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95-617: The seventh generation of the BMW 3 Series range consists of the BMW G20 (sedan version) and BMW G21 (wagon version, marketed as 'Touring') compact executive cars . The G20/G21 has been in production since mid-October 2018 with a facelift in July 2022 and is often collectively referred to as the G20. The M340i , one of the first models in the range, became available for sale in the spring of 2019, with

190-430: A MacPherson strut front suspension and multi-link rear suspension , with a hydraulic damping system to better absorb impacts. The G20 has a flat and covered underbody, resulting in a reduced drag coefficient from 0.26 C d to 0.23 C d for the 320d. Compared to its predecessor, the G20 is 55 kg (121 lb) lighter, 85 mm (3.3 in) longer, and 16 mm (0.6 in) wider. The car retains

285-580: A battery electric version exclusive for the Chinese market as the i3 , sharing its powertrain with the globally marketed i4 . A facelift was revealed in May 2022, and launched in select markets in November 2022, for the 2023 model year. The M3 is the most performance oriented version of the 3 Series. It is designed and developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M . M3 models have been derived from

380-489: A turbocharged gasoline engine. The E90 also saw the introduction of run-flat tires to the 3 Series range. Consequently, cars with run flats are not equipped with spare tires. The E90/E92/E93 M3 was powered by the BMW S65 V8 engine. It was released in 2007 and was produced in sedan, coupe, and cabriolet body styles. Production of the fifth-generation BMW 3 Series ended in 2013. The F30/F31/F35 has been produced in

475-443: A wind tunnel which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour. Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants. Natural ventilation

570-557: A 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 6.2 seconds. It has a 70.3 kWh battery (66.1 kWh usable) that provides up to 526 km (327 mi) on the China light-duty vehicle test cycle (CLTC). Part of the BMW i sub-brand, the i3 sedan features the Gen5 eDrive powertrain components used by the iX3 , i4 and iX , and the BMW OS8 operating system. Supported for 95 kW DC fast charging ,

665-554: A 2.0 liter turbocharged engine making 258 hp. This version was subsequently released in selected Southeast Asian markets like Thailand and Malaysia, complementing the existing standard-wheelbase variants already sold there. In 2020, the 320d model variants were given a mild hybrid drivetrain as standard, with subsequent models also gaining this as well. The pre-LCI (2019–2022) G20 was available in Advantage, Sport Line, Luxury Line, or M Sport package. The LCI (2022–present) G20

760-496: A 4-door saloon, 2-door convertible, 2-door coupé, 5-door estate, 5-door liftback (" Gran Turismo ") and 3-door hatchback body styles . Since 2013, the coupé and convertible models have been marketed as the 4 Series , styles no longer included in the 3 Series. The 3 Series is BMW's best-selling model, accounting for around 30% of the BMW brand's annual total car sales, and has won numerous awards throughout its history. The M version of

855-758: A 50:50 weight distribution and has a 50% increase in body rigidity. Boot capacity is identical to the F30 , at 480 litres (17 cu ft). The windshield uses double-glazed acoustic glass and the A-pillars have increased insulation. The parking brake is now electronically operated and no longer uses a manual lever. Engine coasting is also now available in both Eco Pro and Comfort modes, and both petrol and diesel models receive engine particulate filters. The 320d, 320i, 330d, 330i and M340i are available in both rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive ( xDrive ) variants. BMW India stated that it would begin deliveries of

950-400: A 6-speed manual or the 6-speed "SMG-II" sequential manual gearbox . The fifth generation 3 Series was produced in the sedan , wagon (marketed as "Touring"), coupé and cabriolet body styles. Due to the separate model codes for each body style, the term "E9X" is sometimes used to describe this generation of the 3 Series. In 2006, the 335i became the first 3 Series model to be sold with

1045-566: A GM 5 speed Automatic ( 5L40E ), ZF 5 speed Manual ( S5-31 ), Getrag 5 speed Manual (S5D-250G), ZF 6 speed Manual (GS6-37BZ/DZ), and ZF 6-speed Automatic Manual (SMG) (GS6S37BZ). The M3 version of the E46 was powered by the S54 straight-six engine and was available in coupé and convertible body styles (other than that, it was powered with the M52 or M54 in non-M3 cars). The transmissions available were

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1140-487: A building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets, will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during

1235-736: A building that was not designed to receive it) because of the bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls. An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in split systems . Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork

1330-481: A central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection , conduction, or radiation . Space heaters are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit. Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including solid fuels , liquids , and gases . Another type of heat source is electricity , normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see Nichrome ). This principle

