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53-589: The bow was a renowned English weapon, made of wood from the yew tree. The best-documented example of Bowbearers in England is to be found in the Forest of Bowland in north-eastern Lancashire. In the late twelfth century, Oughtred de Bolton, son of Edwin de Bolton ("Edwinus Comes de Boelton" in the Domesday Book of 1086) is described as an early Bowbearer in the royal forests of Bowland and Gilsland , at

106-437: A bow is called a bowman or an archer. Someone who makes bows is known as a bowyer , someone who makes arrows is a fletcher , and someone who manufactures metal arrowheads is an arrowsmith. A bow consists of a semi- rigid but elastic arc with a high-tensile bowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizer fins ( fletching ) towards

159-546: A century and a half, and little of the house remains. Lord Alvanley is hereditary Bowbearer of the Forest of Delamere , and possesses the ancient bugle horn by which his ancestors have held that office almost from the period of the Norman Invasion." In 1632, Sir Francis Armitage of Kirklees , was appointed Bowbearer of the Free Chase of Mashamshire . The bowbearer is not a uniquely English phenomenon. There

212-692: A hearing by the California Interscholastic Federation that initially declared Swift ineligible for the 2003–04 season; however, this ruling was later overturned and he played his senior season. He committed to attend the University of Southern California (USC) to play for the USC Trojans men's basketball team on a scholarship. Swift was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics in the first round with

265-543: A mark in London society. Thomas Lister Parker eventually bankrupted himself due to his various extravagances but not before he had corrupted the historical record. Both Whitaker's and Baines' accounts of the history of Bowland bear witness to that corruption. The last known Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland was Richard Eastwood of Thorneyholme, an acclaimed breeder of racehorses and shorthorn cattle and land agent to John Towneley, 13th Lord of Bowland . Eastwood died in 1871 and

318-535: A mechanical system of pulley cams over which the bowstring is wound. Nylon is useful only in emergency situations, as it stretches too much. There is no single accepted system of classification of bows. Bows may be described by various characteristics including the materials used, the length of the draw that they permit, the shape of the bow in sideways view, and the shape of the limb in cross-section. Commonly-used descriptors for bows include: Robert Swift Robert Christen Swift (born December 3, 1985)

371-471: A modern bow are a pair of curved elastic limbs , traditionally made from wood , joined by a riser. However self bows such as the English longbow are made of a single piece of wood comprising both limbs and the grip. The ends of each limb are connected by a string known as the bow string . By pulling the string backwards the archer exerts compression force on the string-facing section, or belly , of

424-511: A new owner. The new owner bought the house in Sammamish, Washington , in January 2013 for half the price Swift paid in 2006. Swift eventually left the home, which was reportedly riddled with animal feces, guns, bullets, beer bottles, and garbage. Observers also noted old letters from some of the top college basketball programs in the country trying to recruit Swift, before he went straight to

477-414: A nocking point marked on them, which serves to mark where the arrow is fitted to the bowstring before shooting. The area around the nocking point is usually bound with thread to protect the area around the nocking point from wear by the archer's hands. This section is called the serving. At one end of the bowstring a loop is formed, which is permanent. The other end of the bowstring also has a loop, but this

530-529: A publication now in the public domain :  Chambers, Ephraim , ed. (1728). Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. {{ cite encyclopedia }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Bow (weapon) The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). Humans used bows and arrows for hunting and aggression long before recorded history , and

583-535: A stiff end on the limb end, having the effect of a recurve. In this type of bow, this is known by the Arabic name 'siyah'. Modern construction materials for bows include laminated wood, fiberglass , metals , and carbon fiber components. An arrow usually consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other. Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have

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636-685: A torn lateral meniscus . Swift's final NBA game was played on April 13, 2009, in a 83–113 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers where he recorded 2 points, 3 rebounds and 2 blocks. On December 22, 2009, the Oklahoma City Thunder renounced the rights to Swift. In 2009, Swift joined the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA D-League . However, he left the team for personal reasons after appearing in two games. He

689-751: A weapon of tribal warfare in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa ; an example was documented in 2009 in Kenya when Kisii people and Kalenjin people clashed, resulting in four deaths. The British upper class led a revival of archery as a sport in the late 18th century. Sir Ashton Lever , an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, under the patronage of George IV , then Prince of Wales . Bows and arrows have been rarely used by modern special forces for survival and clandestine operations. The basic elements of

742-401: Is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity. The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by

