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77-656: In 2007, the Vatican Library acquired Bodmer Papyrus 14–15 (known as P and as the Mater Verbi ( Hanna )) Papyrus. Since the papers are held not only at the Bodmer Library, but also at the Vatican, Oslo, Barcelona, and other locations, many scholars have preferred the term Dishna Papers since the mid-2010s. The Dishna Papers were found in 1952 at Pabau near Dishna , Egypt , the ancient headquarters of

154-488: A destination for scholarship. Nicholas combined some 350 Greek, Latin and Hebrew codices inherited from his predecessors with his own collection and extensive acquisitions, among them manuscripts from the imperial Library of Constantinople . Pope Nicholas also expanded his collection by employing Italian and Byzantine scholars to translate the Greek classics into Latin for his library. The knowledgeable pope already encouraged

231-641: A historical justification of the Christian faith – "did it happen?" – but to encourage faith – "what happened, and what does it all mean?" Following the author's preface addressed to his patron and the two birth narratives (John the Baptist and Jesus), the gospel opens in Galilee and moves gradually to its climax in Jerusalem: The structure of Acts parallels the structure of the gospel, demonstrating

308-609: A large collection of texts related to Hinduism, with the oldest editions dating to 1819. During the library's restoration between 2007 and 2010, all of the 70,000 volumes in the library were tagged with electronic chips to prevent theft. Notable manuscripts in the library include: The library contains over 100 Quran manuscripts from various collections, cataloged by the Italian Jewish linguist Giorgio Levi Della Vida : Vaticani arabi 73; Borgiani arabi 25; Barberiniani orientali 11; Rossiani 2. The largest manuscript in

385-514: A magician. The disciple Peter is given a notably more positive depiction than the other three gospels, with his failings either occluded or excused, and his merits and role emphasized. Despite this, he follows Mark's narrative more faithfully than does Matthew. Despite being grouped with Matthew and Mark, the Gospel of Luke has a number of parallels with the Gospel of John which are not shared by

462-474: A medieval manuscript once owned by Francesco Petrarch . One of the stolen leaves contains an exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. A fourth leaf from an unknown source was also discovered in his possession by U.S. Customs agents. Melnikas was trying to sell the pages to an art dealer, who then alerted the library director. The library is located inside the Vatican Palace , and the entrance

539-634: A modern library. They visited the Library of Congress , and libraries in Princeton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Chicago, Champaign, Toronto, and Ann Arbor. Once back in Rome, a reorganization plan was implemented. The main goals were to create a summary index by author of each manuscript, and likewise a catalogue for the incunabula. Once the project was completed, the Vatican Library was one of

616-482: A time, and it sees 4,000 to 5,000 scholars a year, mostly academics doing post-graduate research. While the Vatican Library has always included Bibles, canon law texts, and theological works, it specialized from the beginning in secular books. Its collection of Greek and Latin classics was at the center of the revival of classical culture during the Renaissance . The oldest documents in the library date back to

693-451: Is a papyrus room and a storage area for manuscripts. The first floor houses the restoration laboratory, and the photographic archives are on the second floor. The library has 42 kilometres (26 mi) of shelving. The library closed for renovations on 17 July 2007 and reopened on 20 September 2010. The three-year, 9 million euro renovation involved the complete shut down of the library to install climate controlled rooms. In

770-436: Is around AD 80–90, and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century. Autographs (original copies) of Luke and the other Gospels have not been preserved; the texts that survive are third-generation copies, with no two completely identical. The earliest witnesses (the technical term for written manuscripts) for the Gospel of Luke fall into two "families" with considerable differences between them,

847-465: Is by reading Luke in the context of similar Greco-Roman divine saviour figures (Roman emperors are an example), references which would have made clear to Luke's readers that Jesus was the greatest of all saviours. A third is to approach Luke through his use of the Old Testament, those passages from Jewish scripture which he cites to establish that Jesus is the promised Messiah. While much of this

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924-442: Is expected that the initial phase will take four years. DigiVatLib is the name of the Vatican Library's digital library service. It provides free access to the Vatican Library's digitized collections of manuscripts and incunabula. The scanning of documents is impacted by the material used to produce the texts. Books using gold and silver in the illuminations require special scanning equipment. Digital copies are being served using