1425-549: A circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older gravity-fed systems ). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators , hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat. The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as hydronics . The heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water for bathing and washing. Warm air systems distribute

1520-527: A facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same hardware. Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in

1615-410: A heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic refrigeration cycle , or in a free cooling system that uses pumps to circulate a cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix). It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower

1710-416: A heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire. Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually result in harm to the compressor because

1805-459: A huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods. HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov , Michael Faraday , Rolla C. Carpenter , Willis Carrier , Edwin Ruud , Reuben Trane , James Joule , William Rankine , Sadi Carnot , Alice Parker and many others. Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of

1900-475: A larger district heating (DH) or district cooling (DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for

1995-463: A less expensive variant, called the 320Li, was introduced. This variant uses the same engine as the global 318i, producing 154 hp and 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) of torque and is mated with a 8-speed automatic transmission. The wheelbase was extended by 110 mm (4.3 in). The right hand drive LWB variant in India, the 330Li, is scheduled for release by 2021 to replace the 3 GT. The 330Li uses

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2090-399: A maximum electric range of 60 km (37 mi). It has a 12 kWh battery (9.6 kWh usable) along with a newly developed system called "XtraBoost" allowing a temporary power increase from the electric motor of up to 30 kW (40 hp). A facelift (LCI) was announced in May 2022 for the seventh generation BMW 3 Series. The updated model has new front and rear bumpers, new headlights and

2185-494: A room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor. Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are small and

2280-416: A significant update, with the dashboard being shaped by a new dual curved display that comes as standard and features iDrive with BMW Operating System 8. With the 2025 model year, iDrive uses BMW Operating System 8.5. The ZF 8-speed automatic transmission is also fitted as standard, replacing the 6-speed manual entirely, and a new gear selector lever is also present. The BMW i3 sedan (model code G28 BEV )

2375-399: A slightly tweaked grille. The headlights have a new "inverted L shape" DRL signature (that is now standard on all models) and the top Laserlight option is replaced by new adaptive LED units with matrix high beam functionality. The grille maintains its overall proportions while the bumper gets new designs for both the base version and the M Sport package. Both feature new side air curtains, while

2470-493: A yearly fee for access to Apple CarPlay, a feature built into the car, and for which BMW pays no yearly fee or other ongoing expense. As of December 2019 it is reported that this fee will no longer be charged as BMW has backtracked on this decision. In March 2019 at the Geneva Motor Show , the 330e iPerformance model was introduced. It shares its engine with the 320i and a 50 kW (67 hp) electric motor, it has

2565-622: Is a battery electric version of the long-wheelbase 3 Series (G28), and reused the nameplate from the i3 hatchback . It is assembled at the BMW Brilliance plant in Lydia, Shenyang for the Chinese market. The i3 sedan was revealed in March 2022, essentially debuting the G20 facelift's styling. The i3 eDrive35L introduced at launch is powered by a single rear electric motor offering 210 kW (282 hp) and 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft), and

2660-403: Is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide

2755-410: Is air change rate or air changes per hour : the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to

2850-491: Is also reworked with a wider track, high performance tyres, stiffer springs, adaptive dampers, larger-diameter disc brakes and four-piston calipers. The third generation diesel powered version, called D3 S, was launched in May 2020. Based on the M340d xDrive model, the engine was tuned to produce 261 kW (355 PS; 350 hp) and 730 N⋅m (538 lb⋅ft). It is also received the same appearance and handling revision as

2945-526: Is also used for baseboard heaters and portable heaters . Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources , such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into

BMW 3 Series (G20) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-493: Is available in Baseline/Sport, M Sport and M Sport Pro trims. Standard equipment includes full LED headlights and tail-lights, automatic climate control , automatic headlights and rain-sensing wipers, 40:20:40 split folding rear seats, and driver assistance systems including lane departure warning and collision warning with braking intervention. For the pre-LCI (2019–2022) BMW G20 all models (except when fitted with

3135-877: Is channeled through the space to enhance cooling and ventilation. Cross ventilation is most effective when there are clear, unobstructed paths for airflow within the building. In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside ( stack effect ), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side economizers also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate. An important component of natural ventilation

3230-481: Is inexpensive. Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems. Ventilation is measured in terms of Air Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH. For hospital rooms with airborne contagions

3325-499: Is known as room air distribution . In modern buildings, the design, installation, and control systems of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or building services engineers analyze, design, and specify

3420-581: Is needed to improve the performance of ventilation in terms of ... In scenarios where outdoor pollution would deteriorate indoor air quality, other treatment devices such as filtration may also be necessary. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an air handler (AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity , odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy

3515-450: Is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern. The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation. In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting. With

