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78-475: The Association of Security Forces of Belarus ( Belarusian : Аб'яднанне сілавікоў Беларусі , romanized :  Abjadnannie siłavikow Biełarusi ), also known as BYPOL , is a Belarusian organization that was created by former employees of law enforcement agencies to counter the Belarusian authorities. The association has channels on YouTube and Telegram , on which it publishes various videos related to

156-532: A criminal case. In this regard, they decided to organize a provocation. The verbal order, according to the initiative, was given by the then Minister of Internal Affairs Yury Karayeu . On 7 January, in its Telegram channel, the initiative published a secret report on the state of affairs in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It contains information on the number of certified employees as of 1 October and other data "for official use". On 14 January,

234-486: A number of names, both contemporary and historical. Some of the most dissimilar are from the Old Belarusian period. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages , especially Ukrainian , Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways. The phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants , depending on how they are counted. When

312-467: A number of radical changes. A fully phonetic orthography was introduced. One of the most distinctive changes brought in was the principle of akanye (Belarusian: а́канне ), wherein unstressed "o", pronounced in both Russian and Belarusian as /a/ , is written as "а". The Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet was convened in 1926. After discussions on the project,

390-458: A perception that Belarusian was a "rural" and "uneducated" language. However, the census was a major breakthrough for the first steps of the Belarusian national self-awareness and identity, since it clearly showed to the Imperial authorities and the still-strong Polish minority that the population and the language were neither Polish nor Russian. The rising influence of Socialist ideas advanced

468-792: A private gymnasium in the Drazdy district of Minsk, which was operated by the company founded by Irina Abelskaya. Alexander later said in June 2023 that Nikolai was studying at Peking University . In August 2024, Nikolai Lukashenko was added to the sanctions list of Canada. Lukashenko appeared in public for the first time in 2008. He has attracted significant media attention as his father, President Alexander Lukashenko, has frequently taken him to official ceremonies and state visits, including meetings with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , Russia 's president Dmitry Medvedev , Pope Benedict XVI , and US president Barack Obama . According to his father, this

546-560: A representative in the National Anti-Crisis Management administration. Together with the administration, they identify those responsible for unjustified and unlawful violence during protests. At the beginning of March 2022, there were reports in the media about terrorism against Belarusian railways to interfere with the movement of military trains. Signaling equipment was destroyed in three Belarusian regions, and railway lines were blocked. According to BYPOL, as

624-449: A result of this operation, the work of several branches of the Belarusian railway was disrupted. Russian Railways has allegedly banned the movement of its rolling stock, including military trains, through the territory of Belarus at night, and Belarusian machinists are allegedly refusing to drive locomotives and travel to hauls. According to BYPOL: It is our duty – and within our power – to do real things to stop [the war], free ourselves from

702-520: A study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home, while Belarusian is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians (others speak a mixture of Russian and Belarusian, known as Trasianka ). Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Nevertheless, there are no Belarusian-language universities in Belarus. The Belarusian language has been known under

780-451: A trade union of law enforcement agencies. Tikhanovskaya supported the creation of the initiative and proposed "holding a separate closed meeting on the issue of transferring law enforcement officers to the side of the Belarusian people". BYPOL's initial leader, at its creation as a foundation under Polish law in May 2021, was Aliaksandr Azarau . In August 2022, Azarau claimed that members of

858-555: Is declared as a "familiar language" by about 316,000 inhabitants, among them about 248,000 Belarusians, comprising about 30.7% of Belarusians living in Russia. In Ukraine , the Belarusian language is declared as a "native language" by about 55,000 Belarusians, which comprise about 19.7% of Belarusians living in Ukraine. In Poland , the Belarusian language is declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 40,000 inhabitants According to

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936-399: Is found in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akanje , the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, which exists in both Russian and Belarusian. Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩ , whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩ , according to what the "underlying" phoneme is (determined by identifying the related words where