1001-447: Is familiar, much also is missing: for example, Luke makes no clear reference to Christ's pre-existence or to the Christian's union with Christ, and makes relatively little reference to the concept of atonement: perhaps he felt no need to mention these ideas, or disagreed with them, or possibly he was simply unaware of them. Even what Luke does say about Christ is ambiguous or even contradictory. For example, according to Luke 2:11 Jesus

1078-408: Is open to anyone who can document their qualifications and research needs. Photocopies for private study of pages from books published between 1801 and 1990 can be requested in person or by mail. Pope Nicholas V (1447–1455) envisioned a new Rome, with extensive public works to lure pilgrims and scholars to the city to begin its transformation. Nicolas wanted to create a "public library" for Rome that

1155-484: Is the city-state's national library . It was formally established in 1475, although it is much older—it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. It has 75,000 codices from throughout history, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula . The Vatican Library is a research library for history , law , philosophy , science , and theology . The Vatican Library

1232-551: Is through the Belvedere Courtyard . When Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) commissioned the expansion and the new building of the Vatican Library, he had a three-story wing built right across Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere, thus bisecting it and changing Bramante's work significantly. At the bottom of a grand staircase a large statue of Hippolytus decorates the La Galea entrance hall. In the first semi-basement there

1309-455: Is variously counted as 3,500 in 1475 or 2,527 in 1481, when librarians Bartolomeo Platina and Pietro Demetrio Guazzelli produced a signed listing. At the time it was the largest collection of books in the Western world. Pope Julius II commissioned the expansion of the building. Around 1587, Pope Sixtus V commissioned the architect Domenico Fontana to construct a new building for

1386-583: The CIFS protocol, from network-attached storage hardware by Dell EMC . The Vatican Apostolic Archive , located in Vatican City , is the central archive for all of the acts promulgated by the Holy See , as well as the state papers , correspondence, papal account books, and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In the 17th century, under the orders of Pope Paul V ,

1463-487: The L (for Luke) source . The author is anonymous; the traditional view that Luke the Evangelist was the companion of Paul is still occasionally put forward, but the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters (the view that the author, not necessarily Luke, met Paul is more common, perhaps including most scholars). The most probable date for its composition

1540-516: The Pachomian order of monks; the discovery site is not far from Nag Hammadi , where the secreted Nag Hammadi library had been found some years earlier. The manuscripts were covertly assembled by a Cypriote , Phokio Tano of Cairo, then smuggled to Switzerland, where they were bought by Martin Bodmer (1899–1971). The series Papyrus Bodmer began to be published in 1954, giving transcriptions of

1617-537: The Sala di Consultazione or main reference room of the Vatican Library looms a statue of St Thomas Aquinas ( c.  1910 ), sculpted by Cesare Aureli . A second version of this statue ( c.  1930 ) stands under the entrance portico of the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum . The collection was originally organized through notebooks used to index the manuscripts. As

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1694-758: The Thirty Years' War . A token 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts were sent to Paris in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the Peace of Paris in 1815. A gift of 852 others was made in 1816 by Pope Pius VII to the University of Heidelberg , including the Codex Manesse . Aside from these cases, the Palatine Library remains in the Vatican Library to this day. In 1657, the manuscripts of

1771-580: The Western and the Alexandrian text-type , and the dominant view is that the Western text represents a process of deliberate revision, as the variations seem to form specific patterns. The fragment 𝔓 is often cited as the oldest witness. It has been dated from the late 2nd century, although this dating is disputed. Papyrus 75 (= Papyrus Bodmer XIV–XV) is another very early manuscript (late 2nd/early 3rd century), and it includes an attribution of

1848-523: The Archives were separated from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed to outsiders until 1881, when Pope Leo XIII opened them to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine its documents each year. Gospel of Luke The Gospel of Luke is the third of the New Testament 's four canonical Gospels . It tells of

1925-646: The Bodmer Papyri with the third-century Chester Beatty Papyri convinced Floyd V. Filson that "...there was no uniform text of the Gospels in Egypt in the third century." There are also Christian texts that were declared apocryphal in the fourth century, such as the Infancy Gospel of James . There is a Greek-Latin lexicon to some of Paul's letters, and there are fragments of Melito of Sardis . Among

2002-575: The Dishna Papers likely came from the same monastic scribal group that had copied the Nag Hammadi texts. Vatican Library The Vatican Apostolic Library ( Latin : Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana , Italian : Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana ), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat , is the library of the Holy See , located in Vatican City , and

