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71-520: Jiang Wei was from Ji County (冀縣/兾縣), Tianshui Commandery (天水郡), which is present-day Gangu County , Gansu . As his father died early, Jiang Wei grew up with his mother and was known for his interest in the writings of the Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan . The Fu Zi recorded that Jiang Wei was a fame-seeking person with great ambitions. He also secretly raised a private militia . Jiang Wei began his career in his native Tianshui Commandery , which

142-579: A county marquis under the title "Marquis of Pingxiang" (平襄侯). In 238, Jiang Wei accompanied the Shu regent Jiang Wan to Hanzhong Commandery near the Wei –Shu border. After Jiang Wan was appointed Grand Marshal (大司馬) in April or May 239, he appointed Jiang Wei as a Major (司馬) under him. He also put Jiang Wei in charge of a separate force to make incursions into Wei territory. In 240, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack

213-800: A lake formed from heaven, which would remain the same size year round. Tianshui is located in the valley of the Jie River, a major tributary of the Wei River , and on the boundary between the Loess Plateau and Qinling Mountains . The city has a monsoon -influenced, cool semi-arid ( Köppen BSk )/ humid continental ( Dwa ) climate, with four distinct seasons of comparatively equal length. Winters are cold but dry, with January 24-hour average temperature of −1.5 °C (29.3 °F), while summers are warm and somewhat humid, with July 24-hour average temperature of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). Much of

284-475: A large, luxurious palace in what is now the Children's Park. The palace's Radiant Glass Wall ( Chinese : 玻璃照壁 ) was demolished during road construction in 1935. Since then, a 13.6 m section has been rebuilt on the eastern end of Sanpu Street ( Chinese : 伞铺街 ; pinyin : Sǎnpù Jīe ). In 1643, Zhu Changhao fled south to Sichuan ahead of Li Zicheng 's rebel army. As he departed, his Hanzhong palace

355-458: A mistake in advising Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao because Huang Hao had strong influence in the Shu government, so he quickly excused himself and left. Liu Shan later instructed Huang Hao to visit Jiang Wei and apologise to him. Jiang Wei also managed to convince Huang Hao to let him remain in Tazhong to oversee agricultural production. His true intention, however, was to avoid getting caught up in

426-659: A power struggle with Huang Hao in Chengdu. In 263, Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to Liu Shan as follows: "I heard that Zhong Hui has been mobilising troops in Guanzhong and appears to be preparing to launch an invasion. As a precautionary measure, I think we should send Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to lead our forces to guard Yang'an Pass and the bridge at Yinping." Huang Hao believed fortune-tellers' prediction that Wei would not invade Shu, so he advised Liu Shan to ignore Jiang Wei's memorial and not put it up for discussion in

497-542: Is 14.67 °C (58.4 °F). Hanzhong's transport needs are served by the Hanzhong Chenggu Airport and Yangpingguan–Ankang Railway . Hanzhong Airport provides air access to Beijing , Xi'an, Shanghai and Shenzhen with daily flights to each. Hanzhong railway station lies in downtown Hanzhong, and is served by the Xi'an–Chengdu high-speed railway and Yangpingguan–Ankang railway lines. Hanzhong

568-675: Is 853 mm (33.6 in) precipitation annually, as compared to 553 mm (21.8 in) in Xi'an , the provincial capital. The chance of sunshine days per month varies from twenty-six percent in November and December to fifty percent in August. Hanzhong receives 1,569 hours of bright sunshine each year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 2.8 °C (37.0 °F) in January to 25.6 °C (78.1 °F) in July. The annual mean

639-592: Is centered around the Hantai District . The prefecture-level city consists of two urban district and nine rural counties. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,211,462, of whom 1,084,448 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of Hantai and Nanzheng districts. There are few references to Hanzhong before the Qin dynasty 's unification of China in 221 BC. The Book of Documents refers to an area called Liangzhou ( 梁州 ), while Sima Qian 's book Records of

710-647: Is located in southwestern Shaanxi, near the border with Gansu and Sichuan Provinces. It is part of the Shannan region . Hanzhong lies in the centre of the Hanzhong Basin , on the banks of the Han River (Hanshui). The Daba Mountains rise to the south of the city. To the north are the Qin Mountains . These mountains make a northern geographical limit of southern China. However, officially, Shaanxi