3610-511: Is only available on rear-wheel drive models. BMW announced the launch of the first-ever M3 Touring in June 2022. Codenamed G81, it will be available along the sedan G80, the coupé M4 G82 and convertible M4 G83. The M3 is powered by the 3.0 L (183 cu in) BMW S58 straight-six engine that debuted in the G01 X3 M . The sixth generation of Alpina B3 was introduced first as a Touring at

3705-436: Is required for any air conditioner installed. The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator. In variable climates, the system may include a reversing valve that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows

3800-458: Is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. Direct drive fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs. In summer, ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within

3895-497: Is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. It plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy indoor environment by preventing the buildup of harmful pollutants and ensuring the circulation of fresh air. Different methods, such as natural ventilation through windows and mechanical ventilation systems , can be used depending on

BMW 3 Series (G20) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-408: Is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of

4085-484: The 3 Series Gran Turismo , a long-wheelbase hatchback. In 2016, a plug-in hybrid drivetrain was first used in the 3 Series, in the 330e model. Also in 2016, a 3-cylinder engine was used for the first time in a 3 Series. The M3 version (designated F80, the first time an M3 has used a separate model designation) was released in 2014 and is powered by the S55 twin-turbo straight-6 engine. Production ended in 2019 with

4180-452: The BMW i4 eDrive40 that reaches 250 kW (335 hp) and 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft), a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 5.6 seconds, and a range of 592 km (368 mi) (CLTC). The M3 model was released in 2021. All-wheel drive (xDrive) is optional on the G80 M3, making it the first time that a M3 has not exclusively used a rear-wheel drive layout. A manual transmission

4275-708: The Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2019, followed by the sedan version later in October at the Tokyo Motor Show . The car is powered by the same S58 straight-six petrol engine as the G80/81 M3, but tuned to produce 344 kW (468 PS; 461 hp) and 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft). It is only mated to a 8-speed automatic transmission and all-wheel drive system as standard. The handling

4370-504: The IIHS and its top trim received a Top Safety Pick award: BMW 3 Series The BMW 3 Series is a line of compact executive cars manufactured by the German automaker BMW since May 1975. It is the successor to the 02 Series and has been produced in seven generations. The first generation of the 3 Series was only available as a 2-door saloon; the model range expanded to include

4465-568: The dew point , moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside. A dehumidifier is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher relative humidity because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying

4560-510: The plug-in hybrid version of the car emits more than three times as much carbon dioxide per kilometre as official figures claim, with 112 grammes released per kilometre travelled in the universities test as opposed to the official claim of 36 grammes released per kilometres travelled. The G20 3 Series is based on the Cluster Architecture (CLAR) platform and features increased use of high-strength steel and aluminium. The G20 has

4655-464: The sedan , coupé , convertible , station wagon and 5-door hatchback ("Gran Turismo") body styles. A long-wheelbase sedan is also available in China. For the F30/F31/F34 series, the coupe and convertible models were produced from the 2013 year until 2014 when they were split from the 3 Series, redesigned, and sold as the BMW 4 Series . A new body style was introduced into the 3 Series range:

4750-508: The 3 Series, including satellite navigation, electronic brake-force display, ASC/DSC, rain-sensing wipers, LED tail-lights, and Xenon headlights. All-wheel drive, last available in the E30 3 Series, was reintroduced for the E46. It was available for the 325xi and 330xi sedan/wagon models. The E46 generation came with the M52TU / M54 engines with dual Vanos (variable valve timing) and came with

4845-489: The 3 series, M3 , debuted with the E30 M3 in 1986. The E21 replaced the 02 Series and was initially available as a 2-door sedan (also described as coupé). At launch, all models used carburetted 4-cylinder engines; however, fuel-injected models were introduced in late 1975 and 6-cylinder engines were added in 1977. A cabriolet body style – manufactured by Baur – was available from 1978 to 1981. On introduction in 1982,

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4940-509: The 325iX model. The BMW Z1 roadster was based on the E30 platform. The first BMW M3 was built on the E30 platform. The E30 M3 is powered by the high-revving S14 four-cylinder petrol engine, which produced 175 kW (235 hp) in its final European-only iteration. The E36 was sold in the following body styles: sedan, coupé, convertible, wagon (marketed as "Touring"), and hatchback (marketed as " 3 Series Compact "). The Compact model, which

5035-632: The 330e plug-in hybrid model scheduled for launch in 2020. The 3 Series Gran Turismo fastback body style was discontinued for the G20 generation. For this generation, BMW has begun G20 production in Mexico for various world markets including the US, replacing the Rosslyn plant in South Africa where the previous F30 generation vehicles were assembled. The BMW G21 (wagon) models are exclusively assembled at

