87-658: Robert Maloubier DSO MBE (2 February 1923 – 20 April 2015) was a French secret agent who worked for the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) in World War II. He received his training at Wanborough Manor in Surrey. Following the war, Maloubier went on to become a founding member of the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage . He also designed one of
174-616: A case of 'a high degree of gallantry just short of deserving the Victoria Cross '. In either case, being ' Mentioned in Dispatches ' was a pre-condition for the award of a DSO. A requirement that the order could be given only to someone mentioned in despatches was removed in 1943. Since 1993, reflecting the review of the British honours system which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of operational awards,
261-506: A decoration associated with the Royal Victorian Order, is not slotted into any of the three aforementioned categories. They are similar to national orders, are created by the sovereign and conferred by her or her viceroy, and are worn on the left side of the jacket or dress. Decorations also entitle the recipient to post-nominal letters. The military valour decorations were created on 2 February 1993 by Queen Elizabeth II, on
348-583: A geographical theatre; save for the General Campaign Stars and Medals, each is associated with a particular conflict. The general star and medal are issued for any active service in a combat zone, which one or ones being distinguished by additional clasps that are worn on the medal's ribbon. Such medals presently recognised in the Canadian honours system are: Canadians earlier qualified for British campaign medals , though these awards were, at
435-550: A high degree of gallantry, just short of deserving the Victoria Cross . Whilst normally given for service under fire or under conditions equivalent to service in actual combat with the enemy, a number of awards made between 1914 and 1916 were under circumstances not under fire, often to staff officers , causing resentment among front-line officers. After 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire. From 1916, ribbon bars could be authorised for subsequent awards of
522-457: A major difference to Canada, or non-Canadians who made the world better by their actions. Musicians, politicians, artists, entertainers, benefactors, and many more have been accepted into the order; since its creation, more than 8,000 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada. The order, of which the monarch is Sovereign and the serving governor general is Chancellor and Principal Companion,
609-435: A neck ribbon by men and on a pinned bow by women, while those for the lower levels are worn suspended on ribbons attached to the left of the jacket of dress, those for women again usually on a bow. These insignia are presented to the recipient by either the monarch or governor general. Orders are not awarded to individuals, instead one is appointed into membership in a society of honour, and can be promoted to higher grades within
696-464: A new single class but limited-membership order, similar to the Order of New Zealand . The order of precedence also came under scrutiny, particularly the anomaly that all three grades of the Order of Canada supersede the top levels of each of the other orders, contrary to international practice. McCreery echoed these comments in 2010 and added that the Canadian honours system was lacking a polar medal (which
783-524: A significant contribution to their fellow citizens, their community or to Canada. So that all regions of the country are recognised equally, the federal, provincial, and civic governments all forward names to Rideau Hall, as do private organizations in the fields of the arts, sports, philanthropy, and charity. The full membership of the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit, as well as all winners of Canadian bravery decorations will typically also receive commemorative medals automatically, while for members of
870-553: Is a military decoration of the United Kingdom , as well as formerly of other parts of the Commonwealth , awarded for operational gallantry for highly successful command and leadership during active operations, typically in actual combat. Since 1993 it has been awarded specifically for "highly successful command and leadership during active operations", with all ranks being eligible. It is a level 2A decoration (order) in
957-469: Is a dynastic order established in 1896 by Queen Victoria to recognise those who performed exemplary personal service for the sovereign. The order's day is 20 June, the date of Victoria's accession to the throne, and its motto is Victoria . The structure includes five classes and a medal, though the levels of Knight or Dame Grand Cross and Knight or Dame Commander, available to all in other Commonwealth realms, are not normally open to Canadian citizens, due to
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#17328018414221044-595: Is a society of members of the Canadian Forces who have demonstrated dedication and devotion beyond the call of duty. Established in 1972 by Queen Elizabeth II, who serves as the order's Sovereign, with the governor general as the Chancellor and the chief of the Defence Staff as Principal Commander, the award has three classes: Commander (CMM), Officer (OMM), and Member (MMM). For each grade, there
1131-537: Is also given to the governor general of Canada upon his or her appointment as viceroy, which includes the title of Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada . Despite its name, the Canadian Forces Decoration is a medal, as opposed to a decoration. Other long service medals include: The Canadian provinces and territories each have their own internal honours system, though they differ in some ways from their federal counterpart. British Columbia