781-592: Is located near the built up area. Tianshui is currently serviced by Tianshui railway station on the Longhai Railway . The railway station is connected to downtown by the Tianshui Tram . A new high-speed railway station, Tianshui South railway station , opened in 2017. The Tianshui–Longnan railway is currently under construction and will add a north–south link to the county. The Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway connects Tianshui to Baoji/Xi'an in

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852-491: Is part of the northwest . For more on the divisions between northern and southern China, see Northern and southern China . The coordinates of the city's prefecture ranges in latitude from 33° 02' to 33° 22' N and in longitude from 106° 51' to 107° 10' E. It covers 27,246 square kilometres (10,520 sq mi). The northern part of the prefecture is elevated while the southern part is generally low lying. Height above sea level varies from around 500 metres (1,600 ft) in

923-742: The Emperor Wu of the Han separated the region as the Tianshui Commandery in 114 BC as part of his expansion towards the Tarim Basin . The general Li Guang came from the city. The Han conquests and explorations eventually resulted in the development of the Northern Silk Road : Tianshui formed its junction with the Wei River , after which it followed the road past Mount Long to Chang'an (present-day Xi'an ). Nearby are

994-605: The Han River '; abbreviation: Han) is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Shaanxi province , China, bordering the provinces of Sichuan to the south and Gansu to the west. The founder of the Han dynasty , Liu Bang , was once enfeoffed as the king of the Hanzhong region after overthrowing the Qin dynasty . During the Chu-Han contention , Liu Bang shortened his title to the King of Han ( 漢王 ), and later used it as

1065-523: The Imperial Chancellor and regent of Wei's rival state Shu , launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Wei. He occupied Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu ) and deployed his troops there in orderly formations. Three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安; around present-day Longxi County , Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (安定; around present-day Zhenyuan County, Gansu ) – responded to

1136-660: The Maijishan Grottoes , filled with thousands of Buddhist sculptures representing figures such as Buddha and the original male form of Guanyin , produced between the Wei and Song dynasties by monks travelling along the road and by local Buddhists. During the Northern Wei , the city was known as Hanyang and was the center of the Hanyang Commandery. During the Western Wei , this name

1207-686: The Northern Song dynasty (960 - 1127), however, Hanzhong became economically wealthy with city tax revenue just behind that of regional capitals such as Kaifeng and Chengdu . In 1331, during the Ming dynasty in the reign of the Hongwu Emperor , extensive renovations were made to Hanzhong's infrastructure. This work brought Hanzhong to its present layout and form. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572-1620) installed his fifth son, Zhu Changhao ( Chinese : 朱常浩 ), as king of Hanzhong. Changhao built

1278-706: The CCP and the Public Security Bureau are also located in Hantai District. Hanzhong consists two urban districts and nine rural counties. In 2021, the Hanzhong regional gross domestic product was 176.87 billion yuan . The annual gross domestic product per capita was 55279 yuan. The 012 base was established in Hanzhong in the 1960s. It is responsible for military transport aircraft and Air-to-air missiles in Yangxian County. Hanzhong

1349-559: The Empire, what makes you think we can do it? Wouldn't it be better to defend our state, govern our people well, respect and safeguard his legacy, and pass it on to future generations? Stop your wishful thinking that you can achieve victory in one fell swoop. If you fail, it will be too late for regrets." On 16 February 253, Fei Yi was assassinated during a party on the first day of the Chinese New Year . The assassin, Guo Xiu (郭脩),

1420-547: The Grand Historian speaks of a "Bao state" ( 褒國 , where the ancient beauty Bao Si came from), both of which are believed to refer to the area now called Hanzhong. From 900 BC, the area has been called Nanzheng ( Chinese : 南鄭 ; lit. 'southern Zheng'). The ancient geographical treatise entitled Shui Jing Zhu records that Duke Huan of Zheng , a vassal lord from the Western Zhou dynasty ,

1491-624: The Great Wall to resist the Shu invaders. Jiang Wei then retreated to Mangshui (芒水; southeast of present-day Zhouzhi County , Shaanxi ) and set up a camp there with its back facing a mountain. When the Wei forces encircled his position, Jiang Wei tried to taunt them to attack his camp but Sima Wang and Deng Ai ordered their troops to ignore the enemy and refrain from attacking. In 258, after Jiang Wei received news that Wei forces had suppressed Zhuge Dan's rebellion, he withdrew his troops and returned to

