122-595: The Bogibeel Bridge is a combined road and rail bridge over the Brahmaputra River in the northeastern Indian state of Assam between Dhemaji district and Dibrugarh district , which was started in the year 2002 and took a total of 200 months(16 years and 8 months) to complete, Bogibeel river bridge is the longest rail-cum-road bridge in India , measuring 4.94 kilometres over the Brahmaputra river. As it
244-510: A central agency to combat terrorism was realised. Also, Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance. Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise
366-751: A connection between the Rangiya–Murkongselek section of the Northeast Frontier Railway , located on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River, and the Lumding–Dibrugarh section that lies to the southern bank. A New Dibrugarh Railway Station, expected to be the largest in the region, has been proposed and is to be linked to the Rangiya–Murkongselek line via Chaulkhowa and Moranhat . The Railways have initiated
488-581: A deep gorge (the " Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon ") across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for 5,000 m (16,000 ft) and more on each side. During that stretch, the river crosses the China-India line of actual control to enter northern Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Dihang (or Siang) River, and turns more southerly. The Yarlung Tsangpo leaves
610-407: A diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel. The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification. The Brahmaputra's bank line migration is inconsistent with time. The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north. Together with
732-580: A full five-year term. Born in Gah , West Punjab , in what is today Pakistan , Singh's family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford , Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–1969. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . During
854-540: A historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support. India's economy grew rapidly under his reign. The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of prime minister. Over the next few years, Singh's second ministry government faced a number of corruption charges over
976-413: A manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what
1098-611: A script used to write Punjabi , his mother tongue. After the Partition of India , his family migrated to Haldwani , India. In 1948 they relocated to Amritsar , where he studied at Hindu College, Amritsar. He attended Panjab University , then in Hoshiarpur , Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge in 1957. He
1220-494: A state visit to India (Delhi- Mumbai ) from 19 to 21 May 2013. Singh paid an official visit to China from 22 to 24 October 2013. Three agreements were signed establishing sister-city partnership between Delhi- Beijing , Kolkata- Kunming and Bangalore- Chengdu . As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was the second biggest trade partner of India. Relations with Afghanistan have improved considerably, with India now becoming
1342-702: Is "the model of what a political leader should be." Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010. Henry Kissinger described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India." Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People . Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime minister since Nehru". Australian journalist Greg Sheridan praised Singh "as one of
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#17327982668641464-476: Is 135 m (440 ft) (at Sadiya ). The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the Brahmaputra is about ~22,000 m /s (780,000 cu ft/s), and floods reach about 103,000 m /s (3,600,000 cu ft/s). It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion . It
1586-621: Is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife. Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium, replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley. Thus flooding, agriculture, and agricultural practices are closely connected. The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses, serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads, school and land, and loss of many lives, livestock, and fisheries. During
1708-658: Is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra and red river of India (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within the Tibet Autonomous Region ). In its Tibetan and Indian names, the river is unusually masculine in gender. The upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo from the Tibetan language, originates on the Angsi Glacier , near Mount Kailash, located on
1830-699: Is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a tidal bore . It is navigable for most of its length. The Brahmaputra drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganga basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam plains, and northern Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet,
1952-567: Is an Indian politician, economist, academician and bureaucrat who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. He is the fourth longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru , Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi . A member of the Indian National Congress , Singh was the first Sikh prime minister of India. He was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing
2074-442: Is called Brahmaputra and Doima (mother of water) and Burlung-Buthur by native Bodo tribals, it then enters the state of Assam , and becomes very wide—as wide as 20 km (12 mi) in parts of Assam. The reason for such an unusual course and drastic change is that the river is antecedent to the Himalayas, meaning that it had existed before them and has entrenched itself since they started rising. The Dihang, winding out of
2196-562: Is characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the only peak above 8,000 m and hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–86. The river is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river. The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus . While most rivers on
2318-535: Is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge. China had built the Zangmu Dam in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015. The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) ( Sunkosh ) ( Bhareli ) ( Siyom ) (Matsang Tsangpo) Period: 1971–2000 The Kachari group called
2440-880: Is known as Brahmaputra or Luit in Assamese , Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan , the Siang/Dihang River in Arunachali , and Jamuna River in Bengali . By itself, it is the 9th largest river in the world by discharge, and the 15th longest . It originates in the Manasarovar Lake region, near Mount Kailash , on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet where it is known as
2562-520: Is significantly influenced by the melting of snow in the upper part of its catchment area. This increase in river flow, caused by the substantial retreat of snow, leads to a higher downstream discharge. Such a rise in discharge often results in severe catastrophic issues, including flooding and erosion. The Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge, the large and variable flows, along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation. Over time,