1218-468: Is an extraordinary category reserved for those members of the royal family in the Canadian Forces nominated and approved for appointment. Upon taking office, governors general become Extraordinary Commanders for life or until removal from the order. Members of Canada's various police bodies who have demonstrated conspicuous merit and exceptional service are inducted into the Order of Merit of
1305-439: Is currently composed of three grades: Companion (CC), Officer (OC), and Member (CM). For each grade, there is an extraordinary category reserved for those members of the royal family nominated and approved for appointment. Upon taking office, governors general and viceregal consorts become Extraordinary Companions for life or until removal from the order. The Order of Military Merit ( French : Ordre du mérite militaire )
1392-487: Is moved before the Cabinet for an order-in-council to be drawn up. On the prime minister's advice, via the governor general, the documents and drawings for the new honour are presented to the monarch for his consideration; only with his signature on the relevant letters patent and the design sketches does the new honour officially become extant. Any future amendments to the honour's appearance or award criteria do not need
1479-649: Is represented by the governor general , who also carries out investitures and distributes awards in the sovereign's name. As such, administration of the honours system is the responsibility of the Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall , which is a part of the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General of Canada . The governor general also sets out, via order-in-council , the order of precedence for
1566-515: Is the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada, while the lieutenant governors serve as Vice-Prior in their respective province. Each is also automatically appointed as a Knight or Dame of Justice in case of the Prior and his or her spouse, or a Knight or Dame of Grace in the case of lieutenant governors upon being sworn into their viceregal office. Spouses of lieutenant governors are made Officers. Members of
1653-411: Is the country's second highest civilian honour for merit and is administered by the governor general-in-Council, on behalf of the monarch of Canada. Created in 1967, appointment is granted to those who adhere to the order's motto Desiderantes meliorem patriam ( Latin for: 'desiring a better country'), meaning that, in essence, the honour recognises lifetime contributions made by Canadians who made
1740-639: Is the highest award for valour available to members of the Canadian Forces of any rank, in any service, and allies serving under or with Canadian military command. Based on the British version of the same medal, it is only awarded for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force. Prior to 1993, the original Victoria Cross was awarded to 94 Canadians, none of whom are now living; since its creation, no Canadian Victoria Cross has been issued. The Star of Military Valour (post-nominal letters SMV , French : Étoile de la vaillance militaire )
1827-695: Is the second-highest ranking of Canadian bravery decorations. As of April 2018, the Star of Courage has been presented to 458 people, though no bars have yet been issued. The Medal of Bravery (post-nominal letters MB , French : Médaille de la Bravoure ) is the third rank of the bravery decorations, awarded in recognition of "acts of bravery in hazardous circumstances," and has been awarded most frequently; as of April 2018, 3,304 medals had been awarded. The meritous service decorations are each divided into military and civilian categories, which each may be awarded to both Canadians and non-Canadians. The set of awards
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#17328018414221914-578: The British system of military decorations . Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria in a royal warrant published in The London Gazette on 9 November, the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886. The order was established to reward individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war. It was a military order, until recently for officers only and typically awarded to officers ranked major (or equivalent) or higher, with awards to ranks below this usually for
2001-618: The Canadian Forces who loses his or her life in active service, including peacekeeping, and other such international operations. From amongst the recipients of the medal has been drawn annually the Silver Cross Mother . Later, in 2008, Queen Elizabeth II approved the establishment of the Sacrifice Medal ( French : Médaille du sacrifice ) as a replacement for the Wound Stripe , to be presented to any member of
2088-548: The Canadian Forces' Decoration awarded to her was substantive. Similarly, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was offered only honorary appointment to the Order of Canada, which he refused on the grounds that, as the royal consort of the Queen, he was Canadian and thus entitled to a substantive appointment, as he had been awarded the Canadian Forces Decoration and Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan . In 2013,