1014-400: Is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall quite similar to Russian grammar . Belarusian orthography, however, differs significantly from Russian orthography in some respects, due to the fact that it is a phonemic orthography that closely represents the surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying morphophonology . The most significant instance of this

1092-501: Is rarely used. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its modern form was adopted in 1959, with minor amendments in 1985 and 2008. It was developed from the initial form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich (first printed in Vilnius , 1918), and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk - Vilnius region. Historically, there have been several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar. Belarusian grammar

1170-448: Is seen beating a man with a truncheon. Blows and screams are heard in the background on the video. On 28 December, the initiative published the materials of its investigation into the criminal prosecution of Sergei Tikhanovsky . The initiative claims that Tikhanovsky's case is politically motivated. According to the initiative, long before the arrest of Tikhanovsky and members of his team in connection with their socio-political activities,

1248-403: Is the third son of Alexander Lukashenko , the president of Belarus . There has been no official commentary regarding the identity of Nikolai's mother. However, according to a widespread version, his mother is Irina Abelskaya  [ pl ; ru ] , a former personal physician of Alexander Lukashenko. Alexander Lukashenko remains formally married to his wife Galina Lukashenko , although

1326-571: Is the usual conventional borderline between the Ruthenian and Modern Belarusian stages of development. By the end of the 18th century, (Old) Belarusian was still common among the minor nobility in the eastern part, in the territory of present-day Belarus, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereafter GDL). Jan Czeczot in the 1840s had mentioned that even his generation's grandfathers preferred speaking (Old) Belarusian. According to A. N. Pypin,

1404-613: The Belarusian Democratic Republic , Belarusian was used as the only official language (decreed by Belarusian People's Secretariat on 28 April 1918). Subsequently, in the Byelorussian SSR , Belarusian was decreed to be one of the four (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish) official languages (decreed by Central Executive Committee of BSSR in February 1921). A decree of 15 July 1924 confirmed that

1482-766: The Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also been written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet (Łacinka / Лацінка), the Belarusian Arabic alphabet (by Lipka Tatars ) and the Hebrew alphabet (by Belarusian Jews ). The Glagolitic script was used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century. There are several systems of romanization of Belarusian written texts. The Belarusian Latin alphabet

1560-550: The Russian Academy of Sciences refused to print his submission, on the basis that it had not been prepared in a sufficiently scientific manner. From the mid-1830s ethnographic works began to appear, and tentative attempts to study the language were instigated (e.g. Shpilevskiy's grammar). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, based on the folk language, initiated by the works of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich . See also : Jan Czeczot , Jan Barszczewski . At

1638-750: The UN Security Council , the European Union , the OSCE and the authorities of Russia and the United States. In early February, BYPOL spread information that the Belarusian authorities were gathering a peacekeeping contingent of 600 soldiers to be sent to Syria . As stated in the message, the Western and Northwestern operational commands have already received a directive on the selection of military personnel. In this regard, according to

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1716-509: The "soft sounding R" ( мякка-эравы ) and "strong akanye " ( моцнае аканне ), and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the "hard sounding R" ( цвёрда-эравы ) and "moderate akanye" ( умеранае аканне ). The West Polesian dialect group is separated from the rest of the country by the conventional line Pruzhany – Ivatsevichy – Tsyelyakhany – Luninyets – Stolin . There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among

1794-431: The 1897 Russian Empire census , about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian (then known as White Russian). The end of the 19th century, however, still showed that the urban language of Belarusian towns remained either Polish or Russian. The same census showed that towns with a population greater than 50,000 had fewer than a tenth Belarusian speakers. This state of affairs greatly contributed to

1872-500: The BYPOL group, soldiers allegedly began to leave the armed forces en masse. The Ministry of Defense of Belarus denied this information. Non-state sources, such as Tut.By , also doubted the BYPOL message. On 2 February, TUT.BY received the results of a phonoscopic examination of a recording published by BYPOL, which is of "great public importance" and caused a resonance not only in Belarus, but also abroad. The audio recording talks about