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1562-705: The Han dynasty. In the second century AD, the Eastern Han dynasty gradually weakened. Outsiders from the Ba region attacked the Hanzhong area, as they had in the past. The Han dynasty lost power. Zhang Lu , supported by followers of a Taoist sect, Way of the Celestial Masters , led an independent theocratic government in Hanzhong. Thirty years later, after the Battle of Yangping , Zhang Lu surrendered Hanzhong to

1633-644: The Qiang rebels, Baihuwen and Zhiwudai led their forces to join him. In response, the Wei government sent Xiahou Ba and Guo Huai to lead troops to suppress the rebellion and repel the Shu invasion. Jiang Wei attacked Xiahou Ba's position at the west of the Tao River but retreated back to Shu when Wei reinforcements led by Guo Huai showed up. In 248, Jiang Wei led Shu forces from Shiying (石營; northwest of present-day Xihe County , Gansu ) to Qiangchuan (彊川; west of present-day Lintan County , Gansu) to rendezvous with

1704-637: The Qin dynasty collapsed. Liu Bang , who would later become the founding emperor of the Han dynasty , was made lord of Hanzhong. He spent several years there before raising an army to challenge his arch-rival, Xiang Yu , during the Chu–Han Contention . In 206 BC, after the victory at Gaixia , Liu Bang named his imperial dynasty after his native district, as was customary. However, he chose Hanzhong rather than his birthplace Pei County (present-day Xuzhou , Jiangsu Province ). Thus, Hanzhong gave its name to

1775-596: The Shu army had occupied Mount Qi. After telling Ma Zun that Zhuge Liang was "up to no good", Guo Huai wanted to quickly head back to Shanggui County in the east of Tianshui Commandery. Even though his headquarters was at Ji County in the west, Ma Zun did not want to go back because he feared that there would be unrest in Ji County in light of the Shu invasion. He decided to join Guo Huai and move to Shanggui County instead. When Jiang Wei urged Ma Zun to return to Ji County,

1846-442: The Shu capital Chengdu . The Shu emperor Liu Shan restored him to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍). At the time, having seen year after year of battles against Wei, the people of Shu were growing tired of having to endure the costs and effects of war. The Shu official Qiao Zhou also wrote the "Chou Guo Lun" (仇國論; "Disquisition on Rivalling States"), a satirical piece criticising Jiang Wei for his warmongering behaviour. In

1917-419: The Shu invasion, the Wei regent Sima Shi ordered his generals Guo Huai and Chen Tai to lead the Wei forces stationed in the Guanzhong region to attack the invaders and lift the siege on Didao. Chen Tai attacked the Shu forces at Luomen (洛門; in present-day Wushan County, Gansu ) and defeated them. Jiang Wei eventually withdrew all his forces and retreated back to Shu when they ran out of food supplies. In

1988-524: The Wei forces in Didao know that reinforcements were on the way. As a result, the Wei forces in Didao experienced a surge in morale, and the Shu forces were taken by surprise. At the same time, Chen Tai also spread false news that they were planning to cut off the Shu army's retreat route. When Jiang Wei heard about it, he became fearful so on 11 November 255 he withdrew all the Shu forces and retreated to Zhongti (鐘堤; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu). In

2059-498: The Wei general Xu Zhi in battle. Xu Zhi was defeated and killed, but the Shu army also lost a general, Zhang Ni . The victorious Shu forces then occupied three counties – Didao, Heguan (河關; in the vicinity of present-day Dingxi, Gansu) and Lintao – and forced the residents to relocate to Shu-controlled territory. In 255, despite strong objection from a fellow Shu general Zhang Yi , Jiang Wei went ahead with another campaign against Wei and even brought along Zhang Yi as his deputy. As

2130-592: The Wei general Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County , Anhui ), Jiang Wei decided to take advantage of the situation to stage another invasion of Wei. He led Shu forces to attack the Wei garrisons near the Great Wall which were well-stocked with supplies but poorly defended. The Wei forces stationed there started panicking when they heard of the Shu army's approach. The Wei generals Sima Wang and Deng Ai led separate armies to