2175-466: The Commonwealth . The following received the DSO and three bars ( i.e., were awarded the DSO four times): Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada The orders, decorations, and medals of Canada comprise a complex system by which Canadians are honoured by the country's sovereign for actions or deeds that benefit their community or the country at large. Modelled on its British predecessor ,
2262-643: The Department of National Defence , though private organisations or individuals may also make proposals. The Chancellery will investigate whether or not the suggested honour is necessary and if it will conform within the national honours structure. Should it meet these criteria, the notion is put before the Honours Policy Committee—a group of senior public servants , formed in 1980 within the Privy Council Office —and then, if approved,
2349-698: The Knights Hospitaller of the Crusades , who served the Abbey of St. Mary's small hospital for sick pilgrims in Jerusalem in the 12th century. It was established in the United Kingdom in 1831 and given a royal charter by Queen Victoria in 1888, and has existed in Canada in some form for many years, but was only officially brought into the Canadian honours system in 1995. The governor general
2436-640: The Order of Good Cheer (still extant today) and Charles de Montmagny had designs to establish the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in New France while he was governor from 1635 to 1648. The Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis , established by King Louis XIV in 1693 specifically to honour worthy French, Catholic military officers, came to be one of the most familiar honours in New France; some 300 people associated with Canada were appointed into it, Louis-Hector de Callière being
2523-699: The Royal Victorian Medal allows the recipient the use of the post-nominal letters RVM . The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( French : L'Ordre très vénérable de l'Hôpital de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem ) is a working order of charitably minded men and women whose philanthropy is expressed principally through its two foundations: the St. John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem and St. John Ambulance . The order traces its origins to
2610-472: The Secretary of state for the colonies and then the prime minister; by the secretary and passed on to the prime minister; or by the prime minister himself. The British government felt no obligation to consult any government in British North America before bestowing an honour upon any resident of the colonies. Following Confederation, the prime minister of Canada submitted a list of names to
2697-475: The United Kingdom to decide on a total number of medallions to be produced and allocate how many were to be distributed to each of the British Empire and Crown dependencies and possessions, and later Commonwealth of Nations countries. From that point, the award of the medals was at the discretion of the local government authority. Such medals are awarded to Canadians who have been deemed to have made
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2784-508: The Victoria Cross , however, remained available and knighthoods were still conferred: on Sir Frederick Banting in 1934, Sir Edwin Leather in 1964, and Sir Terry Matthews in 2002. Further, some pre-existing Canadian peerages continued to be recognised—the Baron de Longueuil and Baron Thomson of Fleet , for example—and still others were granted after 1919 by the sovereign of Canada, such as
2871-595: The Viscount Bennett of Mickleham , Hopewell , and Calgary . Governor General the Viscount Monck had originally pushed for a distinct Canadian order of knighthood in 1867, to be called the Order of St Lawrence. The idea was revived by Vincent Massey in 1935 and again in 1951, in between which he also suggested in 1940 a Royal Order of Canada. The Canadian Cabinet , however, never accepted these proposals, generally wishing instead to steer clear of
2958-422: The governor general , administers most of the honours system through the Chancellery of Honours, which is a part of the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General of Canada . The governor general also sets out, via order-in-council , the order of precedence for the wearing of insignia, decorations, and medals. The momentum to create a new honour typically originates at either the Chancellery of Honours or
3045-562: The 1990s most, including Canada , Australia and New Zealand , were establishing their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours. Recipients of the order are officially known as Companions of the Distinguished Service Order, and are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "DSO". All awards are announced in The London Gazette . From 1918 to 2017, the Distinguished Service Order
3132-676: The British monarch). There was uncertainty amongst officials in Canada and Britain alike around how to go about creating such an honour, and delays were incurred not only as Canadian bureaucrats interpreted the Nickle Resolution as applying to medals, but also because the King himself was widening the project to consider all the Empire police forces. This process was refined through the Second World War and Korean War , though
3219-572: The British version. The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 provided the right opportunity and circumstances in which to establish Canada's first order: the Order of Canada . The system was revised in 1972 and has since expanded, mostly through the 1990s, and generally attracted little criticism; indeed, the orders, decorations, and medals of Canada inspired other Commonwealth realms , such as Australia and New Zealand , to adopt similar approaches in their respective jurisdictions, as did each of Canada's provinces. However, some experts in