2079-508: The Dukes of Urbino were acquired. In 1661, the Greek scholar Leo Allatius was made librarian. Queen Christina of Sweden 's important library (mostly amassed by her generals as loot from Habsburg Prague and German cities during the Thirty Years' War ) was purchased on her death in 1689 by Pope Alexander VIII . It represented, for all practical purposes, the entire royal library of Sweden at

2156-473: The Gospel of Luke clearly admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul's on key points and he does not (in Acts) represent Paul's views accurately. He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business-people who made up

2233-499: The Gospel to Luke. The oldest complete texts are the 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus , both from the Alexandrian family; Codex Bezae , a 5th- or 6th-century Western text-type manuscript that contains Luke in Greek and Latin versions on facing pages, appears to have descended from an offshoot of the main manuscript tradition, departing from more familiar readings at many points. Codex Bezae shows comprehensively

2310-544: The Greco-Roman world at large. He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to " Theophilus ": the name means "Lover of God", and could refer to any Christian, though most interpreters consider it a reference to a Christian convert and Luke's literary patron. Here he informs Theophilus of his intention, which is to lead his reader to certainty through an orderly account "of the events that have been fulfilled among us." He did not, however, intend to provide Theophilus with

2387-461: The Jews ( Antiquities of the Jews ). All three authors anchor the histories of their respective peoples by dating the births of the founders (Romulus, Moses, and Jesus) and narrate the stories of the founders' births from God, so that they are sons of God. Each founder taught authoritatively, appeared to witnesses after death, and ascended to heaven. Crucial aspects of the teaching of all three concerned

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2464-650: The Orient to bring back manuscripts, and is generally regarded as the founder of the library's Oriental section. A School of library science is associated with the Vatican Library. In 1959, the Vatican Film Library was established. This is not to be confused with the Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library , which was established in 1953 at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri . The library has

2541-600: The Roman Empire and Judaism. Regarding the Empire, Luke makes clear that, while Christians are not a threat to the established order, the rulers of this world hold their power from Satan, and the essential loyalty of Christ's followers is to God and this world will be the kingdom of God, ruled by Christ the King. Regarding the Jews, Luke emphasises the fact that Jesus and all his earliest followers were Jews, although by his time

2618-569: The abbots of the monastery of Saint Pachomius, raising the possibility that the unifying circumstance in the collection is that all were part of a monastic library. The latest of the Bodmer Papyri (P) dates to the sixth or seventh century. Plans announced by the Foundation Bodmer in October 2006 to sell two of the manuscripts for millions of dollars, to capitalize the library, which opened in 2003, drew consternation from scholars around

2695-606: The appearance of John the Baptist; second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached; and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming . Luke's understanding of Jesus – his Christology – is central to his theology. One approach to this is through the titles Luke gives to Jesus: these include, but are not limited to, Christ ( Messiah ), Lord , Son of God , and Son of Man . Another

2772-473: The authentic letters of Paul the Apostle . The eclipse of the traditional attribution to Luke the companion of Paul has meant that an early date for the gospel is now rarely put forward. Most scholars date the composition of the combined work to around 80–90 AD, although some others suggest 90–110, and there is textual evidence (the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families) that Luke–Acts

2849-532: The beginning of his mission in the meeting with John the Baptist , followed by his ministry with events such as the Sermon on the Plain and its Beatitudes , and his Passion , death, and resurrection. Most modern scholars agree that the main sources used for Luke were a), the Gospel of Mark , b), a hypothetical sayings collection called the Q source , and c), material found in no other gospels, often referred to as

2926-418: The collection grew to more than a few thousand, shelf lists were used. The first modern catalogue system was put in place under Father Franz Ehrle between 1927 and 1939, using the Library of Congress card catalogue system. Ehrle also set up the first program to take photographs of important works or rare works. The library catalogue was further updated by Rev. Leonard E. Boyle when it was computerized in

3003-550: The differences between the versions which show no core theological significance. The gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts . Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament , the largest contribution by a single author, providing the framework for both the Church's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of

3080-409: The early 1990s. Historically, during the Renaissance era , most books were not shelved but stored in wooden benches, which had tables attached to them. Each bench was dedicated to a specific topic. The books were chained to these benches , and if a reader took out a book, the chain remained attached to it. Until the early 17th century, academics were also allowed to borrow books. For important books,

