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94-765: Austrian Silesia consisted of two territories, separated by the Moravian land strip of Moravská Ostrava between the Ostravice and Oder rivers. The area east of the Ostravice around Cieszyn reached from the heights of the Western Carpathians ( Silesian Beskids ) in the south, where it bordered with the Kingdom of Hungary , along the Olza and upper Vistula rivers to the border with Prussian Silesia in

188-619: A Landeshauptmann , being president of the Landtag as well. From 1868 onwards Emperor Franz Joseph himself (in his function as monarch of a crown land, being king, archduke, grandduke, duke or count) and his Imperial–Royal ( k.k. ) government headed by the Minister-President of Austria were represented at the capital cities of the crown lands—except for Vorarlberg which was administered with Tyrol, and Istria and Gorizia-Gradisca which were administered together with Trieste under

282-686: A waterway across Moravia to join the Danube and Oder river systems, using the natural route through the Moravian Gate . Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, Homo , dates back more than 600,000 years in the paleontological area of Stránská skála . Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans settled in the region by the Paleolithic period. The Předmostí archeological ( Cro-magnon ) site in Moravia

376-572: A constructive role most of the time. Politics were frequently paralysed because of the tensions between different nationalities. When Czech obstruction at the Reichsrat prevented the parliament from working, the emperor went on to rule autocratically through imperial decrees ( Kaiserliche Verordnungen ) submitted by his government. The Reichsrat was prorogued in March 1914 at the behest of Minister-President Count Karl von Stürgkh , it did not meet during

470-547: A crown land of Cisleithanian Austria . In November 1918 the Dual Monarchy was abolished. The major part of Austrian Silesia was ceded to the newly created state of Czechoslovakia by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , with the exception of Cieszyn Silesia (the former Duchy of Teschen), which after the Polish–Czechoslovak War was split in 1920 along the Olza river with its eastern part falling to

564-602: A kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost Outer Subcarpathia , 14–40 kilometers (8.7–24.9 mi) wide, between the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians (gripping the meridian at a constant angle of 30°), provides a comfortable connection between the Danubian and Polish regions , and this area

658-468: A majority of the population. Almost 60% of Cisleithania's population was ethnically Slavic. Religion groups in Cisleithania included Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Evangelicals, Muslims and Jews. Roman Catholics were the largest religious group in the country that accounted for 79% of the population. While on the other hand, Greek Catholics accounted for 12% of the population. In

752-488: A separate crown land of Austria again in 1849, and then became part of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2.622.000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%. Following the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Moravia became part of Czechoslovakia . As one of

846-661: A separate part. Both the "Austrian" and "Hungarian" lands of the Dual Monarchy had large Slavic -settled territories in the north ( Czechs , Slovaks , Poles and Ruthenians ) as well as in the south ( Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ). Cisleithania consisted of 15 crown lands which had representatives in the Imperial Council ( Reichsrat ), the Cisleithanian parliament in Vienna. The crown lands centered on

940-689: Is Brno . Before being sacked by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War , Olomouc served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the Archdiocese of Olomouc . Until the expulsions after 1945 , significant parts of Moravia were German speaking . The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech, is named after its principal river Morava . It is theorized that

1034-486: Is a language distinct from Czech ; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public. Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in

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1128-419: Is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. CZUB , Zbrojovka Brno , Czech Small Arms , Czech Weapons , ZVI , Great Gun ) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military, and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. Meopta rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The original Bren gun was conceived here, as were

1222-512: Is dated to between 24,000 and 27,000 years old. Caves in Moravian Karst were used by mammoth hunters . Venus of Dolní Věstonice , the oldest ceramic figure in the world, was found in the excavation of Dolní Věstonice by Karel Absolon . In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years. During

1316-404: Is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the prehistory , when permanent settlement started. Moravia borders Bohemia in the west, Lower Austria in the southwest, Slovakia in the southeast, Poland very shortly in the north, and Czech Silesia in

1410-584: The Archduchy of Austria ( Erzherzogtum Österreich ) were not states, but provinces in the modern sense. However, they were areas with unique historic political and legal characteristics and were therefore more than mere administrative districts. They have been conceived of as "historical-political entities". Each crown land had a regional assembly, the Landtag , which enacted laws ( Landesgesetze ) on matters of regional and mostly minor importance. Until 1848,