3306-414: The Canadian Forces by military personnel, and to the nation by civilians. The Royal Victorian Chain is a decoration created in 1902 by King Edward VII as a personal gift of the monarch. Originally reserved for members of the royal family, the chain is a distinct award conferred only upon the highest dignitaries, including foreign monarchs, heads of state, and high-ranking individuals. It is an element of
3393-419: The Canadian Forces or allied forces who were wounded or killed in action. The medal is also awarded posthumously to any member of the Canadian Forces who dies under honourable circumstances as a result of an injury or disease related to military service. Canada's campaign medals are a continuation of the tradition of the monarch recognising service in a designated military operation or performance of duty in
3480-521: The Canadian Forces, merit with length of service and prestige of current appointment is considered. Such medals presently recognised in the Canadian honours system are: Earlier commemorative medals for Canada or given to Canadians included: A medal for the sesquicentennial of Confederation in 2017 was originally planned and work on it progressed to the point of renderings, prepared medal certificates, and drafted regulations and letters patent before Minister of Canadian Heritage Melanie Joly cancelled
3567-404: The Canadian Forces, while its civilian counterpart honours similar acts—whether in athletics, diplomatic relations, humanitarian activities, etc.—that benefit the nation. The Meritorious Service Medal (post-nominal letters MSM , French : Médaille du service méritoire ) is the secondary meritorious service decoration and recognises highly professional acts that are of considerable benefit to
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3654-450: The Canadian honours system, but not included in the order of precedence for the wear of honours, decorations, and medals. It does not provide recipients with any title or post-nominal letters and there is no associated ribbon for men; however, women can wear the insignia on a bow fashioned from the ribbon of the RVC. Former Governors General Vincent Massey and Roland Michener were both given
3741-568: The DSO has been open to all ranks, with the award criteria redefined as "highly successful command and leadership during active operations". At the same time, the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross was introduced as the second-highest award for gallantry. Despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, the DSO has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank. The DSO had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by
3828-592: The DSO, worn on the ribbon of the original award. In 1942, the award was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry whilst under enemy attack. Prior to 1943, the DSO could be awarded to only commissioned officers of the Lieutenant-Colonel rank and above, for 'meritorious or distinguished service in wartime' under conditions of actual combat. If awarded to an officer ranking below Lieutenant-Colonel, it had to be
3915-570: The Duke of Devonshire ), the awarding of such distinctions in Canada immediately ceased. Thereafter, the House of Commons of Canada in 1917 and 1919 passed the Nickle Resolutions , which, though never legally binding, generally cemented the cease of titular awards to Canadians. The end of the conferment of imperial honours on Canadians came in 1955. Awards for gallantry and bravery, such as
4002-546: The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, for example—or for community service. Still others are awarded by international organisations and integrated into the Canadian honours structure; the United Nations Medals and North Atlantic Treaty Organization medals, for example. As medals are awarded more widely than orders or decorations, they are typically presented by higher-ranking officials in the organization
4089-465: The Governor General's Northern Medal (established by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson in 2005) and the Governor General's Caring Canadian Award (established by Governor General Roméo LeBlanc in 1995), respectively. This made them honours of the Crown, permitting them to be incorporated into the Canadian honours system. Until 1977, the practice for coronation and jubilee medals was for authorities in
4176-479: The King permitted the governor general to exercise most of the monarch's royal prerogative on his behalf, it was agreed between George VI and his Canadian Prime Minister at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King , that the sovereign alone would retain the prerogative to create new honours. In 1951, the first distinctly Canadian campaign medal, the Korea Medal , was created, when other Commonwealth countries used
4263-487: The Order of Canada and the governor general an Extraordinary Commander of the Order of Military Merit. All honours in Canada emanate from the country's monarch , who is regarded as the fount of honour ; only he or she may create new honours, though this, as part of the Royal Prerogative , is generally done on the advice of the sitting ministers of the Crown . The sovereign's representative in Canada,
4350-692: The Police Forces ( French : Ordre du mérite des corps policiers ), which was created in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II. As with the Order of Military Merit, the reigning monarch is the Sovereign of the order, while the governor general is the Chancellor and the commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police acts as Principal Commander. The order has three grades: Commander (COM), Officer (OOM), and Member (MOM). The Royal Victorian Order ( French : Ordre royal de Victoria )