5130-504: The B3. The facelifted model was introduced in May 2022, received the similar appearance and equipment as the facelifted G20 3 series. For the B3, the S58 engine power was raised to produce 364 kW (495 PS; 488 hp) and 730 N⋅m (538 lb⋅ft), more than the standard BMW M3. The 2019 3 Series scored five stars overall in its Euro NCAP test. The 2022 BMW 3 Series was tested by

5225-493: The BMW ConnectedDrive app. 318–330 models with the M Sport package and M340 models can be fitted with M Performance Parts. This includes a splitter, lip spoiler, tailpipes, sport brakes, darker taillights and more carbon fibre parts. Only 318d and selected 320d models are available with a 6-speed manual transmission , though in some markets the 318i is also available with it. BMW had controversially implemented

5320-499: The BMW LaserLight, a BMW display key, self-righting wheel center caps , and a Welcome Light Carpet. A Digital Key system enables a smartphone to lock or unlock the vehicle using near-field communication , and will start the engine when placed in the wireless charging tray. The optional parking assistant system displays a three-dimensional 360 degree view of the car and its surroundings, which can also be remotely viewed in

5415-421: The CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH. The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness, ineffective government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency. UVC or Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne viruses , bacteria , and fungi , through

5510-414: The E30 was produced solely in the 2-door sedan body style. Four-door sedan models were introduced in 1983, convertibles were introduced in 1985 and estate ("Touring") models were introduced in 1987. The E30 was the first 3 Series to be available in wagon and 4-door sedan body styles. It was also the first 3 Series to offer a diesel engine, and all-wheel drive was introduced to the 3 Series range with

5605-432: The E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 (designated F80) 3 series and have been marketed with coupé , sedan and convertible body styles. Upgrades over the "standard" 3 Series automobiles include more powerful and responsive engines, improved handling/suspension/braking systems, aerodynamic body enhancements, lightweight components, and interior/exterior accents with the tri-color "M" (Motorsport) emblem. The last M3 coupé

5700-462: The HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like NORAD's underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of

5795-570: The M340i xDrive in January 2023. The Touring variant (G21) was launched on 12 June 2019. The long-wheelbase variant (G28) in China was launched in April 2019 as a single trim, the 325Li, which uses the same 2.0 liter turbocharged engine making 184 hp and 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) of torque as the global 320i and is mated to a 8-speed automatic transmission as the only drivetrain offered. Later,

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5890-553: The Munich plant. At the end of November 2015, a final design proposal for the successor of the F30 3 Series by Alexey Kezha out of 3 total, was chosen by BMW management, as reported by Auto Bild in October 2015. The new 3 Series, internally called the G20, was unveiled at the 2018 Paris Motor Show on October 2, 2018, and was available for sale in March 2019. In 2023, tests by the Graz University of Technology found that

5985-433: The air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior. In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have

6080-484: The architecture permits. ASHRAE defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned building envelope penetrations , and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. Natural ventilation strategies also include cross ventilation , which relies on wind pressure differences on opposite sides of a building. By strategically placing openings, such as windows or vents, on opposing walls, air

6175-483: The blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination. Ventilation

6270-440: The building design and air quality needs. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Although ventilation is an integral component of maintaining good indoor air quality, it may not be satisfactory alone. A clear understanding of both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters

6365-954: The car. The plug-in hybrid version of the car was the UK's best-selling plug-in hybrid car of 2021 having achieved 10,979 new registrations throughout the year, beating the Mercedes A-Class by over 4,000 registrations. *Figures since 2013 includes the BMW 4 Series HVAC HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. Ventilating or ventilation (the "V" in HVAC)

6460-520: The components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the Industrial Revolution , and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central heating . Such a system contains a boiler , furnace , or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in

6555-413: The condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor. HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting energy efficiency of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy. Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make

6650-446: The control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system. When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a direct expansion "DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare

6745-415: The cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a heat sink when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season. Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing,

6840-646: The emission of carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , formaldehyde , volatile organic compounds , and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects. Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in

6935-476: The end of F31 Touring production in June. The BMW 3 Series (G20) was unveiled at the 2018 Paris Motor Show on 2 October 2018. The official images of the vehicle were revealed a day prior to its unveiling. The seventh generation of the 3 Series is also offered as a station wagon. The more powerful M3 and M3 Competition variants were delivered globally starting in 2021. The G20 is the first 3 Series generation to bring an M3 Touring to market. Since 2022, it gained