1504-563: The Austrian Empire , but the latter term was rarely used to avoid confusion with the era before 1867, when the Kingdom of Hungary had been a constituent part of that empire. The somewhat cumbersome official name was Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder ("The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council "). The phrase was used by politicians and bureaucrats, but it had no official status until 1915;

1598-722: The Austro-Hungarian Navy and the Foreign Ministry , these k.u.k. matters remained reserved for the Imperial and Royal Ministers' Council for Common Affairs of Austria-Hungary. The Austrian Reichsrat , a bicameral legislature implemented in 1861, became the Cisleithanian parliament. Originally consisting of delegates of the Landtage , in 1873 direct election of the House of Deputies ( Abgeordnetenhaus )

1692-485: The Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship of Poland . Smaller parts of the duchy also became a part of Poland, while the adjacent Hlučín Region of Prussian Silesia fell to Czechoslovakia. According to an Austrian census, Austrian Silesia in 1910 was home to 756,949 people, speaking the following languages: Towns with more than 5,000 people in 1880: (km) The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia

1786-688: The Byzantine emperor Michael . The result was the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius who translated liturgical books into Slavonic , which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in

1880-833: The Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria in 1526, after King Louis II of Bohemia had died at the Battle of Mohács . With the female succession of the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa to the throne in 1740, the Prussian king Frederick the Great laid claim to the Silesian province and, without waiting for any reply, on 16 December started the First Silesian War , thereby opening the larger War of

1974-829: The Habsburgs ). Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, vast majority of the Olomouc Region , southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian , Pardubice and South Bohemian regions. Geologically, Moravia covers a transitive area between the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the Danube basin and

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2068-521: The July Crisis and was not reconvened until May 1917, after the accession of Emperor Karl in 1916. For representation in matters relevant to the whole real union of Austria-Hungary (foreign affairs, defence, and the financing thereof) the Reichsrat appointed delegations of 60 members to discuss these matters parallel to Hungarian delegations of the same size and to come, in separate votes, to

2162-497: The Landtage had been traditional diets (assemblies of the estates of the realm ). They were disbanded after the Revolutions of 1848 and reformed after 1860. Some members held their position as ex officio members (e.g., bishops), while others were elected. There was no universal and equal suffrage, but a mixture of privilege and limited franchise. The executive committee of a Landtag was called Landesausschuss and headed by

2256-711: The Leitha River , a tributary of the Danube forming the historical boundary between the Archduchy of Austria and the Hungarian Kingdom in the area southeast of Vienna (on the way to Budapest ). Much of its territory lay west (or, from a Viennese perspective, on "this" side) of the Leitha. After the constitutional changes of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Cisleithanian crown lands ( Kronländer ) continued to constitute

2350-831: The North European Plain (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the Dyje-Svratka Valley ( Dyjsko-svratecký úval ), the Upper Morava Valley ( Hornomoravský úval ) and the Lower Morava Valley ( Dolnomoravský úval ). The first two form the westernmost part of the Outer Subcarpathia , the last is the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin . The valleys surround

2444-541: The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 John of Luxembourg became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son Charles the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother John Henry who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son Jobst of Moravia who

2538-633: The Reduta Theatre , was established in 17th-century Moravia. From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great , and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later

2632-695: The tripoint of Moravia, Austria and Slovakia is at the confluence of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice , Oder and Ostravice rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as Moravia-Silesia ) also included a small portion of the former province of Silesia – the Austrian Silesia (when Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to Prussia , Silesia's southernmost part remained with

2726-578: The "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor Frederick I elevated Conrad II Otto of Znojmo to the status of a margrave , immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of Bohemian duke Frederick . Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless,

2820-600: The 2nd century AD, a Roman fortress stood on the vineyards hill known as German: Burgstall and Czech : Hradisko (" hillfort "), situated above the former village Mušov and above today's beach resort at Pasohlávky . During the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius , the 10th Legion was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars. In 1927,

2914-547: The 890s under Svatopluk I . At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia , the western part of present Hungary ( Pannonia ), as well as Lusatia in present-day Germany and Silesia and the upper Vistula basin in southern Poland . After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler Arnulf of Carinthia , and