4437-494: The Prior. In Canada, the order has five grades: Bailiffs or Dames Grand Cross (GCStJ), Knight or Dame (KStJ or DStJ), Commander (CStJ), Officer (OStJ), and Member (MStJ). Esquires are not members of the Order but instead members of the Priory. Decorations are awarded for gallantry, civilian bravery, or meritorious services; only the Royal Victorian Medal ( post-nominal letters RVM , French : Médaille royale de Victoria ),
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#17328018414224524-570: The Province of New Brunswick and of Cherkley in the County of Surrey—and permitted those so honoured to sit in the House of Lords at Westminster . Such acts of recognition were carried out by the reigning British monarch. Prior to Confederation, the sovereign did so on the advice of the British prime minister ; the names of those to be honoured were either selected by the colonial governor or governor general in British North America and passed on to
4611-556: The RVC by Queen Elizabeth II; the second and third commoners to receive the honour. Canada has various types of medals, some part of the official honours system and others not. Those in the former category tend to be related to state organisations, such as police forces, fire protection , or the military. These can be further sub-categorised into long service and campaign medals. Others are awarded to military and civilians alike for anniversaries—the Canadian Centennial or
4698-450: The Star of Military Valour. The Medal of Military Valour (post-nominal letters MMV , French : Médaille de la vaillance militaire ) is awarded to members of the Canadian Forces for "an act of valour or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy." The medal, too, was only first awarded in 2006 and may be earned multiple times, marked by the addition of bars to the medal's ribbon. Established on 1 May 1972 by Queen Elizabeth II, on
4785-413: The advice of her Cabinet headed by Pierre Trudeau , the bravery decorations are awarded to any person who risked his or her life to save or protect another person; it is not necessary that the incident take place in Canada, and no particular person must be Canadian, but it is required that at least one individual involved in the occurrence be a Canadian citizen. Nominations must be made within two years of
4872-431: The advice of her Cabinet under then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . For all three military valour decorations, recipients must be a member of the Canadian Forces or an allied armed force that is serving with or in conjunction with the Canadian Forces, on or after 1 January 1993. All military valour decorations may be awarded posthumously. The Victoria Cross (post-nominal letters VC , French : Croix de Victoria )
4959-486: The beginning of the end of such honours in Canada. After it was revealed in 1917 that British Prime Minister David Lloyd George had been selling peerage titles and knighthoods to raise money for his political party ( Montreal Star owner Hugh Graham 's elevation as the Baron Atholstan being granted seemingly without merit and against the advice of both Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden and Governor General
5046-399: The constitutions of the Order of Canada and the Order of Military Merit were amended to create for each of the three grades of each order an extraordinary category reserved for those members of the royal family (in the Canadian Forces for the latter order) nominated and approved for appointment. Upon taking office, governors general and viceregal consorts become Extraordinary Companions of
5133-685: The controversial topic of orders. Still, the beginnings of a distinct Canadian honours system came in March 1934, with the creation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal by royal warrant of King George V , issued on the advice of the Cabinet of R. B. Bennett ; this was the first time an honour specific to Canada and for service in Canada had been established by the monarch of Canada (as opposed to earlier campaign and service medals that had been issued to Canadians and British personnel alike by
5220-572: The equivalent of today's Order of Canada, being the highest non-peerage honour available to Canadian politicians, judges, and civil servants . Appointments into the Order of the British Empire , into grades below those that carried a title, were also commonly made. Besides knighthoods , peerage titles (both hereditary and life ) were also bestowed on Canadians, sometimes with uniquely Canadian designations—such as Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe and Baron Beaverbrook of Beaverbrook in
5307-521: The field, such as Christopher McCreery, have pointed out what they see as deficiencies in the construct: At the 2006 conference on Commonwealth Honours, the concern was raised that Canada does not have a way to recognize the nation's very best; the three grades of the Order of Canada being insufficient to do so. It was suggested that either two more levels be added to the Order of Canada, equivalent to knighthoods in Australian and British orders, or create
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#17328018414225394-462: The first. Appointments into the order continued even after the transfer of New France to the British Crown in 1763. After the creation of British North America, Canadians were entitled to receive British imperial honours, though the awarding of these was not consistently allowed. From Confederation until the Nickle Resolution in 1919, the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George served as
