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68-440: Historically, a wide variety of bows have been produced for purposes ranging from food gathering and warfare to recreation. Who created these bows depended mainly on the type of bow being produced, but also on the quantity required. The skills required tend to divide traditional bowyers into two groups: In clans or social groups that used wooden self bows (bows made entirely from one piece of wood) bows would sometimes be crafted by

136-453: A Celtic language , see Gaulish *ivos , Breton ivin, Irish ēo , Welsh yw (ywen) and French if . In German it is known as Eibe . Baccata is Latin for 'bearing berries'. The word yew as it was originally used seems to refer to the colour brown. The yew (μίλος) was known to Theophrastus , who noted its preference for mountain coolness and shade, its evergreen character and its slow growth. Most Romance languages, with

204-502: A branch of a yew tree to the tombs of those who had died recently so they would be guided in their return to the Land of Shadows. The yew tree has been found near chapels, churches, and cemeteries since ancient times as a symbol of the transcendence of death. They are often found in the main squares of villages where people celebrated the open councils that served as a way of general assembly to rule village affairs. It has been suggested that

272-623: A forest canopy, but is tolerant of soil pH when planted by humans, such as their traditional placement in churchyards and cemeteries , where some of the largest and oldest trees in northwestern Europe are found. It grows well in well-drained soils, tolerating nearly any soil type, typically humus and base-rich soils, but also on rendzina and sand soils given adequate moisture. They can survive temporary flooding and moderate droughts. Roots can penetrate extremely compressed soils, such as on rocky terrain and vertical cliff faces. T. baccata normally appears individually or in small groups within

340-536: A good trunk much wood has to be discarded. There was a tradition of planting yew trees in churchyards throughout Britain and Ireland, among other reasons, as a resource for bows, such as at " Ardchattan Priory whose yew trees, according to other accounts, were inspected by Robert the Bruce and cut to make at least some of the longbows used at the Battle of Bannockburn ." The trade of yew wood to England for longbows

408-683: A hundred for sixteen pounds. In 1507 the Holy Roman Emperor asked the Duke of Bavaria to stop cutting yew, but the trade was profitable, and in 1532 the royal monopoly was granted for the usual quantity "if there are that many." In 1562, the Bavarian government sent a long plea to the Holy Roman Emperor asking him to stop the cutting of yew, and outlining the damage done to the forests by its selective extraction, which broke

476-535: A new form. Yew wood was historically important, finding use in the Middle Ages in items such as musical instruments, furniture, and longbows . The species was felled nearly to extinction in much of Europe. In the modern day it is not considered a commercial crop due to its very slow growth, but it is valued for hedging and topiary . Certain compounds found in the bark of yew trees were discovered in 1967 to have efficacy as anti-cancer agents. The precursors of

544-561: A number of place names. These include the Proto-Celtic eburos ; Old Irish ibar ; Irish iobhar , iubhar and iúr ; and the Scottish Gaelic iubhar , Newry , Northern Ireland is an anglicization of An Iúraigh , an oblique form of An Iúrach , which means "the grove of yew trees". The modern Irish name for Newry is An tIúr (pronounced [ənʲ ˈtʲuːɾˠ]), which means "the yew tree". An tIúr

612-410: A seasoned stave; a composite bow requires a week's work, and could possibly take up to several years, starting with a much greater range of materials and skills. Self bows must be approximately the height of the archer if they are to allow a long draw, and they are less efficient in the specialized art of flight archery . Well-designed composite bows of high draw-weight give higher arrow velocity, and

680-400: A trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) (exceptionally 4 m or 13 ft 1 in) in diameter. The bark is thin, scaly brown, and comes off in small flakes aligned with the stem. The leaves are flat, dark green, 1–4 centimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, 2–3 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32 – 1 ⁄ 8  in) broad, and arranged spirally on the stem, but with

748-561: Is 8–15 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16 – 9 ⁄ 16  in) long and wide and open at the end. The arils mature 6 to 9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained, are eaten by thrushes , waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. Maturation of the arils is spread over 2 to 3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The seeds themselves are poisonous and bitter, but are opened and eaten by some bird species, including hawfinches , greenfinches , and great tits . The aril