795-705: Is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Spanish club Círculo Gijón Baloncesto y Conocimiento of the LEB Plata league. He played in the National Basketball Association for the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder from 2004 through 2009, for the Seattle Aviators and Snohomish County Explosion of the National Athletic Basketball League in 2010, and for

848-405: Is attributed by archaeological association. The bow was an important weapon for both hunting and warfare from prehistoric times until the widespread use of gunpowder weapons in the 16th century. It was also common in ancient warfare , although certain cultures would not favor them. Greek poet Archilocus expressed scorn for fighting with bows and slings . The skill of Nubian archers

901-615: Is buried at St Hubert's, Dunsop Bridge . Although the Lord of Bowland's courts at Whitewell that appointed the Bowbearers fell into disuse in the first half of the nineteenth century, it was reported in April 2010 that William Bowland , 16th Lord of Bowland had re-asserted his ancient right and appointed Robert Redmayne Parker of Browsholme Hall his Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland,

954-474: Is called stringing the bow. The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as Sibudu Cave , where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago. The earliest probable arrowheads found outside of Africa were discovered in 2020 in Fa Hien Cave , Sri Lanka . They have been dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at

1007-420: Is called a quiver . When not in use, bows are generally kept unstrung , meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. Many bow designs also let it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position

1060-742: Is not permanently formed into the bowstring but is constructed by tying a knot into the string to form a loop. Traditionally this knot is known as the archer's knot, but is a form of the timber hitch . The knot can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the bowstring. The adjustable loop is known as the "tail". The string is often twisted (this being called the "flemish twist"). Bowstrings have been constructed of many materials throughout history, including fibres such as flax , silk , and hemp . Other materials used were animal guts , animal sinews , and rawhide . Modern fibres such as Dacron or Kevlar are now used in commercial bowstring construction, as well as steel wires in some compound bows. Compound bows have

1113-456: Is often difficult to distinguish between Bowbearers and Master Foresters in the Bowland record: Bowbearers of Bowland (1150–1304) Master Foresters and Bowbearers of Bowland (1304–1650) Bowbearers of Bowland after 1660 Perhaps the most notorious Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland was Sir Nicholas Tempest, who was executed at Tyburn in 1537. Tempest was one of the northern leaders of

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1166-430: Is the same diameter as the arrow shaft and is usually just fitted over the tip of the arrow. Other heads are known, including the blunt head, which is flat at the end and is used for hunting small game or birds, and is designed to not pierce the target nor embed itself in trees or other objects and make recovery difficult. Another type of arrowhead is a barbed head, usually used in warfare or hunting. Bowstrings may have

1219-425: Is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock. A barrelled arrow is thickest in the centre of the arrow. Target arrows are those arrows used for target shooting rather than warfare or hunting, and usually have simple arrowheads. For safety reasons, a bow should never be shot without an arrow nocked; without an arrow, the energy that is normally transferred into the projectile is instead directed back into

1272-592: The Pilgrimage of Grace , the Catholic uprising against Henry VIII and was linked to Sawley Abbey . The Parker family were the Bowbearers of the Forest of Bowland from the time of the English Restoration in 1660. The family likes to claim the office traces back as far as Robert Parker in the early 16th century but this is difficult to substantiate given the available evidence. In reality, while

1325-829: The Tokyo Apache of the bj League in 2010–11. He stands at 7 feet 1 inch (2.16 m) and played the center position. Swift caught the attention of NBA and college scouts while playing for Garces Memorial High School , and then later as the centerpiece of the Bakersfield High School team. During his time at Garces, the small Catholic high school broke into the USA Today top-25 high school basketball team rankings. Between his junior and senior years, Swift transferred from Garces to Highland High School , and then just before his senior year, he transferred to Bakersfield High School. This move provoked

1378-579: The 16th Lord of Bowland at a public ceremony in Slaidburn. This ceremony marked the 90th anniversary of the final meeting of the manorial court at the town's Tudor courthouse. Other notable examples of Bowbearers in England include those appointed in the Forests of Delamere, Hatfield, and Mashamshire. In 1513, a Richard Done of Utkington is described as the hereditary Bowbearer of Delamere . In 1605, Sir Robert Swift of Streetthorpe ( Edenthorpe )