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#17327982668642684-612: Is situated in an earthquake-prone area it is India's first bridge to have fully welded steel-concrete support beams that can withstand earthquakes of magnitudes up to 7 on the Richter scale . It is Asia's second longest rail-cum-road bridge and has a serviceable period of around 120 years. It is the 6th longest bridge in India after the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link , Bhupen Hazarika Setu , Dibang River Bridge , Mahatma Gandhi Setu and Bandra–Worli Sea Link . The bridge
2806-566: The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and other minor parties. On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the prime minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan . The 2009 Indian general election was the then largest democratic election in the world held prior to 2014 (834 million), 2019 (912 million) and 2024 (968 million), with an eligible electorate of 714 million. The 2012 report filed by
2928-647: The Brahmaputra River in Assam. Owing to its location, the bridge is of strategic importance to India as it significantly eases India's ability to transport troops and supplies to the border with Tibet in Arunachal Pradesh. Being located in an area of intense rainfall, its construction had been significantly slowed down by the fact that construction largely took place only during a period of four dry months between November and March. The bridge connects Dhemaji district and Dibrugarh district in Assam through National Highway 15 . The Bogibeel Bridge provides
3050-506: The Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee 's government. Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies. The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies. In 2005, Singh's government introduced the value added tax , replacing sales tax . In 2007 and early 2008,
3172-671: The Holocene . One idea about the most recent avulsion is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787, the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista. In the middle of the 18th century, at least three fair-sized streams flowed between the Rajshahi and Dhaka Divisions, viz., the Daokoba, a branch of the Tista, the Monash or Konai, and
3294-650: The Indian Constitution . India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010. Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V. Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Singh continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end
3416-519: The Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. In an 8.8 magnitude earthquake on 2 April 1762 , however, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as Jamuna due to the result of tectonic uplift of the Madhupur tract . Rising temperatures significantly contribute to snow melting in the upper Brahmaputra catchment. The discharge of the Brahmaputra River
3538-808: The Parliament of India ) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004. In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the prime ministership to Singh. His first ministry executed several key legislations and projects, including the National Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act . In 2008, opposition to
3660-502: The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. The program includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India, especially in rural areas, to fight illiteracy . Singh's government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). National Investigation Agency (NIA) was also created soon after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , as need for
3782-602: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969. Later, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra , in recognition of Singh's talent as an economist. From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade at the Delhi School of Economics , University of Delhi . In 1972, Singh was chief economic adviser in
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3904-555: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) form the new government under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term. The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These included those of the UPA and the external support from
4026-728: The Yamuna of India). In the vast Ganges Delta , it merges with the Ganges , popularly known as the Padma in Bangladesh, and becomes the Meghna and ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal . At 3,000 km (1,900 mi) long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation in the region. The average depth of the river is 30 m (100 ft) and its maximum depth
4148-735: The Yarlung Tsangpo River . The Brahmaputra flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon ) and into Arunachal Pradesh. It enters India near the village of Gelling in Arunachal Pradesh and flows southwest through the Assam Valley as the Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna (not to be confused with
4270-604: The global problem of inflation impacted India. In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a million community health workers. This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs),
4392-593: The 1970s and 1980s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India , such as Chief Economic Advisor (1972–1976), governor of the Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and head of the Planning Commission (1985–1987). In 1991, as India faced a severe economic crisis , the newly elected prime minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao , inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as finance minister . Over
4514-445: The 1998 flood, over 70% of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated, affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads. In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September, claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging 1,600 km (990 mi) of roads and 6,000 km (3,700 mi) embankments, and affecting 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi) of standing crops. The 2004 floods, over 25% of
4636-536: The 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the ₹ 2 lakh (US$ 2,400) he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office." In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei , who remarked that Singh
4758-639: The Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta. The growth of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes. The Ganga Delta , fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra, is 105,000 km (41,000 sq mi), one of the largest river deltas in the world. The Ganges – Brahmaputra – Meghna system has
4880-646: The Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna. The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills below Dhuburi, India. After flowing past Chilmari, Bangladesh, it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a 240 km (150 mi) course due south as the Jamuna River. (South of Gaibanda, the Old Brahmaputra leaves
5002-641: The Brahmaputra River and will connect the town of Dibrugarh in the south to Dhemaji to the river's north. The bridge is located just over 20 km away from the Assam- Arunachal Pradesh border and acts as an alternative to the Kolia Bhomora Setu , Tezpur in providing connectivity to nearly five million people residing in Upper Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The Bogibeel Bridge is the longest rail-cum-road bridge of India on
