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37-731: Manning Wardle was a steam locomotive manufacturer based in Hunslet , Leeds , West Yorkshire , England. The city of Leeds was one of the earliest centres of locomotive building; Matthew Murray built the first commercially successful steam locomotive , Salamanca , in Holbeck , Leeds, in 1812. By 1856, a number of manufacturers had sprung up in the city, including Kitson and Company , and E. B. Wilson and Company , later The Railway Foundry after 1848. The Railway Foundry (E.B Wilson from 1838–48) operated in Leeds until 1858. At least some of

74-477: A piston or turbine to perform mechanical work . The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important. Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximizes the energy efficiency , but such wet-steam conditions must be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle ,

111-589: A bleak environment for private locomotive builders generally Manning Wardle had simply become uncompetitive. The last complete locomotive was No. 2047, a standard gauge 0-6-0 ST delivered to Rugby Cement Works in August 1926. This locomotive was preserved at the Severn Valley Railway and last steamed in 1977 when the boiler was condemned. After some years on static display at Kidderminster Railway Museum , restoration began in 2010 and as of 2021

148-410: A steam engine service that runs on an 18 in ( 457 mm ) track. In France, Decauville produced a range of portable track railways running on 400 mm ( 15 + 3 ⁄ 4  in ) and 500 mm ( 19 + 3 ⁄ 4  in ) tracks, most commonly in restricted environments such as underground mine railways, parks and farms. During World War II, it was proposed to expedite

185-515: A sub-group of steam engines. Piston type steam engines played a central role in the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80 % of the world's electricity. If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapour pressure , it can create a steam explosion . Steam is traditionally created by heating a boiler via burning coal and other fuels, but it

222-467: A temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful. Steam charts are also used for analysing thermodynamic cycles. In agriculture , steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health . Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric, carpets and flooring, and for heating buildings. In each case, water

259-449: Is also possible to create steam with solar energy. Water vapour that includes water droplets is described as wet steam . As wet steam is heated further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapour–liquid equilibrium . When steam has reached this equilibrium point, it is referred to as saturated steam . Superheated steam or live steam

296-884: Is also useful in melting hardened grease and oil residues, so it is useful in cleaning kitchen floors and equipment and internal combustion engines and parts. Among the advantages of using steam versus a hot water spray are the facts that steam can operate at higher temperatures and it uses substantially less water per minute. [REDACTED] Wikiversity has steam tables with figures and Matlab code 18 in gauge railway Minimum-gauge railways are railways with track gauges smaller than those of narrow-gauge railways , primarily designed for light, industrial, or tourist transportation. The most common gauges for minimum-gauge railways include: These railways have been developed for applications such as estate transport, mining, agriculture, and amusement parks, offering an economical and adaptable solution for restricted environments. The term

333-422: Is available in many sorts of large factory, such as paper mills . The locomotive's propulsion used pistons and connecting rods, as for a typical steam locomotive. These locomotives were mostly used in places where there was a risk of fire from a boiler's firebox, but were also used in factories that simply had a plentiful supply of steam to spare. Steam engines and steam turbines use the expansion of steam to drive

370-455: Is available online. In general, minimum-gauge railways maximize their loading gauge , where the dimension of the equipment is made as large as possible with respect to the track gauge while still providing enough stability to keep it from tipping over. Standard gauge railways have vehicles that are approximately twice, and in some cases nearly three times, the track gauge in width, but with minimum gauge railways this can be as much as four times

407-631: Is described as being for sale in Leeds in 1856 in Vol. 3 of his Diaries) and which was later owned by the Midland Railway. An 0-4-2 ST with 9.25-by-14-inch (235 by 356 mm). cylinders was developed from this design for the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway in 1853. In 1855 a 0-6-0 ST with 11-by-17-inch (280 by 430 mm). class was developed, mainly for colliery work. Two of these, named Alliance and Victory were used in

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444-400: Is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. Steam is also used in ironing clothes to add enough humidity with the heat to take wrinkles out and put intentional creases into the clothing. As of 2000 around 90% of all electricity was generated using steam as the working fluid , nearly all by steam turbines. In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at

481-555: Is in progress at Bewdley. The design for a new boiler has been approved. Following closure in 1926 after producing more than 2,000 steam locomotives, much of the site was taken over by Hunslet Engine Co., with some parts going to the diesel engine manufacturer, McClaren. The company's intellectual property rights, goodwill, drawings and patterns initially passed Kitson & Co., thence to Robert Stephenson & Hawthorn in 1938 and finally to Hunslet Engine Company in 1960. Kitson & Co. made twenty-three locos of Manning Wardle design until