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3008-742: The Austrian Succession . His campaign was concluded in 1742 with the Prussian victory at the Battle of Chotusitz leading to the treaties of Breslau and Berlin , in which Silesia was divided. Under the terms of the treaty, the Kingdom of Prussia received most of the territory including the Bohemian County of Kladsko , while only a small part of southeastern Silesia remained with the Habsburg monarchy , consisting of: forming

3102-603: The Austrian half, Orthodox church had 770,000 believers mostly concentrated in Dalmatia and Bukovina which represented 2.3% of the population. The Evengelical churches had 600,000 believers that represented 2% of the population in Cisleithania. Muslims, predominantly Sunni, became the citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the occupation in 1878 and later annexation in 1908. At the time they were called

3196-759: The Bronze Age, people of various cultures have settled in Moravia. Notably the Nitra culture which emerged from the tradition of the Neolithic Corded Ware culture and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak river Nitra ), eastern Moravia and southern Poland. The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in Holešov in 1960's. The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near Olomouc , one of them of

3290-606: The Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the federalist or separatist movement in Moravia is completely marginal. The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the Czech Roman Catholic Administration , as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with

3384-643: The Czech, Moravian, and Jewish populations. Notable people from Moravia include: Moravia can be divided on dialectal and lore basis into several ethnographic regions of comparable significance. In this sense, it is more heterogenous than Bohemia. Significant parts of Moravia, usually those formerly inhabited by the German speakers, are dialectally indifferent, as they have been resettled by people from various Czech (and Slovak) regions. The principal cultural regions of Moravia are: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Cisleithania Cisleithania , officially The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in

3478-612: The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia, which remained a Bohemian crown land with its capital in the city of Opava . In 1766 the title of a Duke of Teschen was granted to Prince Albert of Saxony , son-in-law of Maria Theresa, while the title of a Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf remained with the House of Liechtenstein . The Nysa territory was held by the Bishops of Wrocław with their residence at Castle Jánský Vrch (Johannisberg) . When in 1804

3572-431: The Habsburg Ferdinand I was elected as his successor. After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526, Ferdinand I of Austria was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the Crown of Bohemia (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia, like Bohemia,

3666-403: The Habsburg emperor Francis II established the Austrian Empire, his title would include the "Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia". Austrian Silesia was connected by rail with the Austrian capital Vienna , when the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway line was extended to Bohumín station in 1847. In the course of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia became

3760-425: The Imperial Council ( German : Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder ), was the northern and western part of Austria-Hungary , the Dual Monarchy created in the Compromise of 1867 —as distinguished from Transleithania (i.e., the Hungarian Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen east of ["beyond"] the Leitha River). This name for the region was a common, but unofficial one. The Cisleithanian capital

3854-411: The Imperial council in Vienna and by the Hungarian parliament in Budapest. Without the Austrian and Hungarian parliamentary ratifications, the decisions of the delegates were not valid in Austria or in Kingdom of Hungary. The largest group within Cisleithania were Austrian Germans (including Yiddish -speaking Jews ), who made up around a third of the population. German-speakers and Czechs made up

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3948-456: The Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading Magyars in 907. Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Otto's ally Boleslaus I , the Přemyslid ruler of Bohemia , took control over Moravia. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019, when the Přemyslid prince Bretislaus recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became

4042-495: The Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its viticulture ; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's vineyards and is at the centre of the country's wine industry . Wallachia has at least a 400-year-old tradition of slivovitz making. The Czech automotive industry also played a significant role in Moravia's economy in the 20th century; the factories of Wikov in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles. Moravia

4136-459: The Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024. This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’. Around 60 BC, the Celtic Volcae people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the Germanic Quadi . Some of the events of the Marcomannic Wars took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After

4230-494: The Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl . In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric. In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with Austrian Silesia into Moravia-Silesia , with Brno as its capital. Moravia became

4324-404: The archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , began research on the site, located 80 km from Vindobona and 22 km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a praetorium and a balneum ("bath"), including a hypocaustum . The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the Legio X Gemina and coins from the period of