1950-562: The Belarusian grammar. In 1915, Rev. Balyaslaw Pachopka had prepared a Belarusian grammar using the Latin script. Belarusian linguist S. M. Nyekrashevich considered Pachopka's grammar unscientific and ignorant of the principles of the language. But Pachopka's grammar was reportedly taught in an unidentified number of schools, from 1918 for an unspecified period. Another grammar was supposedly jointly prepared by A. Lutskyevich and Ya. Stankyevich, and differed from Tarashkyevich's grammar somewhat in

2028-458: The Belarusian language was spoken in some areas among the minor nobility during the 19th century. In its vernacular form, it was the language of the smaller town dwellers and of the peasantry and it had been the language of oral folklore. Teaching in Belarusian was conducted mainly in schools run by the Basilian order . The development of Belarusian in the 19th century was strongly influenced by

2106-706: The Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish languages had equal status in Soviet Belarus. In the BSSR, Tarashkyevich's grammar had been officially accepted for use in state schooling after its re-publication in unchanged form, first in 1922 by Yazep Lyosik under his own name as Practical grammar. Part I , then in 1923 by the Belarusian State Publishing House under the title Belarusian language. Grammar. Ed. I. 1923 , also by "Ya. Lyosik". In 1925, Lyosik added two new chapters, addressing

2184-522: The Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages. Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to Ukrainian . The modern Belarusian language was redeveloped on the base of the vernacular spoken remnants of the Ruthenian language , surviving in the ethnic Belarusian territories in the 19th century. The end of the 18th century (the times of the Divisions of Commonwealth )

2262-464: The Center of Belarusian Solidarity, Svetlana Tikhanovskaya met with former employees of law enforcement agencies, "who went over to the side of the people." This meeting was attended by Captain of Justice Andrei Ostapovich , Major of Justice Igor Loban, senior lieutenant of militia Matvey Kupreichik, lieutenant of militia Vladimir Zhigar. It was at this meeting that they announced their intention to create

2340-554: The Commission had actually prepared the project for spelling reform. The resulting project had included both completely new rules and existing rules in unchanged and changed forms, some of the changes being the work of the Commission itself, and others resulting from the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), re-approved by the Commission. Notably, the use of the Ь (soft sign) before

2418-663: The Conference made resolutions on some of the problems. However, the Lyosik brothers' project had not addressed all the problematic issues, so the Conference was not able to address all of those. As the outcome of the conference, the Orthographic Commission was created to prepare the project of the actual reform. This was instigated on 1 October 1927, headed by S. Nyekrashevich, with the following principal guidelines of its work adopted: During its work in 1927–29,

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2496-419: The East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group. To some extent, Russian, Ukrainian , and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility . Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as Ruthenian (13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descended from what is referred to as Old East Slavic (10th to 13th centuries). In

2574-842: The Lukashenko government's official security agencies from the Ministry of Internal Affairs , the Armed Forces , the Investigative Committee , the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Border Guard Service , "of various ranks", were working with BYPOL. The very first publication on the YouTube channel of the initiative was the appeal of the 4th year cadet of the police department of the Academy of

2652-479: The Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime began developing operational records within the framework of the case, which was in the production of the senior detective of the 2nd department of the 3rd department Ivan Tarasik. The general management of this development was carried out by the head of the 3rd department, Mikhail Bedunkevich. As a result, the department failed to find grounds for initiating

2730-539: The Ministry of Internal Affairs Vladislav Botyan. In it, against the background of a white-red-white flag , he spoke about his dismissal from the internal affairs bodies. He appealed to the cadets of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and urged them to quit their studies and "take the side of the people." by attempting to overthrow the government of Belarus. Botyan also spoke about how he witnessed ballot stuffing during early voting. Then two videos appeared on