2201-659: The Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery but was driven back by Wei forces under Guo Huai 's command. Three years later, Jiang Wei was promoted to the rank of Senior General Who Guards the West (鎮西大將軍) and appointed as the nominal Inspector of Liang Province (涼州刺史). Following Jiang Wan 's death in 246, Fei Yi became the regent of Shu. A year later, Jiang Wei was promoted to General of the Guards (衞將軍). He also shared power with Fei Yi by jointly holding

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2272-562: The Wei-controlled Xiping Commandery (西平郡; around present-day Xining , Qinghai ). He retreated after failing to capture Xiping. Jiang Wei believed that he was familiar with the culture of the Qiang and other non- Han Chinese tribes in western China, and had great confidence in his skills as a military leader. He often boasted that he could easily conquer the Wei -controlled lands in present-day Gansu if he had

2343-406: The West (征西將軍) and given the appointment of Central Army Supervisor (中監軍). Following Zhuge Liang's death at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains in the autumn of 234, Jiang Wei returned to the Shu capital Chengdu and was reassigned to serve as Right Army Supervisor (右監軍) with the rank of General Who Assists Han (輔漢將軍). He was put in command of Chengdu's armed forces and promoted from a village marquis to

2414-674: The annual rainfall occurs from June to September, and the annual mean temperature is 11.44 °C (52.6 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in September to 50% in December, the city receives 1,911 hours of bright sunshine annually. Due to the mild climate, Tianshui is a large producer of fruits, in particular apples . It is also a major industrial centre in Gansu province, especially regarding electronics. Some major industries include: Tianshui Maijishan Airport

2485-502: The country to go and taste the dish. The numbing sensation of spiciness forms the "soul flavor" of Tianshui spicy hot pot. This "soul" comes from local specialty ingredients in Tianshui – Maiji peppercorns and Gangu chili peppers. The viral phenomenon has been compared to the 2023 spring festival Zibo BBQ craze. Hanzhong Hanzhong ( simplified Chinese : 汉中 ; traditional Chinese : 漢中 ; lit. 'middle of

2556-598: The east and Dingxi, Lanzhou towards the northwest and supersedes highway G310 . G310 runs as a motorway within the urban centre. Tianshui's signature dish is Guagua (呱呱), a sticky boiled buckwheat flour meal, seasoned with chili oil, sesame paste, mustard, oil, salt, vinegar and garlic paste. The dish is normally eaten as a breakfast. According to legends it was the imperial food during Han dynasty general Wei Xiao's rule. In early 2024 Tianshui malatang hot pot went viral online in China, attracting many tourists from all over

2627-424: The eleventh Northern Expedition. The Chronicles of Huayang recorded that Jiang Wei hated Huang Hao for his power-grabbing behaviour and once advised Liu Shan to execute the eunuch. However, Liu Shan refused and said: "Huang Hao is but a servant running errands for me. In the past, I was annoyed by Dong Yun 's deep hatred of him. Sir, why do you need to take this so personally?" Jiang Wei soon realised that he had

2698-481: The enemy. Jiang Wei's family members thus spent the rest of their lives in prison. After returning to Hanzhong Commandery , Zhuge Liang appointed Jiang Wei as an Assistant official in charge of food supplies (倉曹掾). Later, Jiang Wei was commissioned as General Who Upholds Righteousness (奉義將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Dangyang Village (當陽亭侯). Jiang Wei was subsequently promoted to the rank of General Who Attacks

2769-528: The imperial court. Tianshui Tianshui is a prefecture-level city in Gansu province , China , and is the province's second-largest city (behind the provincial capital Lanzhou ). Located in the southeast of the province, the city strides along the upper reaches of the Wei River and at the boundary of the Loess Plateau and the Qinling Mountains . As of the 2020 census, its population

2840-660: The invasion by defecting to the Shu side. Jiang Wei's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that at the time, Jiang Wei and his colleagues Liang Xu, Yin Shang and Liang Qian were out on an inspection tour with Ma Zun (馬遵), the Administrator of Tianshui Commandery. When Ma Zun learnt of the Shu invasion and heard that many counties in Tianshui Commandery had defected to the enemy, he suspected that Jiang Wei and