3157-489: The early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience. The interpretation of the "we" passages in Acts as indicative that the writer relied on a historical eyewitness (whether Luke the evangelist or not), remains the most influential in current biblical studies. Objections to this viewpoint, among others, include the claim that Luke-Acts contains differences in theology and historical narrative which are irreconcilable with

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3234-574: The enabling power of the Spirit, expressed through non-discriminatory fellowship ("All who believed were together and had all things in common"), to be the basis of the Christian community. This community can also be understood as the Kingdom of God , although the kingdom's final consummation will not be seen till the Son of Man comes "on a cloud" at the end-time. Luke needed to define the position of Christians in relation to two political and social entities,

3311-617: The facilities were for such an important collection. Several American organizations, including the American Library Association and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , offered to assist in implementing a modern cataloguing system. Along with this, librarians from the Vatican Library were invited to visit several libraries in the United States to receive training on the functioning of

3388-479: The first century. The library was founded primarily as a manuscript library, a fact reflected in the comparatively high ratio of manuscripts to printed works in its collection. Such printed books as have made their way into the collection are intended solely to facilitate the study of the much larger collection of manuscripts. The collection also includes 330,000 Greek, Roman, and papal coins and medals. Every year about 6,000 new books are acquired. The library

3465-661: The god who sent Jesus into the world was a different, higher deity than the creator god of Judaism. While no manuscript copies of Marcion's gospel survive, reconstructions of his text have been published by Adolf von Harnack and Dieter T. Roth, based on quotations in the anti- Marcionite treatises of orthodox Christian apologists , such as Irenaeus , Tertullian , and Epiphanius . These early apologists accused Marcion of having "mutilated" canonical Luke by removing material that contradicted his unorthodox theological views. According to Tertullian, Marcion also accused his orthodox opponents of having "falsified" canonical Luke. Like

3542-556: The inclusion of pagan classics. Nicolas was important in saving many of the Greek works and writings during this time period that he had collected while traveling and acquired from others. In 1455, the collection had grown to 1200 books, of which 400 were in Greek. Nicholas died in 1455. In 1475 his successor Pope Sixtus IV founded the Palatine Library . During his papacy, acquisitions were made in "theology, philosophy and artistic literature". The number of manuscripts

3619-546: The introduction by scribes of "proofs" for their favourite theological tenets. The Holy Spirit plays a more important role in Luke–Acts than in the other gospels. Some scholars have argued that the Spirit's involvement in the career of Jesus is paradigmatic of the universal Christian experience, others that Luke's intention was to stress Jesus' uniqueness as the Prophet of the final age. It is clear, however, that Luke understands

3696-835: The library moved to the Lateran Palace and lasted until the end of the 13th century and the reign of Pope Boniface VIII , who died in 1303, by which time he possessed one of the most notable collections of illuminated manuscripts in Europe. However, in that year, the Lateran Palace was burnt and the collection plundered by Philip IV of France . The Avignon period was during the Avignon Papacy , when seven successive popes resided in Avignon , France . This period saw great growth in book collection and record-keeping by

3773-408: The library's manuscripts within four years. NTT is donating the equipment and technicians, estimated to be worth 18 million Euros. It noted that there is the possibility of subsequently digitizing another 79,000 of the library's holdings. These will be high-definition images available on the library's Internet site. Storage for the holdings will be on a three petabyte server provided by EMC . It

3850-557: The library, Vat. Ar. 1484 , measures 540x420mm. The smallest, Vat. Ar. 924, is a circle of 45mm diameter preserved in an octagonal case. In 2012, plans were announced to digitize, in collaboration with the Bodleian Library , a million pages of material from the Vatican Library. On 20 March 2014, the Holy See announced that NTT Data Corporation and the library had concluded an agreement to digitize approximately 3,000 of

3927-523: The library, which is still used today. After this, it became known as the Vatican Library. During the Counter-Reformation , access to the library's collections was limited following the introduction of the Index of banned books . Scholars' access to the library was restricted, particularly Protestant scholars. Restrictions were lifted during the course of the 17th century, and Pope Leo XIII

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4004-515: The majority of Christ-followers were gentiles ; nevertheless, the Jews had rejected and killed the Messiah, and the Christian mission now lay with the gentiles. The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke share so much in common that they are called the Synoptics , as they frequently cover the same events in similar and sometimes identical language. The majority opinion among scholars is that Mark