5481-580: The governor general will usually serve as secretary general to many of these boards. The Canadian honours system also includes two dynastic orders —the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order — and one personal award of the sovereign – the Royal Victorian Chain . These were created by the sovereign alone and inductions and presentations are at the monarch's personal discretion. Canada has both dynastic (created by
5568-438: The group. The appointment to an order also entitles the appointee to post-nominal letters . Admission to the Order of Merit ( French : Ordre du Mérite ) is the highest civilian award for merit in Canada. Founded in 1902 by King Edward VII to recognise distinguished service in the armed forces , science , art , literature , or for the promotion of culture , the Order of Merit has one grade and carries with it only
5655-467: The idea, leading Laurier in the following year to draft a policy whereby all nominees for honours be approved by the prime minister before being forwarded to Westminster. Later, the public began to suspect the worthiness of those receiving the knighthoods and elevations to the peerage; the controversy that surrounded the appointment of Sam Hughes as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1915 marked
5742-446: The incident, or within two years after a court or a coroner has concluded its review on the circumstances surrounding the incident or act of bravery, and each decoration may be awarded posthumously. The Cross of Valour (post-nominal letters CV , French : Croix de la vaillance ) is the highest ranking of the Canadian bravery decorations, and is awarded for "acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril." It
5829-457: The monarch via the governor general ; though, the governor general also continued to recommend individuals for honours without the Canadian prime minister's knowledge. This practice came into question in 1901, when Governor General the Earl of Minto nominated Thomas Shaughnessy for a knighthood, even after Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier (an opponent of Shaughnessy) expressed his opposition to
5916-520: The monarch's approval; the governor general will perform such tasks instead. In the Canadian structure, unlike its counterparts in Britain and other countries, nominees' names are put forward to the governor general by independent committees, which in turn receive nominations from the public, in an attempt to create a non-partisan process that avoids political controversy. Most orders have a unique advisory committee, consisting of individuals relevant to
6003-482: The monarchs that reigned over colonies in New France , British North America , and present-day Canada have bestowed royal honours, decorations, and medals on those living under their sovereignty, in recognition of their services to the state. Early governors of New France also desired to establish local honours in or import European honours to Canada; Samuel de Champlain , for instance, founded on 14 November 1606
6090-558: The pool of available honours became smaller and smaller as the decades progressed; non-titular British honours continued to be granted until 1946 and, from 1950 and 1953, only British military decorations were permitted. In 1942, the Canada Medal was created by royal warrant of King George VI , though none was ever struck, and the Canadian Forces' Decoration was founded in 1947. Though the Letters Patent of 1947 issued by
6177-467: The post-nominal letters OM . One of the few dynastic orders in Canada, the order's membership is limited to, at one time, no more than 24 living individuals from the Commonwealth realms. Five Canadians have been appointed to the order: William Lyon Mackenzie King , Wilder Penfield , Lester B. Pearson , Jean Chrétien , and Margaret MacMillan . The Order of Canada ( French : Ordre du Canada )
6264-467: The project in 2016, without stated reason. The Canadian Forces' Decoration ( post-nominal letters CD) was initiated in 1949 and first awarded in September 1951. The medal replaced all other long service awards for those joining the Canadian Forces after September 1939. It is awarded to members of the Canadian Forces of all ranks who have completed twelve years of military service. By convention, it
6351-434: The recipient is a part of. Only the Canadian Forces Decoration grants a holder the use of post-nominal letters. Within the Canadian system of honours are medals that specifically recognise death or severe injury in the course of military service. The Memorial Cross ( French : Croix du Souvenir ) was created in 1919 by King George V , it is to be awarded to the mother , widow , widower, or next of kin of any member of
6438-476: The royal family may also hold the level of Bailiffs or Dames Grand Cross, with the post-nominal letters GCStJ . Currently, there are approximately 5,500 active Canadian members in the Order, induction being granted by nomination only to Canadian citizens or permanent residents at or over the age of 18. This is done at the discretion of the Sovereign Head of the Order, King Charles III , on the advice of
6525-510: The scope of the particular order, all appointed by the governor general or a delegate; for instance, the Advisory Committee for the Order of Military Merit has six members: one appointed by the governor general, four by the chief of the Defence Staff , and the chief of the Defence Staff him or herself. There are also advisory councils or committees for decorations in general and for valour decorations, specifically. The secretary to