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5124-404: The Brahmaputra at Pandu was 72,726 m /s (2,568,300 cu ft/s) August 1962 while the lowest was 1,757 m /s (62,000 cu ft/s) in February 1968. The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades, followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes. This is particularly true for
5246-575: The CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion ( short scale ) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India. Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when called upon by one of
5368-586: The Daokoba, which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east. The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power, and the rivers to right and left silted up. In Renault's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore, which dried up after the hundred-mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the Munshiganj subdivision. Manmohan Singh Premiership Budgets [REDACTED] Manmohan Singh ( Punjabi: [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ] ; born 26 September 1932)
5490-430: The Himalayas to the south and the Kailas Range to the north. In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries. The most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo (Raka Tsangpo), which joins the river west of Xigazê (Shigatse), and the Lhasa (Kyi), which flows past the Tibetan capital of Lhasa and joins the Tsangpo at Qüxü . The Nyang River joins the Tsangpo from the north at Zela (Tsela Dzong). On
5612-466: The IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India. Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US President Barack Obama . The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear power. Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries, like
5734-444: The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced the Right to Education Act (RTE) act. Eight IIT's were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar, Gujarat , Orissa, Punjab , Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh . The Singh government also continued
5856-451: The Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with his finance minister, P. Chidambaram , presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world. Singh's ministry enacted a National Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005. Singh's government continued
5978-482: The Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013. The Act came into force from 1 January 2014. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of
6100-418: The Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of Brahma " in Sanskrit . It is known by various names in different regional languages: Brôhmôputrô in Assamese ; Tibetan : ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་ , Wylie : yar klung gtsang po Yarlung Tsangpo ; simplified Chinese : 布拉马普特拉河 ; traditional Chinese : 布拉馬普特拉河 ; pinyin : Bùlāmǎpǔtèlā Hé . It
6222-425: The Ministry of Finance, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry. In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed governor of the Reserve Bank of India under then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985. He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission (India) from 1985 to 1987. Following his tenure at the Planning Commission, he
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#17327982668646344-408: The NREGA has been successful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's fight against corruption. New cash benefits were also introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons. The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of
6466-451: The PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis. However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation. So P. Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated. To the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Indian economy . Subsequently, Singh, who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, eliminated
6588-531: The Rajya Sabha in April 2024 and was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi . The Independent described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace", noting that he drives a Maruti 800 , one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru . He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between where after losing
6710-406: The Salangi. The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers. In Renault's time, the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the Monash and Salangi. These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met
6832-401: The United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states. Relations have improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa. Singh carried forward the momentum which
6954-496: The United States . He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . This was followed by George W. Bush 's successful visit to India in March 2006, during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors . After more than two years for more negotiations, followed by approval from
7076-485: The adjacent floodplain. Lastly, flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers. During the monsoon season (June–October), floods are a very common occurrence. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as the Kaziranga National Park in middle Assam. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life, and property. Periodic flooding
7198-411: The ancient pilgrimage centre of Hajo , the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau , and is at its narrowest at 1 km (1,100 yd) bank-to-bank. The terrain of this area made it logistically ideal for the Battle of Saraighat , the military confrontation between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom in March 1671. The first combined railroad/roadway bridge across the Brahmaputra
7320-538: The bid to build the superstructure. The bridge's construction was subject to large time and cost overruns over time. The cost, initially estimated at ₹ 1,767 crore (US$ 210 million), escalated to ₹ 4,996 crore (US$ 600 million) by 2014. According to a press release by the Indian Ministry of Railway on 25 July 2014, in the main bridge 36 out of 42 well foundations and 28 out of 40 piers had been completed, while 2 out of 41 girders had been launched. An expenditure of ₹ 3,041 crore (US$ 360 million)
7442-406: The border dispute with People's Republic of China . In November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades. Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Li Keqiang paid
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#17327982668647564-401: The bridge opened as the first freight train crossed it. On 25 December, the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Bogibeel bridge, on the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee , and also flag off an intercity express connecting Tinsukia and Naharlagun . The overall cost of the project ultimately escalated to ₹ 5,960 crore (US$ 710 million) as
7686-445: The capital of Bangladesh, and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj. The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat, below which, as the Padma, their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about 120 km (75 mi). After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta to the south, the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters
7808-594: The construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways. The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776–1850, of 80 km (50 mi) from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the "Old Brahmaputra" . The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently,
7930-444: The contemporary slow migration of the river, the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank. The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of bank erosion (usually via slab failure) and channel migration caused by its strong current, lack of riverbank vegetation, and loose sand and silt which compose its banks. It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river, and protective structures designed to limit
8052-414: The deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will result in the increase in hydraulic radius, and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation. The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over 18 km (11 mi) in the Bengal fore-deep to
8174-528: The delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India, relations between the two remained strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence, nuclear energy and space co-operation. India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009. Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala , West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped
8296-471: The dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems. The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries, moving its river course westwards for a distance of about 80 km (50 mi), leaving its old river course, appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river, behind. In the past, the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on
8418-415: The end of the Ninth Five Year Plan. The foundation of the bridge was laid in January 1997 by Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda , but its construction was inaugurated only in 2002 by Prime Minister , A. B. Vajpayee . Thereafter, North East Frontier Railway took up this work in right earnest and posted Sri Pramod Kumar Gupta as Deputy Chief Engineer (Construction) for construction of Bogibeel Bridge. M/s RITES
8540-403: The flood problem remains unsolved. At least a third of the land of Majuli Island has been eroded by the river. Recently, it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace. This project, named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project, is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved
8662-419: The gauge conversion of the Dhamalgaon to Sisiborgaon rail line to the north of the bridge and commissioned the 44 km Chalkhowa–Moranhat line to the south. The bridge traces its origins to the Assam Accord of 1985 and was one of several major infrastructural projects to be set up in Assam in accordance with the pact. It was sanctioned by the Government of India in 1997-98 and was expected to be completed by
8784-469: The largest regional donor to Afghanistan. During Afghan President Hamid Karzai 's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence. Under the leadership of Singh, India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan. Singh's government worked towards stronger ties with
8906-702: The left bank of the mainstream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar.) Before its confluence with the Ganga, the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the Baral , Atrai , and Hurasagar Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large Dhaleswari River on its left bank. A tributary of the Dhaleswari, the Buriganga ("Old Ganga"), flows past Dhaka,
9028-399: The levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically 1 m (3 ft) along small channels and 2–3 m (7–10 ft) along major channels. Crevasse splay, a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain, are often formed due to a breach in the levee, forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto
9150-519: The majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna ( Jomuna ) to merge with the lower Ganga, called the Padma River ( Pôdma ). The eastern branch, formerly the larger, but now much smaller, is called the lower or Old Brahmaputra ( Brommoputro ). It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka . The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into
9272-527: The members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement in the 2G case. Singh's premiership officially ended at noon on 17 May 2014. He did not contest the 2014 general election for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial candidate. He resigned his post as prime minister after the Bharatiya Janata Party -led National Democratic Alliance won the election. He served as the acting prime minister till 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi
9394-510: The mountains, and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains. The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers, which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin. The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27%, while the annual rainfall contributes to about 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) and 22,000 m /s (780,000 cu ft/s) of discharge. The highest recorded daily discharge in
9516-528: The mountains, turns towards the southeast and descends into a low-lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state. Just west of the town of Sadiya, the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the Lohit, and the Dibang. Below that confluence, about 1,450 km (900 mi) from the Bay of Bengal, the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"). In Assam,
9638-494: The next few years, despite strong opposition, he carried out several structural reforms that liberalised India's economy . Although these measures proved successful in averting the crisis, and enhanced Singh's reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress Party fared poorly in the 1996 general election . Subsequently, Singh was leader of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of
9760-469: The northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet . The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about 60 mi (97 km) southeast of Lake Manasarovar in southwestern Tibet. From its source, the river runs for nearly 1,100 km (680 mi) in a generally easterly direction between the main range of
9882-460: The only bridge to span the river's major distributary, the Jamuna , was thus opened in June 1998. Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river, it is 4.8 km (3.0 mi) long with a platform 18.5 m (61 ft) wide, and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas, power and telecommunication lines. Due to the variable nature of the river, the prediction of the river's future course
10004-534: The operating Jamuna river. This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil-forming process, which include acidification, the breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter, with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization, mottling, the coating around Peds and maturing soil arrangement, shape and pattern. In the future, the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions, for instance, localised breakwaters, that increase flood-plain water depths outside