2808-552: The Pieramoha Plan. The organization claimed responsibility for the February 2023 attack on a Russian aircraft at the Machulishchy air base . On 6 March 2021, a criminal case was initiated against the activists of the initiative for inciting hatred. The Prosecutor General's Office of the Lukashenko government stated that a case had been opened against Oleg Talerchik, Igor Logan "and other persons" . On 22 April 2021,

2886-498: The Russian language and literature department of St. Petersburg University, approached the board of the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva with a proposal that a Belarusian linguist be trained under his supervision in order to be able to create documentation of the grammar. Initially, the famous Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič was to be entrusted with this work. However, Bahdanovič's poor health (tuberculosis) precluded his living in

2964-468: The South-Western. In addition, there is a transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group and the separate West Polesian dialect group. The North-Eastern and the South-Western dialects are separated by a hypothetical line Ashmyany – Minsk – Babruysk – Gomel , with the area of the Middle Belarusian dialect group placed on and along this line. The North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by

3042-545: The all-Russian " narodniki " and Belarusian national movements (late 1870s–early 1880s) renewed interest in the Belarusian language (See also: Homan (1884) , Bahushevich , Yefim Karskiy , Dovnar-Zapol'skiy , Bessonov, Pypin, Sheyn, Nasovič). The Belarusian literary tradition was also renewed ( see also : F. Bahushevich ). It was in these times that F. Bahushevich made his famous appeal to Belarusians: "Do not forsake our language, lest you pass away" (Belarusian: Не пакідайце ж мовы нашай, каб не ўмёрлі ). The first dictionary of

3120-584: The beginning of the 1860s, both the Russian and Polish parties in Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the upcoming conflicts was shifting to the peasantry, overwhelmingly Belarusian. So a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and written in Belarusian; notably, the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist, anti-Eastern Orthodox "Manifesto" and the first newspaper Mužyckaja prauda ( Peasants' Truth ) (1862–1863) by Konstanty Kalinowski , and anti-Polish, anti-Revolutionary, pro-Orthodox booklets and poems (1862). The advent of

3198-470: The channel called "Heroes in balaclavas." In the first part, the protesters are roughly shoved into a paddy wagon , some are beaten. Everyone is put on their knees on the floor of the van. On the way, the security forces mockingly question some men and study the contents of their phones, in particular, their Telegram subscriptions. The second part shows footage from one of the protests in Minsk . On 2 December,

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3276-496: The climate of St. Petersburg, so Branislaw Tarashkyevich , a fresh graduate of the Vilnya Liceum No. 2 , was selected for the task. In the Belarusian community, great interest was vested in this enterprise. The already famous Belarusian poet Yanka Kupala , in his letter to Tarashkyevich, urged him to "hurry with his much-needed work". Tarashkyevich had been working on the preparation of the grammar during 1912–1917, with

3354-491: The combinations "consonant+iotated vowel" ("softened consonants"), which had been previously denounced as highly redundant (e.g., in the proceedings of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926)), was cancelled. However, the complete resolution of the highly important issue of the orthography of unstressed Е ( IE ) was not achieved. Nikolai Lukashenko Nikolai Aleksandrovich Lukashenko (also transliterated as Mikalay Alyaksandravich Lukashenka ; born 31 August 2004)

3432-417: The couple have not lived together or been seen together for the past three decades. Nikolai has two half-brothers on his father Alexander's side and one (presumed) half-brother on his mother's side, Dmitry Evgen'evich Abelskiy. In a 2016 interview, Irina seemed to implicitly refer to Nikolai when asked whether she would like her "youngest son" to become a doctor as she comes from a family of doctors, her reply

3510-647: The court of the Zheleznodorozhny district of Gomel included the BYPOL telegram channel in the list of extremist materials, and on 12 January 2022, the same court recognized other Internet resources of the initiative, including the Unified Crime Registration Book, as extremist materials. In November 2021, the Belarusian authorities recognized BYPOL as an extremist group. In August 2022, the Supreme Court of Belarus designated