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816-499: Is a species of evergreen tree in the family Taxaceae, native to Western Europe , Central Europe and Southern Europe , as well as Northwest Africa , northern Iran, and Southwest Asia . It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known, it may be referred to as common yew , European yew , or in North America English yew . It is a woodland tree in its native range, and

884-621: Is a shortening of Iúr Cinn Trá , "yew tree at the head of the strand", which was formerly the most common Irish name for Newry. This relates to an apocryphal story that Saint Patrick planted a yew tree there in the 5th century. The Irish name Cathair an Iúir (City of Newry) appears on some bilingual signs around the city. The area of Ydre in the South Swedish highlands is interpreted to mean "place of yews". Two localities in particular, Idhult and Idebo , appear to be further associated with yews. York ( Old Norse : Jórvík )

952-633: Is about the same for all types of bow… within certain limits" In many parts of the world, including much of Africa, the Americas, northern Europe, and Southern Asia, the great majority of traditional bows are self bows. The first bow artifacts, the Stellmoor and Holmegaard artifacts of Northern Europe, are self bows. The Stellmoor bow was made from the heartwood of a Scots pine while the oldest Holmegaard bows were carved from small-diameter elms. In primitive flight archery competitions, bows inspired by

1020-475: Is also grown as an ornamental tree, hedge or topiary. The plant is poisonous, with toxins that can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, and transpiration through the skin. Consuming any part of the tree, excluding the aril, can be deadly and the consumption of even a small amount of the foliage can result in death. The word yew is from Old English īw, ēow , ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- . Possibly entered Germanic languages through

1088-413: Is bent. Denser timbers can make narrower bows. The same design for less dense timbers results in the bow taking excessive set-string follow, or even breaking. However, equally effective bows may be made from less dense timber by making them wider near the centre. The mass of equivalent bows is closely similar whatever the density of wood; approximately the same mass of wood is required whatever the density of

1156-703: Is derived from the Brittonic name Eburākon ( Latinised variously as Eboracum , Eburacum , or Eburaci ), a combination of *eburos "yew-tree" and a suffix of appurtenance *-āko(n) "belonging to-, place of-" (compare Welsh -og ) meaning "place of the yew trees" ( efrog in Welsh , Old Irish iubrach "grove of yew trees, place with one or more yew trees", iúrach in Irish Gaelic and iùbhrach in Scottish Gaelic);

1224-635: Is known as Teixu l'Iglesia in the Asturian language . It stands 15 m (49 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of 6.82 m (22 ft 4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) and a crown diameter of 15 m (49 ft). It was declared a Natural Monument on April 27, 1995, by the Asturian Government and is protected by the Plan of Natural Resources. A unique forest formed by Taxus baccata and European box ( Buxus sempervirens ) lies within

1292-662: Is not poisonous; it is gelatinous and very sweet tasting. The male cones are globose, 3–6 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious , but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time. T. baccata is native to all countries of Europe (except Iceland), the Caucasus, and beyond from Turkey eastwards to northern Iran. Its range extends south to Morocco and Algeria in North Africa. A few populations are also present in

1360-499: Is on display in the National Museum of Scotland . Yew is the wood of choice for longbow making; the heartwood is always on the inside of the bow with the sapwood on the outside. This makes most efficient use of their properties as heartwood is best in compression whilst sapwood is superior in tension. However, much yew is knotty and twisted, and therefore unsuitable for bowmaking; most trunks do not give good staves and even in

1428-580: Is said up to 40 people could stand inside one of the La-Haye-de-Routot yew trees, and the Le Ménil-Ciboult yew is probably the largest, with a girth of 13 m. Yews may grow to become exceptionally large (over 5 m diameter) and may live to be over 2,000 years old. Sometimes monks planted yews in the middle of their cloister , as at Muckross Abbey (Ireland) or abbaye de Jumièges (Normandy). Some ancient yew trees are located at St. Mary

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1496-498: Is that yews were planted to discourage farmers and drovers from letting animals wander onto the burial grounds, the poisonous foliage being the disincentive. A further possible reason is that fronds and branches of yew were often used as a substitute for palms on Palm Sunday . King Edward I of England ordered yew trees planted in churchyards to protect the buildings. Some yews existed before their churches, as preachers held services beneath them when churches were unavailable. Due to