518-504: Is notoriously unreliable. An 1856-vintage 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) gauge outside cylinder 2-2-0 ST with all wheels of the same diameter, La Porteña survives in Luján , Argentina (Manning Wardle later built a coupled version of this), but the most credible evidence for the first outside cylinder 0-4-0 ST design is the 3 ft ( 914 mm ) gauge 8-inch (203 mm) 0-4-0 ST alluded to in

555-448: Is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point for the pressure, which only occurs when all liquid water has evaporated or has been removed from the system. Steam tables contain thermodynamic data for water/saturated steam and are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used. Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as

592-418: Is used for energy storage , which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water's high heat of vaporization . Fireless steam locomotives were steam locomotives that operated from a supply of steam stored on board in a large tank resembling a conventional locomotive's boiler. This tank was filled by process steam , as

629-446: Is used in piping for utility lines. It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels. Steam is used across multiple industries for its ability to transfer heat to drive chemical reactions, sterilize or disinfect objects and to maintain constant temperatures. In the lumber industry, steam is used in the process of wood bending , killing insects, and increasing plasticity. Steam

666-620: Is used to accentuate drying of concrete especially in prefabricates. Care should be taken since concrete produces heat during hydration and additional heat from the steam could be detrimental to hardening reaction processes of the concrete. In chemical and petrochemical industries , steam is used in various chemical processes as a reactant. Steam cracking of long chain hydrocarbons produces lower molecular weight hydrocarbons for fuel or other chemical applications. Steam reforming produces syngas or hydrogen . Used in cleaning of fibers and other materials, sometimes in preparation for painting. Steam

703-493: The Rankine cycle , to model the behaviour of steam engines. Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity. An autoclave , which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization . Steam, especially dry (highly superheated) steam, may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization. Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent. Steam

740-637: The Wicksteed Park Railway . There are also rideable miniature railways running on extremely narrow tracks as small as 10 + 1 ⁄ 4  in ( 260 mm ) gauge, for example the Rudyard Lake Steam Railway . Around the world there are also several rideable miniature railways open to the public using even narrower gauges, such as 7 + 1 ⁄ 4  in ( 184 mm ) and 7 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 190.5 mm ). Generally minimum-gauge railways have

777-524: The Yunnan–Burma Railway using 400 mm ( 15 + 3 ⁄ 4  in ) gauge, since such a small gauge can have the tightest of curves in difficult terrain. The major distinction between a miniature railway (US: 'riding railroad' or 'grand scale railroad') and a minimum-gauge railway is that miniature lines use models of full-sized prototypes. There are miniature railways that run on gauges as wide as 2 ft ( 610 mm ), for example

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814-584: The 'Leeds Mainstream' specification had truly come of age and the Boyne Engine Works went on to produce its own more sophisticated designs in the same vein, including the well-known 2-6-2 T 's for the Lynton & Barnstaple, 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge 0-6-2 's for India, and a pair of 2-6-4 T 's for South Africa. Further examples, including two 0-6-2 ST s, were to emanate from Boyne Engine Works almost up to

851-607: The 'Leeds mainstream' Model appeared. This was followed by two 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge Fell-pattern 0-6-0 ST 's in 1873 for the Bay of Havana Railway (see below), one (later two) 0-6-0 's for the Pentewan Railway in Cornwall, and several 'Quasi-Fell' six-coupled locomotives for Sweden, India and Mexico (again see below). After the appearance of Hunslet's 0-6-4 ST Beddgelert in 1877,

888-631: The 1862 London Exhibition Catalogue as being similar to the maker's 'D' and 'E' classes apart from the gauge. Manning Wardle went on to play an important part in narrow gauge steam locomotive evolution. After neighbours Hunslet Engine Co. had pioneered the 'Leeds Mainstream' pattern of narrow-gauge steam locomotive (full length outside mainframes; outside cylinders; proper locomotive-pattern boiler; direct drive to coupled wheels; foundation ring below top of frame level, and firebox width not constrained by wheelset 'back-to-back' dimension) with its Dinorwic in 1870, in 1871 Manning Wardle made series production of

925-561: The Company's demise, but most of the later-built examples were for overseas customers in Chile, India and Argentina, the last-mentioned example (No. 2039 of 1924) being an 18-inch gauge development of No. 353 of 1871. Manning Wardle became a limited company in 1905. Many Manning Wardle locomotives – of 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge and various narrow gauges – were exported to Europe, Africa,