1431-510: The NBA from high school. In October 2014, police raided the house of Trygve Bjorkstam, an alleged heroin and methamphetamine dealer, who had a collection of 18 guns. They found Swift living in the home, and in possession of a sawed-off shotgun. In November 2014, police charged Swift with unlawful possession of a short-barreled shotgun. On January 8, 2015, Swift was arrested by police for involvement in an armed home invasion attempt. Swift claimed he

1484-698: The Sonics anticipated that Swift would become their starting center. Swift was awarded the starting job at center but he ruptured the anterior crucial ligament in his right knee after playing just over one minute in a preseason game vs the Sacramento Kings . The resulting injury occurred when he twisted his right knee when he fell and went out of bounds awkwardly in front of the Seattle bench. Swift suffered another injury to his right knee in February 2008,

1537-674: The Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels, Langley says. Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points." Small stone points from the Grotte Mandrin in Southern France, used some 54,000 years ago, have damage from use that indicates their use as projectile weapons, and some are too small (less than 10mm across as the base) for any practical use other than as arrowheads. They are associated with possibly

1590-465: The advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more often than the other types of shafts. Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require

1643-416: The archer, as well as the arrow rest and the bow window. The arrow rest is a small ledge or extension above the grip which the arrow rests upon while being aimed. The bow window is that part of the riser above the grip, which contains the arrow rest. In bows drawn and held by hand, the maximum draw weight is determined by the strength of the archer. The maximum distance the string could be displaced and thus

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1696-408: The back, with a narrow notch ( nock ) at the very end to contact the bowstring. To load an arrow for shooting ( nocking an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer holds the bow at its center with one hand and pulls back ( draws ) the arrow and the bowstring with the other (typically the dominant hand ). This flexes

1749-491: The bow itself, which will cause damage to the bow's limbs. The end of the arrow that is designed to hit the target is called the arrowhead. Usually, these are separate items that are attached to the arrow shaft by either tangs or sockets. Materials used in the past for arrowheads include flint, bone, horn, or metal. Most modern arrowheads are made of steel, but wood and other traditional materials are still used occasionally. A number of different types of arrowheads are known, with

1802-658: The days of English and later American colonization. Organised warfare with bows ended in the early to mid-17th century in Western Europe , but it persisted into the 19th century in Eastern cultures, including hunting and warfare in the New World . In the Canadian Arctic , bows were made until the end of the 20th century for hunting caribou , for instance at Igloolik . The bow has more recently been used as

1855-594: The elm Holmegaard bows from Denmark , which were dated to 9,000 BCE. Several bows from Holmegaard, Denmark, date 8,000 years ago. High-performance wooden bows are currently made following the Holmegaard design. The Stellmoor bow fragments from northern Germany were dated to about 8,000 BCE, but they were destroyed in Hamburg during the Second World War , before carbon 14 dating was available; their age

1908-504: The family did have Bowbearers over many generations between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, the office was always granted to them by their local lord, the Lord of Bowland , the so-called Lord of the Fells . The Parker hereditary claim appears to have been concocted in the early part of the nineteenth century by Thomas Lister Parker , a socially ambitious individual who wished to make

1961-497: The first Parker to be so appointed in more than 150 years. In 2011, Robert Parker led a party of dignitaries from the Bowland Higher Division Parish Council, the Forest authorities, and local community, to welcome the 16th Lord of Bowland to Dunsop Bridge on his first official visit to the Forest . In October 2012, Robert Parker was formally presented with his Bowbearer's "wand of office" by

2014-561: The first groups of modern humans to leave Africa. After the end of the last glacial period , some 12,000 years ago, the use of the bow seems to have spread to every inhabited region, except for Australasia and most of Oceania. The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow from Europe are possible fragments from Germany found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500–18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago. Azilian points found in Grotte du Bichon , Switzerland , alongside

2067-404: The limbs as well as placing the outer section, or back , under tension . While the string is held, this stores the energy later released in putting the arrow to flight. The force required to hold the string stationary at full draw is often used to express the power of a bow, and is known as its draw weight, or weight. Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which

2120-491: The longest arrow that could be loosed from it, a bow's draw length, is determined by the size of the archer. A composite bow uses a combination of materials to create the limbs, allowing the use of materials specialized for the different functions of a bow limb. The classic composite bow uses wood for lightness and dimensional stability in the core, horn to store compression energy, and sinew for its ability to store energy in tension. Such bows, typically Asian, would often use