3588-538: The educational system. The Polish and Russian languages were being introduced and re-introduced, while the general state of the people's education remained poor until the very end of the Russian Empire. In summary, the first two decades of the 19th century had seen the unprecedented prosperity of Polish culture and language in the former GDL lands, and had prepared the era of such famous Polish writers as Adam Mickiewicz and Władysław Syrokomla . The era had seen

3666-526: The effective completion of the Polonization of the lowest level of the nobility, the further reduction of the area of use of contemporary Belarusian, and the effective folklorization of Belarusian culture. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century "there began a revival of national pride within the country ... and a growth in interest [in Belarusian] from outside". Due both to the state of

3744-427: The emancipation of the Belarusian language even further ( see also: Belarusian Socialist Assembly , Circle of Belarusian People's Education and Belarusian Culture , Belarusian Socialist Lot , Socialist Party "White Russia" , Alaiza Pashkevich , Nasha Dolya ). The fundamental works of Yefim Karsky marked a turning point in the scientific perception of Belarusian. The ban on publishing books and papers in Belarusian

3822-399: The first Belarusian census in 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of the population). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of Belarusians declared it their "mother tongue". Other sources, such as Ethnologue , put the figure at approximately 3.5 million active speakers in Belarus. In Russia , the Belarusian language

3900-404: The floor with their hands twisted back. During interrogation, people are beaten in the stomach or kidneys and forced to lick a club. During interrogations, people are intimidated and threatened. Some of the detainees were badly beaten, with hematomas, abrasions and bruises on their faces. While another interrogation is going on, in the background, an unknown person in civilian clothes and a balaclava

3978-467: The foreign speakers' task of learning these paradigms; on the other hand, though, it makes spelling easier for native speakers. An example illustrating the contrast between the treatment of akanje in Russian and Belarusian orthography is the spelling of the word for "products; food": Besides the standardized lect , there are two main dialects of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and

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4056-490: The group as a terrorist organization. On February 15, 2024, Azarau and five other BYPOL founders received lengthy prison terms in absentia . Belarusian language Before Belarus gained independence in 1991, the language was known in English as Byelorussian or Belorussian , or alternatively as White Russian . Following independence, it became known as Belarusian , or alternatively as Belarusan . As one of

4134-558: The help and supervision of Shakhmatov and Karskiy. Tarashkyevich had completed the work by the autumn of 1917, even moving from the tumultuous Petrograd of 1917 to the relative calm of Finland in order to be able to complete it uninterrupted. By the summer of 1918, it became obvious that there were insurmountable problems with the printing of Tarashkyevich's grammar in Petrograd: a lack of paper, type and qualified personnel. Meanwhile, his grammar had apparently been planned to be adopted in

4212-456: The initiative published a recording where a man with a voice similar to the voice of the ex-head of the GUBOPiK , and now the deputy minister of internal affairs, the commander of the internal troops , Nikolay Karpenkov , tells how Alexander Taraikovsky died, as well as about a meeting with Alexander Lukashenko, where law enforcement officers what to do with protests and protesters. Presumably

4290-468: The initiative published a video of Lukashenko's approach to OMON officers. The video captures the events of the "March of New Belarus", which took place on 23 August and forced Lukashenko to fly over Minsk in a helicopter. Then the head of state , under the supervision of the OMON, with the support of his son Nikolai and a personal doctor, "took part in dispersing" several people who accidentally lingered at

4368-823: The modern Belarusian language authored by Nasovič was published in 1870. In the editorial introduction to the dictionary, it is noted that: The Belarusian local tongue, which dominates a vast area from the Nioman and the Narew to the Upper Volga and from the Western Dvina to the Prypiac and the Ipuc and which is spoken by inhabitants of the North-Western and certain adjacent provinces, or those lands that were in