962-548: The Crimea; a contemporary descriptions of them in the Leeds press clearly show that the 'Railway Foundry 14-inch (360 mm) 0-6-0 ST was the direct forerunner of the Manning Wardle 'Old Class I'. The origin of the outside cylinder 0-4-0 ST standard designs is more obscure. The Chronicles of Boulton's Siding mentions a Railway Foundry 11-inch (280 mm) outside cylinder 0-4-0 ST , but this work

999-854: The Middle East ( e.g. the Palestine Railways Class M), the Indian sub-continent, Australasia ( e.g. NZR WH class ) and South America. During the First World War, Manning Wardle produced a petrol engined standard gauge shunter for the War Office. This had a 180 hp Thornycroft 6-cylinder marine type reversing engine, and had coupled 0-4-0 layout, weighing 27 long tons (30.2 short tons ; 27.4  t ). Ten of these were ordered initially, with armour-plated superstructures for heavy haulage of rail-mounted guns. The first

1036-410: The company was latterly owned largely by railway contractors (historically an important customer base). The loss of Russian orders following the 1917 October Revolution and the imposition of a punitive Excess Profits Tax in 1921 played their part in bringing about the company's eventual demise, as did expenditure on a new Boiler Shop in 1924 in an attempt to modernise production methods. In what had become

1073-620: The company's designs and some materials were purchased by Manning Wardle & Company, who located their Boyne Engine Works in Jack Lane in the Hunslet district of the city. Steam locomotive construction commenced on the site in 1859. Within the next few years, two other companies, the Hunslet Engine Company and Hudswell, Clarke & Company also opened premises in Jack Lane. There was a good deal of staff movement between

1110-478: The company's most famous products, narrow gauge 2-6-2 T engines: Exe , Taw , Yeo and later Lew . Many locomotives of the company have been preserved, as listed below Steam When liquid water becomes steam, it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure ; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines , which are

1147-568: The end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However, in co-generation , steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system , which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven co-generation plants. In other industrial applications steam

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1184-503: The firm's withdrawal from locomotive manufacture and Robert Stephenson & Hawthorn produced a further five in 1940-1, all T class 0-6-0ST's for Stewarts & Lloyds. The surviving drawings are now held at Statfold Barn Railway Museum, near Tamworth. The trademark name Manning Wardle is owned by a company formed in 1999 to preserve the name for the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway , which from 1898 to 1935 operated what have become some of

1221-497: The three firms, leading to similar designs leaving all three works. Whilst Hudswell Clarke and Hunslet Engine Company built a wide variety of locomotive types, Manning Wardle concentrated on specialised locomotives for contractor's use, building up a range of locomotives suitable for all types of contracting work. The pivotal Manning Wardle inside-cylinder design was an 0-4-0 ST with 9-by-14-inch (230 by 360 mm) cylinders , one of which might have been owned by David Joy (it

1258-591: The type a serious proposition commencing with 18 in ( 457 mm ) gauge 0-4-0 ST Lord Raglan (No. 353) for the Royal Arsenal. Similar locomotives followed for both the Arsenal and Chatham Dockyard and in 1872 Manning Wardle's first long-wheelbase 0-6-0 to John Barraclough Fell's patents, an 18 in ( 457 mm ) gauge 0-6-0 tender locomotive for the Royal Engineers on

1295-631: The width of the track as in some of the Sugar Cane Railways of Australia. Minimum-gauge railways allowed for ease of mobility on battlefields, mines, and other restricted environments. A number of 18 in ( 457 mm ) gauge railways were built in Britain to serve ammunition depots and other military facilities, particularly during the First World War. In South Australia the Semaphore to Fort Glanville Conservation Park includes

1332-592: Was delivered to the Longmoor Military Railway in October 1915, the last to France in May 1916. They proved 'wholly' unsuccessful and were soon relegated to shunting work. The company employed traditional construction throughout its existence and failed to take advantage of the more efficient mass production techniques becoming available. The Wardle family connection with the company ceased in 1919 and

1369-480: Was originally conceived by Sir Arthur Percival Heywood , who used it in 1874 to describe the principle behind his Duffield Bank Railway , specifically its 15 in ( 381 mm ) gauge, distinguishing it from a "narrow gauge" railway. Having previously built a small railway of 9 in ( 229 mm ) gauge, he settled on 15 in ( 381 mm ) as the minimum that he felt was practical. The original text of Heywood's article defining minimum gauge railways

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