2911-467: The latter told him and the others: "If you go back, then you will become my enemy." Jiang Wei ignored Ma Zun because he was worried about the safety of his family in Ji County, so he parted ways with Ma Zun and returned to Ji County with his colleague Shangguan Zixiu (上官子脩) and others. When Jiang Wei returned to Ji County, the people welcomed him back and insisted that he meet Zhuge Liang. Jiang Wei and Shangguan Zixiu relented and went to see Zhuge Liang, who

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2982-408: The massive Shu army prepared to attack Didao (狄道; present-day Lintao County , Gansu), Wang Jing , the Wei governor of Yong Province , sought help from the Wei general Chen Tai . After suffering a disastrous defeat against Shu forces at the west bank of the Tao River , Wang Jing and his remaining men retreated to Didao and took shelter inside the fortress. When Jiang Wei wanted to take advantage of

3053-462: The momentum to press on and besiege Didao, Zhang Yi advised him to stop advancing further because they would risk losing everything they had gained so far. Jiang Wei ignored him and ordered his forces to surround Didao. In the meantime, Chen Tai, Deng Ai , Sima Fu and other Wei officers led reinforcements to Didao to save Wang Jing. Chen Tai led his troops to the hills southeast of Didao, where they lit more fires and beat their war drums loudly to let

3124-551: The name of his imperial dynasty. In this way, Hanzhong was responsible for the naming of the Han dynasty, which was later hailed as the first golden age in imperial Chinese history and lends its name to the principal ethnic group in China . Hanzhong is located at the modern headwater of the Han River, the largest tributary of the Yangtze River . Hanzhong city covers 27,246 square kilometres (10,520 sq mi) and

3195-445: The north help shield the city from cold Siberian winds in the winter. Hence, the winter in Hanzhong is warmer than that at similar latitudes east of Shannan. This is despite Hanzhong's elevation and inland location. In contrast, because of its elevation, Hanzhong summers are temperate, with average highs in July and August about 30 °C (86 °F). The area is far more humid than central and northern Shaanxi . In Hanzhong, there

3266-817: The office of Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) with him. In the same year, Jiang Wei suppressed a rebellion in Pingkang County (平康縣; southwest of present-day Songpan County , Sichuan ). In 247, the Qiang tribes started a rebellion against Wei in four commanderies in Yong and Liang provinces, and called for support from Shu. Baihuwen (白虎文) and Zhiwudai (治無戴), two tribal kings in Liang Province, responded by rebelling against Wei. When Jiang Wei led Shu forces into Liang Province to support

3337-439: The official in charge of Ji County also refused to allow them to enter. Faced with no other choice, Jiang Wei and his colleagues surrendered and defected to Shu. The Weilüe recorded a different account of Jiang Wei's defection from Wei to Shu. At the time of the Shu invasion, Ma Zun and his subordinates (including Jiang Wei) were on an inspection tour with the Wei general Guo Huai when they received news that Zhuge Liang and

3408-529: The others were going to betray him so he fled overnight and took shelter in Shanggui County (上邽縣; within present-day Tianshui, Gansu). By the time Jiang Wei and his colleagues realised that Ma Zun had abandoned them and fled on his own, they attempted to catch up with him but it was too late. They were denied entry when they showed up at Shanggui County, so Jiang Wei led them to his home county, Ji County (冀縣/兾縣; present-day Gangu County , Gansu). However,

3479-508: The people increasingly resented Jiang Wei for his warmongering behaviour. In order to appease public anger, Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to the Shu imperial court to take full responsibility for the failure of the ninth Northern Expedition and requested to be demoted as punishment. Liu Shan approved Jiang Wei's request and demoted him to the position of General of the Rear (後將軍) but allowed him to remain as acting General-in-Chief (大將軍). In 257, when

3550-407: The same time, he ordered his subordinate Xiahou Ba to attack Jiang Wei and push him back towards Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County , Gansu). Guo Huai's plan succeeded as Jiang Wei turned back to save Liao Hua when he learnt that Chengzhong Mountain was under attack. In doing so, he failed to meet up with Zhiwudai and eventually retreated back to Shu. In the autumn of 249, after he

3621-512: The south. After the invasions of the Rong which unseated the Western Zhou , Qin recovered the territory of Tianshui from the nomads. It became an important region of their duchy and, later, kingdom. Characteristically Qin tombs have been excavated at Fangmatan nearby, including one 2200-year-old map of Qin 's Gui County . Under the Qin Empire , the area was part of Longxi Commandery but

