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47-454: Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a 7-kilometre wide (4.3 mi) strip of Salzburg State . The two constituent parts of Tyrol are the northern and larger North Tyrol ( Nordtirol ) and the southeastern and smaller East Tyrol ( Osttirol ). Salzburg State lies to the east of North Tyrol, while on the south Tyrol has a border to the Italian province of South Tyrol , which

94-696: A second session of the assembly took place on 20 April, the Milan insurrection foiled the Viceroy's plan. In the riots, finance minister Count Giuseppe Prina was massacred by the crowd, and the Great Electors disbanded the Senate and called the Austrian forces to protect the city, while a Provisional Regency Government under the presidency of Carlo Verri was appointed. Eugène surrendered on 23 April, and

141-563: A thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness. In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed federal state patriotism. In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it

188-427: Is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread". The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey. The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism). A research project led by Peter Diem offers

235-475: Is divided into nine districts ( Bezirke ); one of them, Innsbruck, is a statutory city . There are 277 municipalities. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are: The traditional form of mural art known as Lüftlmalerei is typical of Tyrolean villages and towns. Kletzenbrot is a sweet bread made with dried fruits and nuts for the Advent season . Because it

282-496: Is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous ski resorts, which include Kitzbühel , Ischgl and St. Anton . The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are: The historical population is given in the following chart: The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power

329-817: The Counts of Tyrol , former Vogt officials of the Trent and Brixen prince-bishops at Tyrol Castle , achieved imperial immediacy after the deposition of the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud in 1138, and their possessions formed a state of the Holy Roman Empire in its own right. When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by the Meinhardiner Counts of Görz . In 1271,

376-615: The Isonzo river. The conquered Republic of Ragusa was annexed in spring 1808 by General Auguste de Marmont . On 2 April 1808, following the dissolution of the Papal States , the Kingdom annexed the present-day Marches . At its maximum extent, the Kingdom had 6,700,000 inhabitants and was composed by 2,155 comunes. The final arrangement arrived after the defeat of Austria in the War of

423-711: The Italian province of South Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Graubünden . East Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of Carinthia to the east and Italy's Province of Belluno ( Veneto ) to the south. The federal state's territory is located entirely within the Eastern Alps at the Brenner Pass . The highest mountain in the federal state is the Großglockner , part of the Hohe Tauern range on

470-832: The "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994 The Times guide to the peoples of Europe ) Salzburg (federal state) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 569426508 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:42:17 GMT Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Timeline The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian : Regno d'Italia ; French : Royaume d'Italie )

517-687: The Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria. After World War II , North Tyrol was governed by France and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until Austria regained independence in 1955. The capital, Innsbruck,

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564-750: The Fifth Coalition : Emperor Napoleon and King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria signed the Treaty of Paris on 28 February 1810, deciding an exchange of territories involving Italy too. On rewards in Germany, Bavaria ceded southern Tyrol to the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn ceded Istria and Dalmatia (with Ragusa) to France, incorporating the Adriatic territories into newly created the French Illyrian Provinces . Small changes to

611-701: The Italian Republic: the former Duchy of Milan , Duchy of Mantua , Duchy of Modena , the western part of the Republic of Venice , part of the Papal States in Romagna , and the Department of Agogna ( it ) centred on Novara . After the defeat of the Third Coalition and the consequent Treaty of Pressburg , on 1 May 1806, the Kingdom gained from Austria the eastern and remaining part of

658-518: The Kingdom lost Istria/Dalmatia but got added Bolzano/Alto Adige and consisted of 24 departments. When Napoleon abdicated both the thrones of France and Italy on 11 April 1814, Eugène de Beauharnais was lined up on the Mincio river with his army to repel any invasion from Germany or Austria, and he attempted to be crowned king. The Senate of the Kingdom was summoned on 17 April, but the senators showed themselves undecided in that chaotic situation. When

705-612: The Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count Meinhard II of Görz and his younger brother Albert I , who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached them (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around Gorizia ("inner county"). The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty, Margaret , bequeathed her assets to the Habsburg duke Rudolph IV of Austria in 1363. In 1420,

752-514: The Venetian territories, including Istria and Dalmatia down to Kotor (then called Cattaro), though it lost Massa and Carrara to Elisa Bonaparte 's Principality of Lucca and Piombino . The Duchy of Guastalla was annexed on 24 May. With the Convention of Fontainebleau with Austria of 10 October 1807, Italy ceded Monfalcone to Austria and gained Gradisca , putting the new border on

799-704: The border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria. In ancient times, the region was split between the Roman provinces of Raetia (west of the Inn River) and Noricum . From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic Bavarii tribes. In the Early Middle Ages it formed the southern part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria , until