4081-618: The most modern in all of Europe. This joint effort highlighted the importance of international relationships in the field of librarianship and led to the founding in 1929 of the International Federation of Library Associations , still at work. In 1992 the library had almost 2 million catalogued items. Among a number of thefts from the Library committed in modern times, in 1995 art history teacher Anthony Melnikas from Ohio State University stole three leaves from

4158-501: The origins, birth , ministry , death , resurrection , and ascension of Jesus . Together with the Acts of the Apostles , it makes up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts , accounting for 27.5% of the New Testament. The combined work divides the history of first-century Christianity into three stages, with the gospel making up the first two of these – the life of Jesus the messiah ( Christ ) from his birth to

4235-432: The other synoptics : There are also several other parallels that scholars have identified. Recently, some scholars have proposed that the author of John's gospel may have specifically redacted and responded to the Gospel of Luke. Some time in the 2nd century, the Christian thinker Marcion of Sinope began using a gospel that was very similar to, but shorter than, canonical Luke. Marcion was well known for preaching that

4312-570: The papyri to the Pope. They are kept in the Vatican Library and will be made available for scholarly review, and in the future, excerpts may be put on display for the general public. They were transported from Switzerland to the Vatican in "An armed motorcade surrounded by people with machine guns." Lundhaug (2018) argues that the Dishna Papers in fact came from the same monastic library as the Nag Hammadi library . Linjamaa (2024) also recognizes that

4389-557: The papyrus fragment in the Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , it is the oldest testimony for John; it omits the passage concerning the moving of the waters (John 5:3b-4) and the pericope of the woman taken in adultery (John 7:53-8:11). 𝔓 is the earliest known copy of the Epistle of Jude , and 1 and 2 Peter. Papyrus 75 (P) is a partial codex containing most of Luke and John. Comparison of the two versions of John in

4466-430: The period between the two World Wars at the instigation of Pope Pius XI , himself a scholar and former librarian, with the cooperation of librarians from around the world. Until this point in time, while it had drawn on the expertise of numerous experts, the Vatican Library was dangerously lacking in organization and its junior librarians were undertrained. Foreign researchers, particularly Americans, noticed how inadequate

4543-527: The pope himself would issue a reminder slip. Privileges to use the library could be withdrawn for breaking the house rules, for instance by climbing over the tables. Most famously Pico Della Mirandola lost the right to use the library when he published a book on theology that the Papal curia did not approve of. In the 1760s, a bill issued by Clement XIII heavily restricted access to the library's holdings. The Vatican Library can be accessed by 200 scholars at

4620-493: The popes in Avignon, between the death of Boniface and the 1370s when the papacy returned to Rome . The Pre-Vatican period ranged from about 1370 to 1447. The library was scattered during this time, with parts in Rome, Avignon, and elsewhere. Pope Eugenius IV possessed 340 books by the time of his death. In 1451, bibliophile Pope Nicholas V sought to establish a public library at the Vatican, in part to re-establish Rome as

4697-459: The relationship between rich and poor and the question of whether "foreigners" were to be received into the people. Mark, written around 70 AD, provided the narrative outline for Luke, but Mark contains comparatively little of Jesus' teachings, and for these Luke likely turned to a hypothesized collection of sayings called Q source , which would have consisted mostly, although not exclusively, of "sayings". Mark and Q account for about 64% of Luke;

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4774-584: The remaining material, known as the L source , is of unknown origin and date. Most Q and L-source material is grouped in two clusters, Luke 6:17–8:3 and 9:51–18:14, and L-source material forms the first two sections of the gospel (the preface and infancy and childhood narratives). Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's Supper . The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to

4851-453: The speeches of Jesus and the Apostles, as such speeches were the mark of a "full" report, the vehicle through which ancient historians conveyed the meaning of their narratives. He seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus , who wrote a history of Rome ( Roman Antiquities ), and the Jewish historian Josephus , author of a history of

4928-638: The story of Jesus . The author is not named in either volume. According to a Church tradition, first attested by Irenaeus ( c.  130  – c.  202 AD), he was the Luke named as a companion of Paul in three of the Pauline letters, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters." An example can be seen by comparing Acts' accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, Acts 22:6–21, and Acts 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24). The author of

5005-440: The texts with note and introduction in French and a French translation. The papyri, now partially conserved in the Bodmer Library , in Cologny, outside Geneva , are not a gnostic cache, like the Nag Hammadi Library: they bear some pagan as well as Christian texts, parts of some thirty-five books in all, in Coptic and in Greek . With fragments of correspondence, the number of individual texts represented reaches to fifty. Most of