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3692-519: The spring of 256, the Shu emperor Liu Shan promoted Jiang Wei to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍). In autumn, Jiang Wei led Shu forces from Zhongti (鐘堤; south of present-day Lintao County , Gansu ) to conquer Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu ) but failed because the Wei general Deng Ai had anticipated the attack and already set up strong defences. Jiang Wei then attacked Deng Ai at Mount Wucheng (武城山; in present-day Chencang District , Baoji , Shaanxi ) but

3763-445: The summer of 254, after the Shu government granted him authority to oversee internal and external military affairs, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery again. Li Jian (李簡), the Wei official in charge of Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County , Gansu), surrendered to Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei then pressed further to attack Xiangwu County (襄武縣; southeast of present-day Longxi County , Gansu) and engaged

3834-500: The support of the Qiang and non-Han Chinese tribes living in the region. Fei Yi , however, disapproved of Jiang Wei's hawkish stance and warmongering behaviour towards Wei, and attempted to rein him in by limiting the number of troops he led into battle each time to no more than 10,000. The Han Jin Chunqiu (漢晉春秋) recorded that Fei Yi once told Jiang Wei: "We aren’t as brilliant as the Imperial Chancellor . If even he can't stabilise

3905-633: The tomb of the Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang . Much of this period of Hanzhong's history is retold in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . In Hanzhong, between the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Tang dynasty there was political turmoil. In 784, when the capital, Chang'an (modern Xi'an) was captured, the Emperor Dezong of Tang fled to Hanzhong. During

3976-555: The tribal king Zhiwudai (治無戴), who had recently been defeated by the Wei general Guo Huai at Longyi County (龍夷縣; west of present-day Huangyuan County , Qinghai ) He left his subordinate Liao Hua behind to guard the fortress at Chengzhong Mountain (成重山; located west of present-day Lintao County , Gansu). Guo Huai split his army into two groups with the aim of preventing Jiang Wei from meeting up and combining forces with Zhiwudai. He led one group to attack Liao Hua at Chengzhong Mountain to force Jiang Wei to turn back to save Liao Hua. At

4047-455: The two fortresses and cut off their supply routes. When Jiang Wei led troops from Mount Niutou (牛頭山; west of present-day Zhaohua District , Guangyuan , Sichuan ) to reinforce the two fortresses, Chen Tai led a Wei army to block his path. At the same time, Chen Tai sought help from Guo Huai, who led his troops across the Tao River to attack Jiang Wei's base at Mount Niutou. Jiang Wei became fearful so he pulled back all his troops and abandoned

4118-613: The two fortresses. Three days after his apparent retreat, Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to lead a small force to distract Deng Ai at Baishui (白水; in present-day Qingchuan County , Sichuan ) while he led the main army to attack Taocheng (洮城; northeast of present-day Min County, Gansu). Deng Ai saw through Jiang Wei's ruse and immediately dispatched reinforcements to Taocheng. Jiang Wei failed to capture Taocheng as Deng Ai had already strengthened its defences so he withdrew all his troops and returned to Shu. In 250, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack

4189-716: The urban area to 2,038 metres (6,686 ft) in the Qin Mountains. The Wuchiapingian Age in the Permian Period of geological time is named from Wuchiaping (from Chinese : 吴家坪 ; pinyin : Wújiāpíng ; lit. ' Wu Family Flatland') in the Liangshan area of Hanzhong. Hanzhong has a temperate and humid climate. It is classified as humid subtropical ( Köppen Cwa ), with cool, damp winters and hot, humid summers. The Qin Mountains to

4260-430: The warlord, Cao Cao . Prior to and during the Three Kingdoms period, Hanzhong was a militarily strategically important site. It is located at a critical point along the route an army would take from the Central Plain to the Sichuan Basin. At this time, Cao Cao lost control of Hanzhong to Liu Bei , who assumed the title of King of Hanzhong. Ruins and landmarks of the Three Kingdoms era remaining in Hanzhong include