7030-459: The first BMW M3 Touring, codenamed G81. Based on the seventh generation 3 Series, it marks the first time a BMW M Touring model reached the market. The touring version of the M3 contains the same engine and interior setup as the M3 sedan, but extends the roof line to become a wagon . The 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine's annual 10 Best list 22 times, from 1992 through 2014, making it

7125-610: The first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899. The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC". The invention of

7220-433: The greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and

7315-417: The heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters to remove dust and pollen particles. The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and

7410-472: The i3 sedan can be charged from 10 to 80 per cent in 35 minutes or 97 kilometres (60 mi) in 10 minutes. Using AC, the battery pack is charged at 11 kW. It has 410 litres (14 cu ft) of boot space, 70 L (2.5 cu ft) smaller than in a conventional 3 Series. A more expensive variant, called the eDrive40L, was introduced in February 2023. It features the same rear electric motor as

7505-568: The interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces

7600-494: The internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building. The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings. All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example,

7695-417: The latter has a larger central intake (although part of it serves for design purposes only) and more aggressive styling. Tail lights carry the same design as the 2019 model, but are complemented by newly designed bumpers. The base version features body coloured graphics, while the M Sport has a large, gloss-black element that incorporates a faux diffuser and two vertically arranged reflectors. The interior gets

7790-457: The longest-running entry in the list. In their December 2009 issue, Grassroots Motorsports magazine named the BMW 3 Series as the second-most important performance car built during the previous 25 years. In January 2021, the BMW 330e M Sport (M Sport Pro Package) was named Executive Car of the Year by What Car? magazine. What Car? awarded the 3 Series five stars out of five in its review of

7885-563: The navigational maps and operating system, and features a voice-controlled digital assistant that can be activated by saying "Hey BMW". The assistant can control in-car functions and is integrated with Microsoft Office 365 and Skype for Business . From mid-2020 the Live Cockpit Plus system was upgraded to the same iDrive 7.0 system as in the Live Cockpit Professional, with the instrument cluster reverted to

7980-400: The opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air. Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through radiation , convection, or conduction . The heat transfer medium is a refrigeration system, such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants . A refrigerant is employed either in

8075-572: The overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature). Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of lakes or seawater for free cooling , and the enabling function of seasonal thermal energy storage . By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make

8170-399: The plug-in hybrid drivetrain) featured iDrive 6.0 with an 8.8-inch display and a hybrid instrument cluster called "Live Cockpit Plus" as standard. The system could be upgraded to iDrive 7.0 with a 10.25-inch display and 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster called "Live Cockpit Professional" with plug-in hybrid models receiving it as standard equipment. iDrive 7.0 has over-the-air updates for

8265-406: The rooms. Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside. Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below

8360-438: The split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling. Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around

8455-447: The system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting

8550-588: The temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the enthalpy of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode. Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in

8645-549: The traditional analog gauges style and the 8.8-inch display remained the same as the iDrive 6.0-based system. The engine start stop system uses the navigation system to prevent unnecessary engine shutdowns. With the LCI introduced in 2022 all models come standard with the "BMW Curved Display" which integrates both a 14.9-inch infotaintment display and a 12.3-inch instruments display. The system features iDrive with BMW OS 8, sometimes referred to as iDrive 8. Optional equipment includes

8740-525: The use of a built-in LED UV light that emits a gentle glow across the evaporator. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive. An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against

8835-603: Was also a significant upgrade compared with previous generations of the 3 Series. The M3 model is powered by the S50 and S52 straight-six engines. It was sold in coupé, sedan and convertible body styles. The BMW Z3 roadster and coupe models were based on the E36 platform. The E46 was sold in the following body styles: sedan, coupé, convertible, wagon (marketed as "Touring"), and hatchback (marketed as " 3 Series Compact "). The E46 generation introduced various electronic features to

8930-551: Was produced in Germany on 5 July 2013, replaced by the F82/F83 M4 coupé and convertible starting with the 2015 model year, but the M3 name remains in use for the sedan version. The new generation M3 was reintroduced in 2021, codenamed G80 from the 7th generation 3 Series (G20). The M3 represented above (The F80) was powered by a BMW S55 engine producing 317 kW (431 PS) at 7,600 rpm. In June 2022, BMW revealed

9025-404: Was smaller than the traditional 4-door sedan version, was powered by the BMW's four-cylinder engines developed during the 1990s. The E36 was the second 3 Series to be offered in a hatchback body style. It was also the first 3 Series to be available with a 6-speed manual transmission (in the 1996 M3), a 5-speed automatic transmission, and a four-cylinder diesel engine. The multi-link rear suspension

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