1564-492: The Crann Ogham —the variation on the ancient Irish Ogham alphabet which consists of a list of trees—yew is the last in the main list of 20 trees, primarily symbolizing death. There are stories of people who have committed suicide by ingesting the foliage. As the ancient Celts also believed in the transmigration of the soul , there is in some cases a secondary meaning of the eternal soul that survives death to be reborn in

1632-611: The Clacton Spear , it is estimated to be over 400,000 years old. Yew is also associated with Wales and England because of the longbow , an early weapon of war developed in northern Europe, and as the English longbow the basis for a medieval tactical system. The oldest surviving yew longbow was found at Rotten Bottom in Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland. It has been given a calibrated radiocarbon date of 4040 BC to 3640 BC and

1700-553: The Jura Mountains and Alpine foothills . In England it grows best in steep slopes of the chalk downs , forming extensive stands invading the grassland outside the beech woods. In more continental climates of Europe it fares better in mixed forests , of both coniferous and mixed broadleaf-conifer composition. Under its evergreen shade, no other plants can grow. T. baccata prefers steep rocky calcareous slopes. It rarely develops beyond saplings on acid soil when under

1768-538: The Statute of Westminster in 1472, every ship coming to an English port had to bring four bowstaves for every tun . Richard III of England increased this to ten for every tun. This stimulated a vast network of extraction and supply, which formed part of royal monopolies in southern Germany and Austria. In 1483, the price of bowstaves rose from two to eight pounds per hundred, and in 1510 the Venetians would only sell

1836-573: The chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (taxol) were later shown to be synthesized easily from extracts of the leaves of European yew, which is a much more renewable source than the bark of the Pacific yew ( Taxus brevifolia ) from which they were initially isolated. This ended a point of conflict in the early 1990s; many environmentalists, including Al Gore , had opposed the destructive harvesting of Pacific yew for paclitaxel cancer treatments. Docetaxel can then be obtained by semi-synthetic conversion from

1904-455: The sacred tree at the Temple at Uppsala was an ancient yew tree. The Christian church commonly found it expedient to take over existing pre-Christian sacred sites for churches. It has also been suggested that yews were planted at religious sites as their long life was suggestive of eternity, or because, being toxic when ingested, they were seen as trees of death. Another suggested explanation

1972-481: The understory , but also forms stands throughout its range, such as in sheltered calcareous sites. T. baccata is extremely shade-tolerant, with the widest temperature range for photosynthesis among European trees, able to photosynthesize in winter after deciduous trees have shed their leaves. It can grow under partial canopies of beech and other deciduous broad-leafed trees, though it only grows into large trees without such shade. In centuries past T. baccata

2040-579: The 7th century the Old English for 'boar' had become eofor . When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík . The Old French and Norman name of Yorks following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic (modern Norman Évèroui ) in works such as Wace's Roman de Rou . Jórvík , meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after

2108-485: The Baltic, but at this period bows were being replaced by guns in any case. The late Robert Lundberg, a noted luthier who performed extensive research on historical lute -making methodology, states in his 2002 book Historical Lute Construction that yew was historically a prized wood for lute construction. European legislation establishing use limits and requirements for yew limited supplies available to luthiers, but it

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2176-660: The Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century. Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latinised Brittonic, Roman name. The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature. In

2244-563: The United States, many bowyers were inspired by Ishi , the last member of the Yahi , who lived most of his life outside modern culture. Ishi first contacted US citizens in 1911. His friend Saxton Pope learned some of his skills and spread them to bowyers including Howard Hill , Ben Pearson and Fred Bear . Self bow A self bow or simple bow is a bow made from a single piece of wood. Extra material such as horn nocks on

2312-657: The Virgin Church, Overton-on-Dee in Wales. In the Septuagint rendering of the Book of Nahum , 1:10, Nineveh and other deemed enemies of the biblical God are foretold to "be laid bare even to its foundation, and…devoured as a twisted yew." In Asturian tradition and culture, the yew tree was considered to be linked with the land, people, ancestors, and ancient religion. It was tradition on All Saints' Day to bring