2173-426: The most common being bodkins , broadheads, and piles. Bodkin heads are simple spikes made of metal of various shapes, designed to pierce armour. A broadhead arrowhead is usually triangular or leaf-shaped and has a sharpened edge or edges. Broadheads are commonly used for hunting. A pile arrowhead is a simple metal cone, either sharpened to a point or somewhat blunt, that is used mainly for target shooting. A pile head

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2226-436: The practice was common to many prehistoric cultures. They were important weapons of war from ancient history until the early modern period , where they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accurate firearms . Today, bows and arrows are mostly used for hunting and sports . Archery is the art, practice, or skill of using bows to shoot arrows. A person who shoots arrows with

2279-491: The remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra , suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago. At the site of Nataruk in Turkana County , Kenya, obsidian bladelets found embedded in a skull and within the thoracic cavity of another skeleton , suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago. The oldest extant bows in one piece are

2332-517: The time of Henry II . However, this account is flawed as the possibility of Oughtred being the son of Edwin is fanciful and cannot be substantiated. It would have been impossible for Oughtred to have been Bowbearer of Gilsland before the 1170s when the barony was first brought into the Norman realm. Prior to that, it had formed part of the kingdom of the Scots . After the early fourteenth century, it

2385-460: The twelfth overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft . Swift bypassed college and opted for the NBA, turning down his commitment to play for USC. In his first season with the Sonics, Swift played in 16 games, averaging 4.5 minutes, 0.9 points, 0.4 rebounds, and 0.4 blocks per game. In his second season, under the direction of coach Bob Hill , he started 20 out of 47 games, averaging 21 minutes, 6.4 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 1.2 blocks per game. In 2006,

2438-502: The two limbs of the bow rearwards, which perform the function of a pair of cantilever springs to store elastic energy . Typically while maintaining the draw, the archer aims the shot intuitively or by sighting along the arrow. Then the archer releases (looses) the draw, allowing the limbs' stored energy to convert into kinetic energy transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity. A container or bag for additional arrows for quick reloading

2491-478: The use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in the Amazon River jungles that are 2.6 m (8.5 feet) long. Most modern arrows are 55 to 75 cm (22 to 30 inches) in length. Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target. A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head. A bob-tailed arrow

2544-417: Was an officer to the king, described as a "bowbearer", in ancient Persia . The officers in most close attendance on the monarch's person were, in war, his charioteer, his stoolbearer, his bowbearer, and his quiverbearer; in peace, his parasolbearer, and his fanbearer, who was also privileged to carry what has been termed "the royal pocket-handkerchief". [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

2597-460: Was appointed Bowbearer to the Royal Chase of Hatfield by James I . A local tradition in that area states that the many yew trees of the region were planted as a result, to provide wood for bows. The Complete Shakespeare Encyclopedia by Carol Enos also states that " Alvanley Hall , the property of William Arden, Baron Alvanley , has been abandoned as the residence of the family for nearly

2650-522: Was not offered a contract. On 12 February 2018, Swift returned to play basketball after agreeing a two-year contract with Spanish fifth tier club Círculo Gijón . In his second season in Spain, the club achieved a vacant place in the professional third-tier league, LEB Plata . He left the team after the end of the season averaging 9.1 points and 4.8 rebounds per game. However, Swift came back to Círculo Gijón on 29 December 2019. Robert's father, Bruce,

2703-545: Was overweight and experienced a decrease in mobility. During the 2010–11 season, Swift played for Tokyo Apache with his former head coach in Seattle , Bob Hill . Swift played well, receiving interest from the NBA's Boston Celtics and New York Knicks . Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the Apache ended their season prematurely and disbanded. Swift tried out for the Portland Trail Blazers in April 2011, but

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2756-742: Was renowned in ancient Egypt and beyond. Their mastery of the bow gained their land the name Ta-Seti , "Land of the Bow" in Ancient Egyptian. Beginning with the reign of William the Conqueror , the longbow was England's principal weapon of war until the end of the Middle Ages. Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes conquered much of the Eurasian steppe using short bows. Native Americans used archery to hunt and defend themselves during

2809-520: Was unable to work for two years due to a car accident that occurred while Robert was a child. He filed for bankruptcy twice: in 1999 and 2003. Robert's mother, Rhonda, was diagnosed with cancer and had multiple surgeries to remove it. The Swifts dealt with food insecurity . In 2009, Swift's girlfriend became pregnant. In June 2011, Swift was arrested for driving under the influence . He was found guilty of reckless driving . In 2013, Swift refused to vacate his foreclosed home, which had been bought by

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