10126-538: The organisation of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the 2G spectrum allocation case and the allocation of coal blocks . After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race for the office of the PM during the 2014 Indian general election . Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but served as a member of the Rajya Sabha , representing the state of Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024. Singh
10248-585: The part of Tibet to enter Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh , where the river is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about 35 km (22 mi) southward after which, it is joined by the Dibang River and the Lohit River at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit, the river
10370-476: The permit raj, reduced state control of the economy, and reduced import taxes Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change India's socialist economy to a more capitalistic one, in the process dismantling the License Raj, a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses. They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated
10492-679: The plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing, the Disang, the Dikhu, and the Kopili. Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur Districts , the river divides into two channels—the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about 100 km (62 mi) downstream, forming the Majuli island, which is the largest river island in the world. At Guwahati , near
10614-566: The political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha . It formed United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with allies and staked claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat , as the UPA candidate for the prime ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a direct popular election, according to the BBC , he "enjoyed massive popular support, not least because he
10736-511: The population of Bangladesh or 36 million people, were affected by the floods; 800 people died; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools, 2 million governments and private tube wells were affected, over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away, this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera. Also, 1.1 million ha (2.7 million acres) of
10858-414: The post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$ 1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal . Prime Minister Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report. Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha , in 1991 by the legislature of
10980-528: The preliminary design and shortlisting of agencies was completed. The project was to be completed in six years following the inauguration, however the work did not begin even in 2007, owing to lack of funds and attention. Consequently, that same year, the Bogibeel Bridge was granted a national project status by the Government of India in 2007 by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , but the implementation
11102-480: The process of the privatisation of public sector companies. However, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's work that pushed India towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister P. Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms to Deng Xiaoping 's in China . In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from
11224-570: The region but after some period of success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009. The Singh administration was, however, successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India. The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of
11346-498: The rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested, with 7% of the yearly aus (early season) rice crop lost; 270,000 ha (670,000 acres) of grazing land was affected, 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and 63 million tonnes (69 million short tons) of lost fish production. Flood-control measures are taken by the water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board, but until now
11468-519: The right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu (Nyang Chu) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê. After passing Pi (Pe) in Tibet, the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of Gyala Peri and Namcha Barwa in a series of rapids and cascades. Thereafter, the river turns south and southwest and flows through
11590-399: The river "Dilao", "Tilao". Early Greek accounts of Curtius and Strabo give its name as Dyardanes ( Ancient greek Δυαρδάνης) and Oidanes. In the past, the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. Some water still flows through that course, now called the Old Brahmaputra, as a distributary of the main channel. A question about
11712-468: The river is mighty, even in the dry season, and during the rains, its banks are more than 8 km (5.0 mi) apart. As the river follows its braided 700 km (430 mi) course through the valley, it receives several rapidly flowing Himalayan streams, including the Subansiri, Kameng, Bhareli, Dhansiri, Manas, Champamati, Saralbhanga, and Sankosh Rivers. The main tributaries from the hills and from
11834-487: The river system in Bangladesh is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course, at the site of the Jamuna and the "Old Brahmaputra" fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s. The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the last glacial maximum , switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout
11956-449: The river's erosion rate has decreased to 30 m (98 ft) per year as compared to 150 m (490 ft) per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land. Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course, and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity, switches in
12078-491: The river's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction. In fact, a 2004 report by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group (BDER) has stated that several of such protective systems have 'just failed'. However, some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river, albeit with the need for heavy maintenance. The Bangabandhu Bridge ,
12200-406: The second-greatest average discharge of the world's rivers—roughly ~44,000 m /s (1,600,000 cu ft/s), and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 50% of the total discharge. The rivers' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes (1.84 billion tons) per year is the world's highest. In the past, the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through
12322-565: The south. The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt, with 1% clay, in the Brahmaputra River. Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology. Throughout the year, there is a significant rise in hydrograph, with a broad peak between July and September. The Brahmaputra River experiences two high-water seasons, one in early summer caused by snowmelt in
12444-683: The state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007 and 2013. From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat. After the 2004 general elections , the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming
12566-429: The swearing in. So that's how I started in politics". In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 per cent of India's GDP. India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$ 1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports, in comparison to US$ 600 billion in 2009. Evidently, India