2380-436: The ability of their branches to root and sprout anew after touching the ground, yews became symbols of death, rebirth, and therefore immortality. In interpretations of Norse cosmology , the tree Yggdrasil has traditionally been interpreted as a giant ash tree . Some scholars now believe errors were made in past interpretations of the ancient writings, and that the tree is most likely a European yew ( Taxus baccata ). In

2448-487: The age of yews is often overestimated. Ten yews in Britain are believed to predate the 10th century. The potential age of yews is impossible to determine accurately and is subject to much dispute. There is rarely any wood as old as the entire tree, while the boughs themselves often become hollow with age, making ring counts impossible. Evidence based on growth rates and archaeological work of surrounding structures suggests

2516-565: The ancient Celtic world, the yew tree ( *eburos ) had extraordinary importance; a passage by Caesar narrates that Cativolcus , chief of the Eburones , poisoned himself with yew rather than submit to Rome ( Gallic Wars 6: 31). Similarly, Florus notes that when the Cantabrians were under siege by the legate Gaius Furnius in 22 BC, most of them took their lives either by sword, fire, or a poison extracted ex arboribus taxeis , that is, from

2584-699: The archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. The limit of its northern Scandinavian distribution is its sensitivity to frost, with global warming predicted to allow its spread inland. It has been introduced elsewhere, including the United States. Aside from its natural habitat, it is also common to find English Yew in gardens because it is very tolerant to pruning, and in cemeteries, as it symbolizes death. T. baccata ' s richest central European populations are in Swiss yew-beech woodlands, on cool, steep marl slopes up to 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in elevation in

2652-526: The back of a self bow must be, so far as possible, continuous. This may be achieved by using the outer, under-bark surface of the tree as the back of the bow (convenient with most white woods), or by the painstaking process of removing outer growth rings (often used with yew and osage orange ), or by making or following a cut or split surface which happens to have continuous grain (a usual approach if starting with commercially sawn wood). The density of timber correlates well with its ability to store energy as it

2720-459: The bow itself is shorter. However, the hide glue that holds a composite bow together absorbs water and will dissolve if soaked; the wood of self bows is less sensitive to humidity. At the weights more usual for modern amateurs, the greater density of horn and sinew compared to wood usually cancels any advantage of composite construction. For most practical non-mounted archery purposes, self bows can perform as well as composite; "the initial velocity

2788-435: The canopy and allowed wind to destroy neighbouring trees. In 1568, despite a request from Saxony , no royal monopoly was granted because there was no yew to cut, and the next year Bavaria and Austria similarly failed to produce enough yew to justify a royal monopoly. Forestry records in this area in the 17th century do not mention yew, and it seems that no mature trees were to be had. The English tried to obtain supplies from

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2856-587: The city itself is called Eabhrach (Irish) and Eabhraig (Scottish Gaelic), from the Latin Eboracum ); or alternatively, "the settlement of (a man named) Eburos " (a Celtic personal name is mentioned in different documents as Eβουρος , Eburus , and Eburius and, when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix * -āko(n) , could be used to denote his property). The 12th‑century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth , in his account of

2924-677: The city of Sochi , in the Western Caucasus . The oldest Irish Yew ( Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'), the Florence Court Yew , still stands in the grounds of the Florence Court estate in County Fermanagh , Northern Ireland . The Irish Yew has become ubiquitous in cemeteries across the world, and it is believed that all known examples are from cuttings from this tree. The entire plant is poisonous, with

2992-478: The constituent materials had to be put under enormous stress and the bow's limbs needed to be perfectly aligned. These demands required experienced bowyers who were willing to spend a great deal of time crafting their weapons. Cultures such as the Mongols made effective military use of powerful composite bows for millennia; the limited records indicate that only a minority of men in these cultures ever made bows. In

3060-520: The design of the Holmegaard bows perform very well because of their light, non-bending tips. In most inhabited areas, common timbers can be made into high-quality self bows. The pieces must be long enough (approximately the height of the archer), and the grain must be sufficiently straight. Denser timbers normally store energy better and can be made into narrower bows with less effort – high-quality yew allows for particularly narrow self bows, such as

3128-419: The ends, or built-up handles, would normally be accepted as part of a self bow. Some modern authorities would also accept a bow spliced together in the handle from two pieces of wood. An effective self bow can be made from widely available local material in most inhabited parts of the world, with limited tools whose functions include chopping, shaving , and scraping . A day of work may be needed, starting with