5082-413: The time. Had it remained where it was in Stockholm , it would all have been lost in the destruction of the royal palace by fire in 1697. Among the most famous holdings of the library is the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , the oldest known nearly complete manuscript of the Bible . The Secret History of Procopius was discovered in the library and published in 1623. Pope Clement XI sent scholars into

5159-442: The universality of the divine plan and the shift of authority from Jerusalem to Rome: Luke's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview. His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages: first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets", the period beginning with Genesis and ending with

5236-411: The works are in codex form, a few in scrolls . Three are written on parchment . Books V and VI of Homer's Iliad (P), and three comedies of Menander ( Dyskolos (P), Samia and Aspis ) appear among the Bodmer Papyri, as well as gospel texts: Papyrus 66 (P), is a text of the Gospel of John , dating around 200 AD, in the manuscript tradition called the Alexandrian text-type . Aside from

5313-406: The works is The Vision of Dorotheus , one of the earliest examples of Christian hexametric poem, attributed to a Dorotheus, son of "Quintus the poet" (assumed to be the pagan poet Quintus Smyrnaeus ). ( P ). The earliest extant copy of the Third Epistle to the Corinthians is published in Bodmer Papryri X . The collection includes some non-literary material, such as a collection of letters from

5390-504: The world, fearing that the unity of the collection would be broken. In March 2007, the Vatican announced that it had acquired the Bodmer Papyrus XIV-XV (P), which is believed to contain the world's oldest known written fragment from the Gospel of Luke , the earliest known Lord's Prayer , and one of the oldest written fragments from the Gospel of John . The papyri had been sold for an undisclosed "significant" price to Frank Hanna III , of Atlanta, Georgia. In January 2007, Hanna presented

5467-424: Was enriched by several bequests and acquisitions over the centuries. In 1623, in thanks for the adroit political maneuvers of Pope Gregory XV that had sustained him in his contests with Protestant candidates for the post of Elector , the hereditary Palatine Library of Heidelberg , containing about 3,500 manuscripts was given to the Holy See by Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria . He had just acquired it as loot in

5544-398: Was meant to be seen as an institution for humanist scholarship. His death prevented him from carrying out his plan, but his successor Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) established what is now known as the Vatican Library. In March 2014, the Vatican Library began an initial four-year project of digitising its collection of manuscripts, to be made available online. The Vatican Apostolic Archive

5621-528: Was separated from the library at the beginning of the 17th century; it contains another 150,000 items. Scholars have traditionally divided the history of the library into five periods: Pre-Lateran, Lateran, Avignon, Pre-Vatican and Vatican. The Pre-Lateran period, comprising the initial days of the library, dating from the earliest days of the Church . Only a handful of volumes survive from this period, though some are very significant. The Lateran era began when

5698-477: Was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century. Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide . Abingdon Press. ISBN   978-1-4267-2475-6 . Luke–Acts is a religio-political history of the founder of the church and his successors, in both deeds and words. The author describes his book as a "narrative" ( diegesis ), rather than as a gospel, and implicitly criticises his predecessors for not giving their readers

5775-777: Was the Christ at his birth, but in Acts 2:36 he becomes Christ at the resurrection, while in Acts 3:20 it seems his messiahship is active only at the parousia , the " second coming "; similarly, in Luke 2:11 he is the Saviour from birth, but in Acts 5:31 he is made Saviour at the resurrection; and he is born the Son of God in Luke 1:32–35, but becomes the Son of God at the resurrection according to Acts 13:33. Many of these differences may be due to scribal error, but others are argued to be deliberate alterations to doctrinally unacceptable passages, or

5852-424: Was the earliest of the three (about 70 AD) and that Matthew and Luke both used this work and the "sayings gospel" known as Q as their basic sources. Luke has both expanded Mark and refined his grammar and syntax, as Mark's Greek writing is less elegant. Some passages from Mark he has eliminated, notably most of chapters 6 and 7, which he apparently felt reflected poorly on the disciples and painted Jesus too much like

5929-525: Was to formally reopen the library to scholars in 1883. In 1756, the priest Antonio Piaggio , curator of ancient manuscripts at the Library used a machine he had invented to unroll the first Herculaneum papyri , an operation which took him months. In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte arrested Pope Pius VII and had the contents of the library seized and removed to Paris . They were returned in 1817, three years after Napoleon's defeat and abdication. The library's first major revitalization project took place in

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