846-713: The borders between Italy and France in Garfagnana and Friuli came in act on 5 August 1811. In practice, the Kingdom was a dependency of the French Empire. The Kingdom served as a theater in Napoleon's operations against Austria during the wars of the various coalitions . Trading with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was forbidden under the Continental System . The kingdom

893-454: The boundaries of today's federal state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and Trentino ( Welschtirol ) as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent province of Belluno. After World War I , these lands became part of the Kingdom of Italy according to the 1915 London Pact and the provisions of the Treaty of Saint Germain . From November 1918, it

940-627: The bravest troops of Europe." Only 1,000–2,000 Italians survived the Russian campaign , but they returned with most of their banners secured. In 1813, Eugène de Beauharnais held out as long as possible against the onslaught of the Austrians ( Battle of the Mincio ) and was later forced to sign an armistice in February 1814. Infantry: Cavalry: The administrative system of the Kingdom

987-649: The committal residence was relocated from Merano to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500. In the course of the German mediatization in 1803, the prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularized and merged into the County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire ), but Tyrol

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1034-641: The course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern Wipp valley to Hall. From there roads branched along the River Inn . The Via Raetia went westwards and up onto the Seefeld Plateau , where it crossed into Bavaria where Scharnitz is today. The Porta Claudia , built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of

1081-539: The defeat of Austria and the Treaty of Pressburg , Napoleon annexed to Italy the territory of former Republic of Venice , as announced on 30 March 1806, and ratified on 1 May. Seven new departments were created, six in the Venetian mainland, and one in Istria ( Capodistria ), whereas Dalmatia received special institutions led by the General Provider Mr. Dandolo, and maintained its own laws. On 14 July 1807,

1128-416: The duty of informing the king about the wishes of his most important subjects. The seventh Statute, on 21 September, created a new nobility of dukes, counts and barons; the eighth and the ninth, on 15 March 1810, established the annuity for the members of the royal family. In 1812, a Court of Accounts was added. The government had seven ministers: Originally, the Kingdom consisted of the territories of

1175-427: The government passed a decree that reduced the number of the comunes. Following the dissolution of the Papal States , the kingdom was extended along the Adriatic coast, and on 20 April 1808, three new departments were established. The final territorial change came in action on 10 June 1810, when, as announced by Napoleon on previous 28 May, Italy lost Istria and the never fully incorporated Dalmatia, gaining as reward all

1222-423: The highest value. The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe". It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as

1269-577: The king. The Legislative Body, the old parliament, remained in theory, but it was never summoned after 1805; the Napoleonic Code was introduced on 21 March 1804. The fourth Statute, decided on 16 February 1806, indicated Beauharnais as the heir to the throne. The fifth and the sixth Statutes, on 21 March 1808, separated the Consulta from the Council of State, and renamed it the Senate, with

1316-818: The kingdom, inserted into the Grande Armée , took part in all of Napoleon's campaigns . In the course of its existence from 1805 to 1814 the Kingdom of Italy provided Napoleon I with roughly around 200,000 soldiers. In 1805 Italian troops served on garrison duty along the English Channel , during 1806–07 they took part in the sieges of Kolberg and Danzig and fought in Dalmatia. From 1808 to 1813 whole Italian divisions served in Spain , especially distinguishing themselves under Suchet at Tarragona and Saguntum . In 1809, Eugène 's Army of Italy formed

1363-606: The new King of Italy and his 24-year-old stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as his viceroy . Napoleon I was crowned at the Milan Cathedral , Milan on 23 May, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy . His title was "Emperor of the French and King of Italy" ( French : Empereur des Français et Roi d'Italie , Italian : Imperatore dei Francesi e Re d'Italia ), showing the importance of this Italian kingdom to him. Even though

1410-452: The ordinary administration, helped by a City Secretary. The chief of biggest comunes was the royal Podestà , when in smaller comunes there was a prefectoral Mayor . All the city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. During the kingdom's life, the administrative system of the State changed for domestic and international reasons. Following

1457-497: The police and, differently from the republican era, had all the executive powers in its territory. The local legislative body was the General Council , composed by the representatives of the comunes. The departments were divided in districts, equivalent to the French arrondissements . The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had similar powers to the prefect, but over a smaller area. The local legislative body

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1504-521: The regency, the Great Officials of the kingdom, and the oaths. The most important was the third, proclaimed on 5 June, being the real constitution of the kingdom: Napoleon I was the head of state and had the full powers of government; in his absence, he was represented by the Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais. The Consulta, Legislative Council, and Speakers were all merged into a Council of State, whose opinions became only optional and not binding for