3196-404: The exception of the aril (the red flesh of the “berry” covering the seed). Yews contain numerous toxic compounds, including "at least ten alkaloids, nitriles ( cyanogenic glycoside esters), ephedrine ", and their essential oil , but the most important toxins are taxine alkaloids , cardiotoxic chemical compounds which act via calcium and sodium channel antagonism. If any leaves or seeds of

3264-458: The individual user; however, even with fairly simple bow designs it was often easier to rely upon a few skilled bowyers within the group. By working in groups more could be accomplished. In medieval England, for example, professional bowyers produced thousands of bows required for that country's military. These bowyers could reportedly make an English longbow in as little as two hours. Wooden selfbows normally take from 5–15 hours of work depending on

3332-513: The largest recorded trunk girths in Britain, reportedly 16-17m in the 18th century, and experts estimate it to be 5,000 years old. The Llangernyw Yew in Clwyd , Wales, can be found at another early saint site and is about 4000–5000 years old according to an investigation led by David Bellamy, who also carbon-dated a yew tree in Tisbury at around 4000 years old. A certificate and memorial board by

3400-459: The leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows on either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious. The leaves are poisonous. The seed cones are modified, each cone containing a single seed, which is 4–7 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 4  in) long, and partly surrounded by a fleshy scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril . The aril

3468-573: The notable exception of French ( if ), kept a version of the Latin word taxus (Italian tasso , Corsican tassu , Occitan teis , Catalan teix , Gasconic tech , Spanish tejo , Asturian texu , Portuguese teixo , Galician teixo and Romanian tisă ) from the same root as toxic . In Slavic languages, the same root is preserved: Polish cis , Ukrainian, Slovakian and Russian tis ( тис ), Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian-Montenegrin tisa / тиса , tis , Slovenian tisa . Albanian borrowed it as tis . In Iran ,

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3536-719: The oldest yews, such as the Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland, may be in the range of 2,000 years, placing them among the oldest plants in Europe. One characteristic contributing to yews' longevity is that, unlike most other trees, they are able to split under the weight of advanced growth without succumbing to disease in the fracture. Another is their ability to give rise to new epicormic and basal shoots from cut surfaces and low on their trunks, even in old age. The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire, Scotland, has one of

3604-477: The plant all year, with maximal concentrations appearing during the winter. Dried yew plant material retains its toxicity for several months and even increases its toxicity as the water is removed. Fallen leaves should therefore also be considered toxic. Poisoning usually occurs when leaves of yew trees are eaten, but in at least one case a victim inhaled sawdust from a yew tree. Male yews are extremely allergenic, blooming and releasing abundant amounts of pollen in

3672-513: The plant are ingested, urgent medical attention is recommended as well as observation for at least 6 hours after the point of ingestion. The European yew is one of the most toxic species in the genus, along with the Japanese yew , T. cuspidata . Yew poisonings are relatively common in both domestic and wild animals which consume the plant accidentally, resulting in "countless fatalities in livestock". Taxines are also absorbed efficiently via

3740-572: The precursors. Wood from the yew is classified as a closed-pore softwood , similar to cedar and pine. Easy to work, yew is among the hardest of the softwoods, yet it possesses a remarkable elasticity, making it ideal for products that require springiness, such as bows. The wood is esteemed for cabinetry and tool handles. The hard, slow-growing wood also finds use in gates, furniture, parquet floors , and paneling . Its typical burls and contorted growth, with intricate multicolored patterns, make it attractive for carving and woodturning , but also make

3808-493: The prehistoric kings of Britain, Historia Regum Britanniae , suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus . The name Eboracum became the Anglian Eoforwic in the 7th century: a compound of Eofor- , from the old name, and -wic "a village", probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root * eburaz ('boar'); by

3876-406: The skill of the bowyer and the challenges set by the piece of wood. Modern amateurs find it satisfying to make functional self bows with beginner's skills and few tools. Cultures that used composite bows (bows made of several materials, classically horn , wood , and sinew ) had to rely on skilled craftsmen. Composite bows could be made relatively short, heavily recurved, and highly effective but