4418-510: The assault rifles the CZ-805 BREN and Sa vz. 58 , and the handguns CZ 75 and ZVI Kevin (also known as the "Micro Desert Eagle "). The Zlín Region hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely Let Kunovice (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), ZLIN AIRCRAFT a.s. Otrokovice (formerly known under the name Moravan Otrokovice), Evektor-Aerotechnik , and Czech Sport Aircraft . Sport aircraft are also manufactured in Jihlava by Jihlavan Airplanes / Skyleader . Aircraft production in

4512-608: The behest of the Přemyslid dynasty . Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two language islands , around Jihlava and around Moravská Třebová . After the World War II , the Czechoslovak government almost fully expelled them in retaliation for their support of Nazi Germany 's invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent German war crimes (1938–1945) towards

4606-410: The centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population). In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population). Moravia historically had a large minority of ethnic Germans , some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at

4700-399: The common name of Austro-Illyrian Littoral— by a stadtholder ( Statthalter ), in few crown lands called Landespräsident , who acted as chief executive. According to the "December Constitution", a redraft of the emperor's 1861 February Patent , the Austrian government was generally responsible in all affairs concerning the Cisleithanian lands, except for the common Austro-Hungarian Army ,

4794-518: The context of the Czech National Revival , was played out. Leaders of the movement like František Palacký advocated the emancipation of the Slavic population within the Monarchy ( Austroslavism ), while politicians of the Young Czech Party principally denied the right of the Reichsrat to put any decisions relevant for the " Czech lands ", and used means of filibustering as well as absence to torpedo its work. They were antagonized by radical German nationalists led by Georg von Schönerer , demanding

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4888-415: The dissolution of the Monarchy and the unification of the " German Austrian " lands with the German Empire . After 1893, no k.k. government was able to rely on a parliamentary majority. Nevertheless, Polish members of parliament and politicians like Count Kasimir Felix Badeni achieved some success involving Galician Poles by special regulations for this "developing country"; thence the Polenklub played

4982-440: The eastern part of the Czech Republic . Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava river basin , with strong effect of mountains in the west ( de facto main European continental divide ) and partly in the east, where all the rivers rise . Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All the highlands in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form

5076-568: The electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno ( VUES , ZPA Brno , EM Brno ), Drásov , Frenštát pod Radhoštěm , and Mohelnice (currently Siemens). The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of Czech . Before the expulsion of Germans from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" ( Mährer ). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian. Some Moravians assert that Moravian

5170-462: The emperors Antoninus Pius , Marcus Aurelius and Commodus facilitated dating of the locality. A variety of Germanic and major Slavic tribes crossed through Moravia during the Migration Period before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, Záhorie in south-western Slovakia and parts of Lower Austria . In 833 AD, this became

5264-470: The fact that there was no common parliament. The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. According to the compromise, the members of the delegates from the two parliaments had no right to debate, they had no right to introduce new perspectives and own ideas during the meetings, they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. All decisions had to be ratified by

5358-453: The five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with Czech Silesia into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the Munich Agreement (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by Nazi Germany , and during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1939–1945),

5452-515: The following districts used at various times: For example, in 1900, there were 8 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Austrian Silesia (in comparison to above list without Frydek). Moravia Moravia ( Czech : Morava [ˈmorava] ; German : Mähren [ˈmɛːʁən] ) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands , with Bohemia and Czech Silesia . The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia

5546-618: The former Venetian Dalmatia ( Kingdom of Dalmatia ). From 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Croatia , the Kingdom of Slavonia and the Principality of Transylvania were no longer "Austrian" crown lands. Rather, they constituted an autonomous state, officially called the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St Stephen" ( Hungarian : Szent István Koronájának Országai or A Magyar Szent Korona Országai , German : Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone ) and commonly known as Transleithania or just Hungary. The Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , occupied in 1878, formed

5640-440: The former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use). An area in South Moravia , around Hodonín and Břeclav , is part of the Viennese Basin . Petroleum and lignite are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are Brno , Olomouc , Zlín , and Ostrava lying directly on

5734-480: The king of Bohemia. The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when Vladislaus Jagiellon , king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son Louis died in battle and

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5828-447: The land system following the communist coup d'état . Its area of 22,623.41 km is home to about 3.0 million of the Czech Republic's 10.9 million inhabitants. The people are historically named Moravians , a subgroup of Czechs , the other group being called Bohemians . The land takes its name from the Morava river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital

5922-400: The law permitted the summoning of a common session of both delegations and the eventual counting of the votes in total, but the Hungarians, who averted any Imperial "roof" over their part of the dual monarchy, as well as the common ministers, carefully avoided reaching this situation. Austria-Hungary as a common entity did not have its own jurisdiction and legislative power, which was shaped by

6016-412: The low range of Central Moravian Carpathians . The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník , the highest peak is Praděd (1491 m). Second highest is the massive of Králický Sněžník (1424  m) the third are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at the very east, with Smrk (1278 m), and then south from here Javorníky (1072). The White Carpathians along

6110-464: The margrave title was restored in 1197 when Vladislaus III of Bohemia resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother Ottokar by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as Margraviate , slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the Battle of Legnica , the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia. The main line of

6204-417: The north. In the east the Biała river at Bielsko separated it from the Lesser Polish lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , incorporated into the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria upon the First Partition of Poland in 1772. The territory west of the Oder river stretching from the town of Opava up to Bílá Voda was confined by the Jeseníky mountain range of the eastern Sudetes in

6298-409: The northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the Sudetes mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west (the border runs from Králický Sněžník in the north, over Suchý vrch , across Upper Svratka Highlands and Javořice Highlands to tripoint nearby Slavonice in the south). The Thaya river meanders along the border with Austria and

6392-427: The only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own Diet, or parliament , zemský sněm ( Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe,

6486-445: The press and the general public seldom used it and then with a derogatory connotation. In general, the lands were just called Austria, but the term "Austrian lands" ( Österreichische Länder ) originally did not apply to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (i.e., Bohemia proper, the Margraviate of Moravia and Duchy of Silesia ) or to the territories annexed in the 18th-century Partitions of Poland ( Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria ) or

6580-746: The quaternary sector, focusing on science, research, and education. Notable projects include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) and CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment). The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in South Moravia , for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno ( Zbrojovka Brno , Zetor , První brněnská strojírna , Siemens ), Blansko ( ČKD Blansko , Metra), Kuřim ( TOS Kuřim ), Boskovice (Minerva, Novibra ) and Břeclav ( Otis Elevator Company ). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies, and workshops are spread over Moravia. The beginnings of

6674-612: The region started in the 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there have been signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards. Companies with operations in Brno include Gen Digital , which maintains one of its headquarters there and continues to use the brand AVG Technologies , as well as Kyndryl (Client Innovation Centre), AT&T , and Honeywell (Global Design Center). Other significant companies include Siemens , Red Hat (Czech headquarters), and an office of Zebra Technologies . In recent years, Brno's economy has seen growth in

6768-555: The region. In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was expelled to Germany and Austria in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, Slovaks and reemigrants. In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia

6862-1036: The remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . During World War II , the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Brno for mostly Polish prisoners, and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women. The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, Oflag VIII-F and Oflag VIII-H, for French , British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in

6956-858: The rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the landfriedens ( landfrýdy ). The rule of young Ladislaus the Posthumous subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite George of Poděbrady was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, Pope Paul II excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian crusade followed and in 1469 Matthias Corvinus conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling Bohemian nobility ) as

7050-471: The right (or west) and Bečva (east). Morava and Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148 m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment area of Elbe , Váh and especially Oder (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east is part of the European Watershed . For centuries, there have been plans to build

7144-489: The river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European *mori : "waters", or indeed any word denoting water or a marsh . The German name for Moravia is Mähren , from the river's German name March . This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or a frontier (cf. English march ). In Latin, the name Moravia was used. Moravia occupies most of

7238-496: The ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by primogeniture , although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son. Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from Olomouc , Brno or Znojmo , with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as

7332-527: The same conclusion on the recommendation of the responsible common ministry. In Cisleithania, the 60 delegates consisted of 40 elected members of the House of Representatives ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) and 20 members of the Upper House ( Herrenhaus ). The delegations convened simultaneously, both either in Vienna or in Budapest, though spatially divided. In case of not getting the same decision in three attempts,

7426-799: The south, separating it from Moravia, and the Opava river in the north. In the west the Golden Mountains formed the border with the County of Kladsko . The area originally formed the south-eastern part of the Medieval Duchy of Silesia . During the 14th century the Dukes of Silesia were vassals of the King of Bohemia. As part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown , Silesia was inherited by