4446-444: The murder of Alexander Taraikovsky, the use of lethal weapons and "camps for sharp-hoofed." The examination confirmed that the voice on the recording belongs to Nikolai Karpenkov, and did not reveal any signs of editing. On 4 March 2021, on its YouTube channel, the initiative publishes another audio recording with a voice that allegedly belongs to the former head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus Karaev, in which he calls on

4524-462: The nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be phonetically distinct in the modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script , which was first used as an alphabet for

4602-649: The occupation of Russian troops and restore the good name of our ancestors. "Rail War" is the knowledge that we inherited, this is what we can do and what each of us can do. In June 2022, BYPOL leader Azarau stated that BYPOL had 200,000 people registered with its Pieramoha Plan ("Pieramoha" meaning "victory"; also spelled as "Peramoha" or "Peramoga") to replace the Lukashenko government, with 5,000 people registered for sabotage actions. By October 2022, 800 people had registered for Pieramoha Plan training centres in Poland. The main tool used to collect data on protest activists

4680-787: The order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 67 "On the Rules for the Professional Ethics of Police Officers." The video was filmed on August 23 near the Independence Palace in Minsk. On 17 December, a video about bullying in the Frunzensky District Department of Internal Affairs was published on the YouTube channel. The video is dated 12 August. The footage shows how the detainees, including women and minors, are kneeling or lying face down on

4758-528: The orthography of compound words and partly modifying the orthography of assimilated words. From this point on, Belarusian grammar had been popularized and taught in the educational system in that form. The ambiguous and insufficient development of several components of Tarashkyevich's grammar was perceived to be the cause of some problems in practical usage, and this led to discontent with the grammar. In 1924–25, Lyosik and his brother Anton Lyosik prepared and published their project of orthographic reform, proposing

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4836-496: The palace after the March had already ended by that time. After the "cleansing" of the territory, Lukashenka generously expressed his gratitude to the security forces, promising not to remain in debt for the "feat" they had accomplished. The security forces are heard joking, cursing and laughing at Lukashenka. On 10 December, the initiative published a video in which OMON officers insult protesters, using foul language, thereby violating

4914-422: The particularities of different Belarusian dialects. The scientific groundwork for the introduction of a truly scientific and modern grammar of the Belarusian language was laid down by the linguist Yefim Karsky. By the early 1910s, the continuing lack of a codified Belarusian grammar was becoming intolerably obstructive in the opinion of uniformitarian prescriptivists. Then Russian academician Shakhmatov , chair of

4992-567: The past settled by the Kryvic tribe , has long attracted the attention of our philologists because of those precious remains of the ancient Ruthenian language that survived in that tongue. In 1891, in the preface to the Belarusian Flute , Francišak Bahuševič wrote, "There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!" According to

5070-458: The people's education and to the strong positions of Polish and Polonized nobility, it was only after the 1880s–1890s that the educated Belarusian element, still shunned because of "peasant origin", began to appear in state offices. In 1846, ethnographer Pavel Shpilevskiy prepared a Belarusian grammar (using the Cyrillic alphabet) on the basis of the folk dialects of the Minsk region. However,

5148-454: The police used tear gas , stun grenades , water cannons and rubber bullets . The excessive cruelty with which security forces treated protesters became public. Some law enforcement officers did not agree with the policy of Alexander Lukashenko , as a result of which they resigned. Some of the employees stayed in Belarus, some emigrated to other countries. On 20 October 2020, in Warsaw , at

5226-523: The political conflict in the territories of the former GDL, between the Russian Imperial authorities, trying to consolidate their rule over the "joined provinces", and the Polish and Polonized nobility, trying to bring back its pre-Partitions rule (see also Polonization in times of Partitions ). One of the important manifestations of this conflict was the struggle for ideological control over

5304-452: The recording was made at the end of October. On the recording, a man with a voice similar to Karpenkov says that the head of state has security forces "covered from all sides in terms of the use of weapons," and also reports that Alexander Taraikovsky died from a rubber bullet that "flew into his chest." He also quotes instructions on how to deal with protesters from the "president". Pavel Latushko stated that this recording will be submitted to