3944-416: The skin. Taxus species should thus be handled with care and preferably with gloves. "The lethal dose for an adult is reported to be 50 g of yew needles. Patients who ingest a lethal dose frequently die due to cardiogenic shock , in spite of resuscitation efforts." There are currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning, but drugs such as atropine have been used to treat the symptoms. Taxine remains in

4012-479: The spring, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, the lowest possible, trapping pollen while producing none. The pollen, like most species', easily passes through window screens. While yew pollen does not contain sufficient taxine alkaloids to cause poisoning, its allergenic potential has been implicated in adverse reactions to paclitaxel treatment. Words and Morphemes for "yew tree" have resulted in

4080-503: The timber. The overall length of bending wood must be about 2.3 times the draw length. Narrow bows (known as "longbows") can bend in the handle. Wider bows (known as "flatbows") must be narrow in the handle if they are to be practical, but the handle must be made thicker so as not to bend, and the complete bow will therefore tend to be longer. Self bows may be of any side-view profile ; moderate recurving can often be achieved with heat and force. Taxus baccata Taxus baccata

4148-597: The traditional European version of the longbow . The Eastern Woodlands tribes of North America used hickory , tribes in parts of the Midwestern United States osage orange , Native Americans of the west coast used short, wide, recurved bows made of American Pacific yew, Brazilian rainforest tribes used palm wood, and many others. In Europe and North America, common woods such as maple , ash , elm , and oak make excellent flat bows , and are far easier to obtain than good-quality yew. The fibres on

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4216-851: The tree confirm the tree's age estimate. Other well known yews include the Ankerwycke Yew , the Balderschwang Yew , the Caesarsboom , the Florence Court Yew , and the Borrowdale Fraternal Four, of which poet William Wordsworth wrote. The Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve in West Sussex has one of Europe's largest yew woodlands. The oldest specimen in Spain is located in Bermiego , Asturias . It

4284-418: The tree is known as sorkhdār ( Persian : سرخدار , literally "the red tree"). Common yew was one of the many species first described by Linnaeus . It is one of around 30 conifer species in seven genera in the family Taxaceae , which is placed in the order Pinales . Yews are small to medium-sized evergreen trees, growing 10–20 m (35–65 ft) (exceptionally up to 28 m or 92 ft) tall, with

4352-454: The wood unsuited for construction. It is good firewood and is sometimes burnt as incense. Due to all parts of the yew and its volatile oils being poisonous and cardiotoxic, a mask should be worn if one comes in contact with sawdust from the wood. One of the world's oldest surviving wooden artifacts is a Clactonian yew spear head, found in 1911 at Clacton-on-Sea , in Essex , UK. Known as

4420-613: The yew tree (2: 33, 50–51). In a similar way, Orosius notes that when the Astures were besieged at Mons Medullius , they preferred to die by their own swords or by yew poison rather than surrender (6, 21, 1). The yew is traditionally and regularly found in churchyards in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and Northern France (particularly Normandy ). Some examples can be found in La Haye-de-Routot or La Lande-Patry . It

4488-558: Was apparently as prized among medieval, renaissance, and baroque lute builders as Brazilian rosewood is among contemporary guitar-makers for its quality of sound and beauty. Today European yew is widely used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. Due to its dense, dark green, mature foliage, and its tolerance of even very severe pruning, it is used especially for formal hedges and topiary . Its relatively slow growth rate means that in such situations it needs to be clipped only once per year (in late summer). European yew will tolerate

4556-444: Was exterminated from many woodlands as a poisonous hazard to the cattle and horses that often grazed in the woods . Rabbits and deer however have a level of immunity to the poisonous alkaloids, and the seeds are dispersed by birds, with thrushes greatly enjoying the fruit. It also regenerates readily from stumps and roots, even when ancient and hollow. Taxus baccata can reach 400 to 600 years of age. Some specimens live longer but

4624-517: Was so robust that it depleted the stocks of good-quality, mature yew over a vast area. The first documented import of yew bowstaves to England was in 1294. In 1423 the Polish king commanded protection of yews in order to cut exports, facing nearly complete destruction of local yew stock. In 1470 compulsory archery practice was renewed, and hazel , ash , and laburnum were specifically allowed for practice bows. Supplies still proved insufficient, until by

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