the old tipo 100 engine first introduced in the Fiat 600 . In 1976, due to new emissions standards, the Elegant lost two horsepower, now down to 45 PS (33 kW). Third series Normales still received metal bumpers, but from now on they were painted black (instead of being chromed) and no longer had

646-437: The Normale retained the old metal bumpers with rubber strips). A new style of alloys were also available, and the seats and dashboard underwent some changes. The A112E was renamed Elegant , and was no longer only available in two-tone paintjobs. The Abarth was also available in single paints, and on two-tone models the contrasting shade was restricted to a black bonnet. The Scorpion logos on the flanks were removed, and it received

684-513: The Swiss and Swedish markets, the 903 cc engine no longer passed their stricter emissions standards, so the Junior received the same 965 cc engine as did the Elite and LX. The seventh series, presented in 1984, only saw minor changes, largely remaining the same as the sixth. The taillights were again redesigned and were now joined by a reflective strip. The rear license plate was relocated to

722-517: The U.S. until the mid-to-late 1950s, when they began to be phased out for OHV engines. The first overhead camshaft (OHC) engine dates back to 1902, in the Marr ; however, use of this design was mostly limited to high-performance cars for many decades. OHC engines slowly became more common from the 1950s to the 1990s, and by the start of the 21st century, the majority of automotive engines (except for some North American V8 engines) used an OHC design. At

760-484: The bumper and the dashboard received modifications, more noticeable in the better equipped Elite and LX versions. The Abarth received standard front foglights, which were optional on the other versions. The Abarth also has red seatbelts. While the Junior retained small hubcaps, and the Abarth received alloys, the rest of the range now received full-face hubcaps. The front corner lights were now white, instead of orange as before. The engines remained as before, all models except

798-508: The cylinder head, but no working model was built. In 1898, bicycle manufacturer Walter Lorenzo Marr in the United States built a motorised tricycle powered by a single-cylinder OHV engine. Marr was hired by Buick (then named Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company ) from 1899–1902, where the overhead valve engine design was further refined. This engine employed pushrod-actuated rocker arms, which in turn opened poppet valves parallel to

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836-518: The engine. However, some designs have the camshaft in the cylinder head but still sit below or alongside the valves (the Ford CVH and Opel CIH are good examples), so they can essentially be considered overhead valve designs. Some early intake-over-exhaust engines used a hybrid design combining elements of both side-valves and overhead valves. The first internal combustion engines were based on steam engines and therefore used slide valves . This

874-504: The four lower speeds and the final gearing remained unchanged. The front turn signals were moved from the front of the fenders to a spot just in front of the leading edge of the doors, while a small badge denoting the trim level appeared in the turn signal's old place. In terms of trim levels, the Normale now became the Junior , and the Elite version was added, a notch above the Elegant in the lineup. There were some very light modifications to

912-496: The fourth series were different (and short-lived, as they were altered again in 1979) with a stepped appearance, taller towards the outside of the car and narrower towards the center. Later, there were also "A112 Elite" and "A112 LX" versions which received even more comfortable equipment. The 903 cc engine of the lesser A112 Normale remained unchanged. Beginning in March 1979, French and Swiss market A112 Abarths came equipped with

950-421: The interior. A large, rollback canvas sunroof became available on the Junior, and a rear window wiper became optional across the range. Aside from the new transmission there were no notable mechanical changes. Power outputs remained at 42, 48, and 70 PS (31, 35.5, and 51.5 kW respectively). The Abarth also received the new five-speed gearbox, as well as new alloy wheels and foglights as standard. A lot of

988-424: The lowest-priced Junior now used five-speed transmissions. By this time, only France, Italy and Israel still used the "Autobianchi" badge; all others had switched to calling the car a Lancia. At the time of the seventh series introduction, a total of 1,115,000 A112s had been built. As the new Autobianchi Y10 was introduced in 1985, the A112 range was cut down considerably, with only the Junior remaining on sale as

1026-635: The most popular of which in Europe was the Datsun Cherry . This type of car proved hugely popular all over Europe. Despite its popularity on continental markets, it was never offered in Britain, although Fiat did enjoy considerable success there with its 127 and even more so with its Uno successor from 1983. However, its successor the Y10 (sold in Britain as a Lancia ), was available in right-hand drive for