12688-497: The time, P. V. Narasimha Rao , chose Singh to be his finance minister. Singh told Mark Tully a British journalist in 2005: "On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying, 'The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance'. I didn't take it seriously. He eventually tracked me down the next morning, rather angry, and demanded that I get dressed up and come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for
12810-404: The total length of the bridge increased from 4.31 kilometres (2.68 mi) to 4.94 kilometres (3.07 mi). The design of the bridge has 41 spans of 125 m and a superstructure of composite welded steel truss and reinforced concrete . It is designed to be able to carry a double line 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad-gauge railway on the lower deck and a 3-lane road on
12932-510: The upper deck. Owing to its strategic importance, it was also built with supporting the movement of tanks and aircraft in mind. It is the longest combined rail and road bridge in India and second longest bridge in Assam over the Brahmaputra , after Bhupen Hazarika Setu at 9.15 km. Brahmaputra River The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river which flows through Southwestern China , Northeastern India , and Bangladesh . It
13054-463: The upstream course of the Teesta River, the influence of increased discharge, catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course. From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843, it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden, and may have been generated by bank erosion, perhaps around a large mid-channel bar, causing
13176-441: The water breakers, may alter the water levels of the floodplains. Throughout the years, bars, scroll bars, and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition. The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than 1–2 m (3–7 ft). Furthermore, flooding over the history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from the overbank flow. The height difference between
13298-464: Was a member of St John's College . In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully , Singh said about his Cambridge days: I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor . Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in
13420-527: Was awarded the Design and Consultancy work. Model Studies were done by UPIRI near Roorkee. A Global Expression of Interest was invited (Global EOI was invited for the first time in India) for the work. Many Chinese, Korean and European companies participated. DSD Steel of Germany was shortlisted for construction of Superstructure Work, as no Indian company had any experience of proposed type of superstructure. By 2004
13542-560: Was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah , Punjab , British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan ), into a Sikh family. His mother died when he was very young. His paternal grandmother raised him, and he was very close to her. His early schooling was in the Urdu medium, and even as prime minister years later, he wrote his apparently Hindi speeches in the Urdu script , although sometimes he would also use Gurmukhi ,
13664-561: Was constructed at Saraighat . It was opened to traffic in April 1962. The environment of the Brahmaputra floodplains in Assam have been described as the Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests ecoregion . In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Tista, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains
13786-399: Was constructed by a consortium of construction companies headed by Hindustan Construction Company . The bridge has a double rail line on the lower deck and a three lane road on the upper deck. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25 December 2018 on the occasion of Good Governance Day . The Bogibeel Bridge, situated 17 km downstream of Dibrugarh and Dhemaji , spans
13908-496: Was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed. Singh's government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel . Since 2003, the two countries have made significant investments in each other and Israel now rivals Russia to become India's largest defence partner. Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia, especially over
14030-416: Was facing an economic crisis. At this point, the government of India sought funds from the supranational International Monetary Fund , which, while assisting India financially, imposed several conditions regarding India's economic policy. In effect, IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled, and India's attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end. Singh explained to
14152-647: Was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work. After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at Panjab University . In 1960, he went to the University of Oxford for his DPhil , where he was a member of Nuffield College . His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of I.M.D. Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and
14274-565: Was incurred on the project till March 2014, and a further outlay of ₹ 600 crore (US$ 72 million) was sanctioned for the year 2014–2015, with the project then-expected to be completed by March 2017. However, a correspondent writing in The Hindu Business Line claimed that when he visited the project in July 2014, only 15 out of the 42 piers were "coming up", while the work on the rest had barely begun. On 2 December 2018,
14396-402: Was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth". After completing his D.Phil., Singh returned to India. He was a senior lecturer of economics at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a reader in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics professor there. Then he went to work for
14518-705: Was secretary general of the South Commission , an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990. Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of Chandra Shekar . In March 1991, he became chairman of the University Grants Commission . In June 1991, India's prime minister at
14640-679: Was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations." He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004. In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished the Licence Raj , source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as prime minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in
14762-612: Was slow, notwithstanding a Congress government in Assam. Accordingly, the Union Ministry of Finance funded 75% of the project costs while the Ministry of Railways financed the rest. The actual work on the project only began in 2011. In April 2008, the Northeast Frontier Railway contracted Gammon India to construct the sub-structure of the bridge while a consortium of Hindustan Construction Company , DSD Brückenbau GmbH, Germany and VNR Infrastructures won
14884-531: Was sworn in as the new prime minister. Singh, along with Congress president Sonia Gandhi , former Presidents A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil , and Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony . Later, Singh shifted to 3 Motilal Nehru Road, New Delhi. In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair, which he eventually did not. Singh retired from
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