4331-414: The winter of 262, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to occupy Taoyang County (洮陽縣; in present-day Lintao County , Gansu ) and attack Wei forces led by Deng Ai at Houhe County (侯和縣) but they lost the battle. He retreated to Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County , Gansu) and garrisoned there. Jiang Wei knew that given his background as a defector from Wei , he had to prove his loyalty to Shu so he

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4402-462: Was 2,984,659 inhabitants, of which 1,212,791 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts of Qinzhou and Maiji . The city and its surroundings have played an important role in the early history of China, as still visible in the form of historic sites such as the Maijishan Grottoes . Qin , whose House of Ying were the ruling family of the founding dynasty of Imperial China, developed from Quanqiu (present-day Lixian ) to

4473-555: Was a Wei civilian captured in battle by Jiang Wei. After reluctantly surrendering to Shu, he attempted to assassinate Liu Shan but failed to get close to the emperor so he switched his target to Fei Yi and succeeded. Fei Yi's death allowed Jiang Wei to gain greater control over the Shu military and continue waging war against Wei. In the summer of 253, Jiang Wei led tens of thousands of Shu troops from Shiying (石營; northwest of present-day Xihe County , Gansu) to besiege Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County , Gansu ). In response to

4544-423: Was a territory of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He started out as a clerk in charge of records and later became an assistant officer under the commandery administrator. After considering that his father died in service, the Wei government commissioned Jiang Wei as a zhonglang (中郎) and allowed him to participate in military affairs in Tianshui Commandery. In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang ,

4615-426: Was changed to Hanyang County. During the Tang and Five Dynasties , the city of Tianshui was known as Shanggui ( 上邽 ). It alternated with Chengji (present-day Qin'an ) as the capital of the province of Qinzhou ( 秦州 ). Li County was separated from Tianshui's jurisdiction during the ninth year of Chenghua (AD 1473) during the Ming dynasty . According to a legend, the name Tianshui ( 天水 ) originates from

4686-540: Was delighted to meet them. By the time Jiang Wei wanted to go back to Ji County to fetch his family members (mother, wife and child(ren)), Wei forces under Zhang He and Fei Yao had defeated the Shu vanguard at the Battle of Jieting . Unable to return to Ji County and left with no other option, Jiang Wei decided to defect to Shu and follow Zhuge Liang. After Wei forces recaptured Ji County, they took Jiang Wei's family members captive but did not execute them because they knew that Jiang Wei did not originally intend to defect to

4757-399: Was driven back. Later, he led his troops across the Wei River to launch a coordinated strike on Shanggui County (上邽縣; in present-day Tianshui , Gansu) with another Shu force led by Hu Ji . However, Hu Ji failed to show up in time so Jiang Wei came under attack by Deng Ai and his army sustained heavy casualties. As the Northern Expeditions took a huge toll on Shu's population and resources,

4828-648: Was eager to gain glory in battle. However, despite leading eleven campaigns against Wei, he had not made any significant achievements. While he was away at the frontline, the palace eunuch Huang Hao , whom the emperor Liu Shan favoured, gradually gained power in the Shu government and dominated the political scene. Huang Hao had a close partnership with the Shu general Yan Yu (閻宇) and he considered replacing Jiang Wei with Yan Yu as General-in-Chief. Jiang Wei had long suspected that Huang Hao had something against him so he remained in Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County , Gansu ) and did not return to Chengdu after

4899-413: Was granted acting imperial authority by the Shu emperor Liu Shan , Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Yong Province and gained support from the Qiang tribes. He had two fortresses constructed at Qushan (麴山; southeast of present-day Min County , Gansu ). In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei general Guo Huai ordered his subordinates Chen Tai , Xu Zhi and Deng Ai to besiege

4970-407: Was looted. Qing dynasty historians remembered the massive but empty palace. In December 1949, in the Chinese Civil War , Hanzhong was captured by the People's Liberation Army as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) expelled the Kuomintang . The governance of Hanzhong, including the municipal executive, the legislature and the judiciary are located in Hantai District ( 汉台区 ). The offices of

5041-411: Was slain in a battle with the nomadic Quanrong people, and some of the Zheng citizens fled the capital to establish a new settlement to the south, giving rise to the area's name. However, the veracity of this story is controversial. In the Qin dynasty the area was governed as the Hanzhong Commandery, whose seat was in current day Nanzheng County , south of the Hanzhong urban area. In 207 BC,

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