6612-411: The sovereign and membership in which is a personal gift of the monarch, granted without ministerial advice) and national (initiated by order-in-council and created by letters patent and membership in which is carried out on the advice of advisory committees) orders. These have a number of grades or classes to acknowledge different levels of achievement. Usually, the insignia for the top grades are worn on
6699-559: The structure originated in the 1930s, but began to come to full fruition at the time of Canada's centennial in 1967, with the establishment of the Order of Canada , and has since grown in both size and scope to include dynastic and national orders , state, civil , and military decorations ; and various campaign medals . The monarch in right of each Canadian province also issues distinct orders and medals to honour residents for work performed in just their province. The provincial honours, as with some of their national counterparts, grant
6786-717: The time, not foreign to Canada. Some were created specifically for Canada, such as the Canadian General Service Medal , which was issued in 1899 to recognise active participation in defending the country from the Fenian raids and later in suppressing the Red River Rebellion . The Polar Medal ( French : Médaille polaire ) and Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers ( French : Médaille du souverain pour les bénévoles ) were both created by Queen Elizabeth II in 2015, incorporating and replacing
6873-459: The titles that come with appointment to those grades and the Cabinet's adherence to the non-binding Nickle Resolution . Members of the royal family, however, as subjects of the Canadian monarch but not citizens of Canada, can, and do, occupy the two uppermost grades. The order's classes, in order of seniority, are: Knight or Dame Grand Cross (GCVO), Knight or Dame Commander (KCVO or DCVO), Commander (CVO), Lieutenant (LVO), and Member (MVO). Award of
6960-401: The use of post-nominal letters and or supporters and other devices to be used on personal coats of arms . The monarch is regarded as the fount of all honours —as the monarch is the only person who may create new national honours—and acts as the Sovereign of all of Canada's orders; he, or other members of the royal family , will conduct inductions or present medals. In Canada, the monarch
7047-411: The wearing of insignia, decorations, and medals. Provincial and territorial honours are similarly awarded by their respective lieutenant governors or commissioners . There also exist in Canada numerous awards distributed by and/or named for members of the royal family or viceroys . These are not, however, included in Canada's formal honours system. Since as far back as the reign of King Louis XIV ,
7134-459: The world's first modern diving watches , when he saw the need for one that could be seen in muddy waters. He took his and Claude Riffaud's drawings to Blancpain , who then created its Fifty Fathoms watch that had a water resistance guaranteed for 91.45 metres (300.0 ft). This French biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Distinguished Service Order The Distinguished Service Order ( DSO )
7221-584: Was awarded approximately 16,935 times, in addition to 1,910 bars. The figures to 1979 are laid out in the table below, the dates reflecting the relevant entries in the London Gazette : In addition, approximately 90 DSOs were awarded between 1980 and 2017, including awards for the Falklands and the wars in the Gulf , Iraq and Afghanistan , in addition to three bars. The above figures include awards to
7308-446: Was created as an award for Canadian Forces personnel who had demonstrated "distinguished and valiant service in the presence of the enemy." The star may be presented more than once, an additional bar on the medal's ribbon marking each subsequent award. It was only first presented in 2006, as Canada's participation in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan created for the first time circumstances wherein one could carry out actions deserving of
7395-632: Was created in 2015), such as those issued in other northern nations, as well as a public service order, akin to the Imperial Service Order , and honours to specifically recognise protective services other than the police forces. In June 2010, McCreery highlighted inconsistency in honouring those in Canada's royal family . For example, the Queen Mother was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on only an honorary basis, though
7482-581: Was initially formed on 11 June 1984 by Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, but consisted of decorations available only to Canadian Forces personnel; it was on 6 June 1991 that the civilian classifications were added. The Meritorious Service Cross (post-nominal letters MSC , French : Croix du service méritoire ) is intended to recognize individuals—both Canadian and foreign—who have carried out meritorious acts bringing benefit and honour. The military division recognises highly professional acts that are of considerable benefit to
7569-535: Was intended to both replace the never-issued Medal of Courage of the Order of Canada, and to act as the Canadian equivalent of the George Cross . It was presented for the first time on 20 July 1972. Presented to both living and deceased individuals deemed to have performed "acts of conspicuous courage in circumstances of great peril," the Star of Courage (post-nominal letters SC , French : Étoile du Courage )
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