1064-483: The motorsports division of the Fiat Group, at first with a 982 cc engine, obtained by increasing the stroke, coupled to a sporting exhaust , a twin-choke carburetor , and a different camshaft. In 1975, displacement was increased to 1,050 cc, while power climbed from 58 HP to 70 HP at 6600 rpm, for a weight of only 700 kg (1,540 lb). The two engines were offered in parallel until production of

1102-535: The pistons. Marr returned to Buick in 1904 (having built a small quantity of the Marr Auto-Car , with one of the first known engines to use an overhead camshaft design), the same year that Buick received a patent for an overhead valve engine design. In 1904, the world's first production OHV engine was released in the Buick Model B . The engine was a flat-twin design with two valves per cylinder. The engine

1140-511: The plastic excesses of the fifth series were reversed for the sixth series, which was introduced in the Autumn of 1982. New smoother bumpers, removal of the wheelarch trim, and a less heavy grille treatment brought back some of the original elegance of the A112, while the interior was also completely renovated. Another new version arrived, the top-of-the-line LX, which featured tinted windows, velvet seat trimming, power windows, metallic paintwork, and

1178-529: The same semi-soft plastics often used in boats. The A112 Giovani is currently owned by Italian collector Corrado Lopresto, who also owns the Lancia Sibilo and Lancia Stola concepts. The A112 was the first modern three-door supermini hatchback to be produced in Europe, arriving 18 months before the more successful Fiat 127 . At the time of its launch, its main competitors were booted smaller cars including

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1216-668: The smaller unit ended in late 1976. The 1975 model was also the first A112 to use a (optional) five-speed manual gearbox . These changes turned the A112 into a nervous machine, much admired by young performance enthusiasts. The car was entered in various rallying events throughout Europe and even spawned a one-make trophy: the Campionato A112 Abarth spanned eight editions, from 1977 to 1984, and adopted contemporary Group 1 rules, which meant nearly-stock cars. Some famous Italian rally drivers, including Attilio Bettega , Fabrizio Tabaton and Gianfranco Cunico , were among

1254-566: The standard A112, the Giovani features a convertible roof design with a removable hardtop roof. The body is made mainly from composite plastics and features integrated bumpers, as well as a radiator grille in the shape of the Autobianchi logo. It also does not have a latch on the trunk lid, with the trunk latch only being accessible via the passenger compartment. The interior features a plastic dashboard and metal seat frames with seats made from

1292-429: The winners of the championship. The increasing popularity of the A112 in historic rallies and hillclimbs led to the reintroduction of a one-make trophy, called Trofeo A112 Abarth, in 2010. Abarths have often led hard lives, having been preferred by young owners with aggressive driving styles. Formula One driver Olivier Panis is one of many to have crashed an A112 Abarth. The A112 Giovani is a one-off concept car based on

1330-457: Was also new, and there was black plastic wheelarches to link all of the plastic parts together. The extractor vents behind the rear side windows were also larger, of black plastic, and wrapped around the pillar. In terms of transmissions, the five-speed transmission already seen in Abarths in some markets now became available on additional models. The fifth gear was an overgear, while the ratios of

1368-491: Was most likely simply a correction to the claimed output. The A112 reached a very particular market; by 1984 female buyers represented 35% of A112 owners and about a third were in the 18-24 age range. In September 1971, the A112 E ("E" for Elegant, which also became its name after the 1973 facelift) was introduced. This featured a roof painted in a contrasting colour, improved seats, higher grade trimming and equipment, as well as

1406-410: Was the case for the first Otto engine , which was first successfully run in 1876. As internal combustion engines began to develop separately to steam engines, poppet valves became increasingly common. Beginning with the 1885 Daimler Reitwagen , several cars and motorcycles used inlet valve(s) located in the cylinder head, however these valves were vacuum-actuated ("atmospheric") rather than driven by

1444-471: Was very successful for Buick, with the company selling 750 such cars in 1905, and the OHV engine has powered almost all Buick automobiles since then. Several other manufacturers began to produce OHV engines, such as the 1906–1912 Wright Brothers Vertical 4-Cylinder Engine . In 1911, Chevrolet joined Buick in almost exclusive use of OHV engines. However, flathead "side-valve" engines remained commonplace in

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