1551-529: The republican constitution was never formally abolished, a series of Constitutional Statutes completely altered it. The first one was proclaimed two days after the birth of the kingdom, on 19 March, when the Consulta declared Napoleon I as king and established that one of his natural or adopted sons would succeed him once the Napoleonic Wars were over, and once separated the two thrones were to remain separate. The second one, dating from 29 March, regulated

1598-553: The rest of northern and central Italy in the form of Nice , Aosta , Piedmont , Liguria , Tuscany , Umbria , and Lazio , but directly as part of the French Empire (as departments ), rather than as part of a vassal state . The Kingdom of Italy was born on 17 March 1805, when the Italian Republic , whose president was Napoleon Bonaparte, became the Kingdom of Italy, with the same man (now styled Napoleon I) as

1645-474: The right wing of Napoleon I's invasion of the Austrian Empire , winning a considerable victory at Raab and having a respectable share in the victory at Wagram . In 1812, Eugène de Beauharnais marched 27,000 troops of the Kingdom of Italy into Russia . The Italian contingent distinguished themselves at Borodino and Maloyaroslavets , receiving the recognition: "The Italian army had displayed qualities which entitled it evermore to take rank amongst

1692-688: The road in the Early Modern Period. Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections. Innsbruck Airport is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as St. Johann in Tirol , Höfen in the Außerfern or Langkampfen . Many public transit companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the Tyrol Transport Association . The federal state

1739-590: The southern Tirol up to the city of Bolzano , creating the 24th and last department: Haut Adige . The language used officially in the Kingdom of Italy was Italian . The French language was used for ceremonies and in all relationships with France. Education was made universal for all children, which was also conducted in Italian. By decree of the governor Vincenzo Dandolo , this was so even in Istria and Dalmatia, where local populations were more heterogeneous. During its last maximum extension (from 1809 to 1814),

1786-710: Was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year. Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of the Roman Empire , the Via Claudia Augusta . Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following

1833-592: Was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic ) that was a client state of Napoleon 's French Empire . It was fully influenced by revolutionary France and ended with Napoleon's defeat and fall. Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais . It covered some of Piedmont and the modern regions of Lombardy , Veneto , Emilia-Romagna , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Trentino , South Tyrol , and Marche . Napoleon I also ruled

1880-443: Was basically divided in 100 cents, and there were coins of 1 cent (2.1 grams of copper ), 3 cents (6.3 grams of copper), and 10 cents (2 grams of poor silver), but following the tradition, there was a division in 20 soldi , with coins of 1 soldo (10.5 grams of copper, in practice 5 cents), 5 soldi (1.25 grams of silver), 10 soldi (2.5 grams of silver), and 15 soldi (3.75 grams of silver). The army of

1927-601: Was ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805. Andreas Hofer led the Tyrolean Rebellion against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814. Tyrol was a Cisleithanian Kronland (royal territory) of Austria-Hungary from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond

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1974-456: Was exiled to Bavaria by the Austrians, who occupied Milan on 28 April. On 26 April, the Empire appointed Annibale Sommariva as Imperial Commissioner of Lombardy, while many taxes were abolished or reduced by the Provisional Regency. Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner Count Heinrich von Bellegarde took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, Romagna and Piedmont were gradually re-established; on 30 May,

2021-411: Was firstly drawn by a law on 8 June 1805. The state was divided, following the French system, in 14 départements , the twelve ones inherited from the republican era plus Adda ( Sondrio ) and Adige ( Verona ). The chief of the department, the prefect , was the State's representative in each province, improved the administrative decisions of the central government, controlled the local authorities, led of

2068-544: Was given a new national currency, replacing the local coins circulating in the country: the Italian lira , of the same size, weight, and metal of the French franc . Mintage being decided by Napoleon with an imperial decree on 21 March 1806, the production of the new coins began in 1807. The monetary unit was the silver lira, which was 5 grams heavy. There were multiples of £2 (10 grams of silver) and £5 (25 grams of silver), and precious coins of £20 (6.45 grams of gold ) and £40 (12.9 grams of gold). The lira

2115-453: Was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army. Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest Heinrich Maier and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for V-1 rockets , V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to

2162-401: Was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before the First World War . With a land area of 12,683.85 km (4,897.26 sq mi), Tyrol is the third-largest federal state in Austria. North Tyrol shares its borders with the federal states Salzburg in the east and Vorarlberg in the west. In the north, it adjoins the German federal state of Bavaria ; in the south, it shares borders with

2209-410: Was the District Council, composed by eleven members. The districts were divided, as in France, in cantons , seats of Tax collectors and Justices of the peace . The cantons were divided in comunes . The comunes had a City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) of fifteen, thirty or forty members, chosen by the king or the prefect depending by the comune size. The Council elected two, four or six Elders for

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