5382-605: The resolution of some key aspects. On 22 December 1915, Paul von Hindenburg issued an order on schooling in German Army-occupied territories in the Russian Empire ( Ober Ost ), banning schooling in Russian and including the Belarusian language in an exclusive list of four languages made mandatory in the respective native schooling systems (Belarusian, Lithuanian , Polish , Yiddish ). School attendance

5460-471: The security forces to brutally crack down on opposition representatives: "Which threatens you and me, officials. Well, especially if you. Drop everything, find this creature and clean it up. Here is my advice to you." . The initiative took part in the development of the Unified Book of Crime Registration platform. The association also helps to investigate what it considers to be "crimes". BYPOL also has

5538-450: The security forces, and also doxes law enforcement officers. The initiative opposes President Alexander Lukashenko , and also does not recognize his legitimacy. Former security officials consider Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya to be president. On 9 August 2020, after the announcement of the results of the presidential election , mass protests began throughout the country. During clashes between some protesters and law enforcement officers,

5616-421: The vowel is being stressed or, if no such words exist, by written tradition, mostly but not always conforming to etymology). This means that Belarusian noun and verb paradigms, in their written form, have numerous instances of alternations between written ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , whereas no such alternations exist in the corresponding written paradigms in Russian. This can significantly complicate

5694-437: The workers' and peasants' schools of Belarus that were to be set up, so Tarashkyevich was permitted to print his book abroad. In June 1918, he arrived in Vilnius , via Finland. The Belarusian Committee petitioned the administration to allow the book to be printed. Finally, the first edition of the "Belarusian grammar for schools" was printed ( Vil'nya , 1918). There existed at least two other contemporary attempts at codifying

5772-517: Was at Nikolai's insistence, but it has been speculated that Nikolai was being groomed to be president after Alexander. He attracted further media attention in 2013, when Alexander stated that his son would become a President of Belarus , causing numerous speculations in the press. In 2015, Lukashenko, at the age of 10, took part in a session of the United Nations General Assembly . In June 2020, he and his father attended

5850-584: Was not made mandatory, though. Passports at this time were bilingual, in German and in one of the "native languages". Also at this time, Belarusian preparatory schools, printing houses, press organs were opened ( see also: Homan (1916) ). After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, the Belarusian language became an important factor in political activities in the Belarusian lands ( see also: Central Council of Belarusian Organisations , Great Belarusian Council , First All-Belarusian Congress , Belnatskom ). In

5928-462: Was officially removed (25 December 1904). The unprecedented surge of national feeling in the 20th century, especially among the workers and peasants, particularly after the events of 1905, gave momentum to the intensive development of Belarusian literature and press (See also: Nasha Niva , Yanka Kupala , Yakub Kolas ). During the 19th and early 20th century, there was no normative Belarusian grammar. Authors wrote as they saw fit, usually representing

6006-637: Was that she would like him to "get a good education, choose an interesting profession, love his job, enjoy it and bring benefit and joy to others." In 2011, Nikolai Lukashenko entered Ostroshitsko-Gorodok Secondary School. In 2020, he entered Belarusian State University Lyceum. Later in August 2020, Nikolai Lukashenko was reported to have withdrawn from the Lyceum. According to the Belarusian Investigative Center , he graduated from

6084-883: Was the plan's bot "Peramoga." A user of the messenger Telegram could register in it and expect to receive a mobilization order. During registration, the bot recognized the ID of the Telegram account, street of residence, profession and place of work. According to OSH Information Group , the data collected by the "Peramoga" bot were sufficient for the authorities to identify some of the protesters by comparing them with data from Belarusian Interior Ministry databases. Natallia Radzina ( Russian : Наталья Радина ) alleged in NV.ua that there were suspicions of Azarov working for Belarusian secret services. She referred to GUBOPiK broadcasts of videos of people stating that they had been arrested for participation in

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