7520-550: The south. It comprised the current States of Austria (except for Burgenland ), as well as most of the territories of the Czech Republic and Slovenia (except for Prekmurje ), southern Poland and parts of Italy ( Trieste , Gorizia , Tarvisio , Trentino , and South Tyrol ), Croatia ( Istria , Dalmatia ), Montenegro ( Kotor Bay ), Romania (Southern Bukovina ), and Ukraine (Northern Bukovina and Galicia ). The Latin name Cisleithania derives from that of

7614-470: The southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina . The spacious, but moderate Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Javořice . The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost the entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Morava's far biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from

7708-573: The state of Great Moravia with the conquest of the Principality of Nitra (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was Mojmír I (ruled 830–846). Louis the German invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew Rastiz who became St. Rastislav. St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence , so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to Constantinople to

7802-545: The two disconnected parts of the crown land. In 1860 administrative responsibility for Silesia returned to the Moravian Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno; however, it remained a formally separate crown land and its administrative divisions remained unchanged. Following the compromise of 1867 the political districts were re-established and continued in some form until Austria-Hungary's dissolution, with

7896-453: The war exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier , half of the Roman legions (16 out of 33) were stationed along the Danube . In response to increasing numbers of Germanic settlers in frontier regions like Pannonia , Dacia , Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Marcomannia and Sarmatia , including today's Moravia and western Slovakia . In

7990-507: Was Vienna , the residence of the Austrian emperor . The territory had a population of 28,571,900 in 1910. It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania ) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro ) in

8084-481: Was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1348 to 1918, an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867, and a part of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Moravia was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with Czech Silesia , and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of

8178-728: Was a Habsburg possession until the end of World War I . In 1573 the Jesuit University of Olomouc was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from Scandinavia . Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As

8272-807: Was administered with Moravia ( Moravia-Silesia  [ cs ] ), with its Kreise subordinate to the Moravo-Silesian Gubernium  [ cs ; pl ] in Brünn. Following the Revolutions of 1848 , Austrian Silesia was separated administratively from Moravia, its Kreise and the Duchy of Bielsko were disbanded and it was re-organised into political districts ( Bezirke or Bezirkshauptmannschaften ). The first division consisted of seven districts – Troppau, Freiwaldau, Jägerndorf, Freudenthal, Teschen, Friedek and Bielitz – which were each constituted from several judicial districts ( Gerichtsbezirke ). In Bach 's reforms of 1854 it

8366-704: Was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the Church of St. Thomas in Brno – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the Luxembourg dynasty of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the Hussite wars ), until inherited by Albert II of Habsburg in 1437. After his death followed the interregnum until 1453; land (as

8460-514: Was introduced with a four-class franchise suffrage for male landowners and bourgeois. Equal, direct, secret and universal suffrage—for men—was not introduced until a 1907 electoral reform. In this Lower House (with 353 members in 1873 and 516 in 1907), at first German-speaking deputies dominated, but with the extension of the suffrage the Slavs gained a majority. An ethnic nationalist struggle between German-speaking and Slavic deputies, especially in

8554-622: Was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the whole Eastern Bloc , the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to

8648-432: Was originally divided into the two districts/' circles ' ( Kreise , Czech: kraje ) of Teschen ( Kreis Teschen/Teschner Kreis  [ de ] , Těšínský kraj  [ cs ; pl ] , pop. 213,040 in 1847) and Troppau ( Kreis Troppau/Troppauer Kreis , Opavský kraj , pop. 260,199) with its seat at Krnov. In eastern Teschen, the autonomous Duchy of Bielsko was established in 1754. From 1784 it

8742-779: Was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by " kraje " (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions ( Severomoravský and Jihomoravský kraj ), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area

8836-609: Was reorganised into 22 districts or Amtsbezirke  [ de ] (distinct from the political districts listed above, rather corresponding to the judicial districts ( Gerichtsbezirke )) plus the statutory city of Troppau: These districts were grouped into five Bezirksämter ('district offices'): Judicially the Landesgericht in Troppau and Kreisgericht in Teschen remained separate, each covering one of

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