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57-750: The Keep River and Victoria River drain into the gulf in the Northern Territory , the former close to the Western Australia - Northern Territory border . The Ord River , Pentecost River , Durack River , King River and the Forrest River drain into the Cambridge Gulf , another gulf within the southern part of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf. The Legune (Joseph Bonaparte Bay) Important Bird Area lies at

114-524: A conservative Alexandrian." Very little of Arius' writing has survived. "As far as his own writings go, we have no more than three letters, (and) a few fragments of another." The three are: "The Thalia is Arius' only known theological work" but "we do not possess a single complete and continuous text." We only have extracts from it in the writings of Arius' enemies, "mostly from the pen of Athanasius of Alexandria, his bitterest and most prejudiced enemy." Emperor Constantine ordered their burning while Arius

171-496: A difficult task. Arius was of Berber descent. His father's name is given as Ammonius. Hanson says that "Arius very probably had at some time studied with Lucian of Antioch" because he refers to somebody else as "truly a fellow -disciple of Lucian." But Williams questions whether "we should assume from the one word in Arius' letter that he had actually been Lucian's student." In the past, many writers have assumed that our Arius

228-405: A doctrinal crisis which had gradually been gathering[...] He was the spark that started the explosion. But in himself he was of no great significance." The association between Arius and the theology titled after him has been argued to be a creation "based on the polemic of Nicene writers" such as Athanasius of Alexandria, a Homoousian. Reconstructing the life and doctrine of Arius has proven to be

285-422: A fierce opponent of Arius ... certainly would not have stopped short of misrepresenting what he said." "Athanasius... may be suspected of pressing the words maliciously rather further than Arius intended." Archbishop Rowan Williams agrees that Athanasius applied "unscrupulous tactics in polemic and struggle." The Diocletianic Persecution (Great Persecution) of AD 303–313 was Rome's final attempt to limit

342-557: A revival of Sabellianism , condemned it, and then argued that "if the Father begat the Son, he that was begotten had a beginning of existence: and from this it is evident, that there was a time when the Son was not. It therefore necessarily follows, that he [the Son] had his substance from nothing." This quote describes the essence of Arius's doctrine. Socrates of Constantinople believed that Arius

399-603: A writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital punishment   [...] The homoousian party's victory at Nicaea was short-lived, however. Despite Arius' exile and the alleged finality of the Council's decrees, the Arian controversy recommenced at once. When Bishop Alexander died in 327, Athanasius succeeded him, despite not meeting

456-438: Is "a thinker and exegete of resourcefulness, sharpness and originality." Although his character has been severely assailed by his opponents, Arius appears to have been a man of personal ascetic achievement, pure morals, and decided convictions. "He was very tall in stature, with downcast countenance ... always garbed in a short cloak and sleeveless tunic ; he spoke gently, and people found him persuasive and flattering." It

513-540: Is called, 'like-in-essence', there ought to be no mention of any of these at all, nor exposition of them in the Church, for this reason and for this consideration, that in divine Scripture nothing is written about them, and that they are above men's knowledge and above men's understanding. Following the abortive effort by Julian the Apostate to restore paganism in the empire, the emperor Valens —himself an Arian—renewed

570-520: Is of an unscrupulous intriguer." "This is of course because our knowledge of Eusebius derives almost entirely from the evidence of his bitter enemies." Hanson mentions several instances displaying Eusebius' integrity and courage and concludes: "Eusebius certainly was a man of strong character and great ability" (page 29). "It was he who virtually took charge of the affairs of the Greek speaking Eastern Church from 328 until his death" (page 29). He encouraged

627-516: Is quite bitter and abusive. Moreover, even Alexander never accused Lucian of having taught Arianism. It is traditionally taught that Arius had wide support in the areas of the Roman Empire. But it now seems his supporters were limited to Egypt and Alexandria : The controversy had spread from Alexandria into almost all the African regions and was considered a disturbance of the public order by

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684-761: Is the same as the Arius who was involved in the Melitian schism , "who had an outward appearance of piety, and ... was eager to be a teacher." However, after several pages of detailed analysis, Williams concludes that "the Melitian Arius ... melt(s) away under close investigation." In 313, Arius was made presbyter of the Baucalis district in Alexandria. Arius' views have always been "represented as ... some hopelessly defective form of belief." Contrary to this view, Rowan Williams recently concluded that Arius

741-410: Is traditional to claim that Arius was a deliberate radical, breaking away from the 'orthodoxy' of the church fathers. However: "A great deal of recent work seeking to understand Arian spirituality has, not surprisingly, helped to demolish the notion of Arius and his supporters as deliberate radicals, attacking a time-honoured tradition." "Arius was a committed theological conservative; more specifically,

798-661: The Edict of Milan . Emperor Constantine had taken a personal interest in several ecumenical issues, including the Donatist controversy in 316, and he wanted to bring an end to the Christological dispute. To this end, the emperor sent Hosius, bishop of Córdoba to investigate and, if possible, resolve the controversy. Hosius was armed with an open letter from the Emperor: "Wherefore let each one of you, showing consideration for

855-820: The Joseph Bonaparte Gulf and the Timor Sea . The river catchment occupies an area of 6,003 square kilometres (2,318 sq mi) and is wedged between the Ord River catchment to the west and the Victoria River catchment to the east. The river has a mean annual outflow of 500 gigalitres (654,000,000 cu yd). Important wetlands are found in the lower reaches of the river, forming suitable habitat for waterfowl breeding colonies and roosting sites for migratory shorebirds. Large areas of rice-grass floodplain grasslands are also found along

912-557: The Miriwoong people to the south. The origin of the name is not known but it is thought to have been named for Henry Francis Keep who was a store keeper in Wyndham . The first written record of the name was in the diary of explorer and pastoralist, Michael Durack , who wrote about a "trip to Keep River" in 1894. Arius Arius ( / ə ˈ r aɪ ə s , ˈ ɛər i -/ ; Koinē Greek : Ἄρειος , Áreios ; 250 or 256 – 336)

969-784: The Victoria Bonaparte bioregion of Western Australia and the Northern Territory in Australia . The river rises just south of the Newry Station homestead then flows in a northerly direction crossing the Victoria Highway and then flowing through the Keep River National Park and veering westward across the border into Western Australia then veering east back into the Northern Territory . It then continues north before discharging into

1026-547: The Christian world. Historians report that Constantine, who had not been baptized for most of his lifetime, was baptized on his deathbed in 337 by the Arian bishop, Eusebius of Nicomedia . Constantius II , who succeeded Constantine, was an Arian sympathizer. Under him, Arianism reached its high point at the Third Council of Sirmium in 357. The Seventh Arian Confession (Second Sirmium Confession) held, regarding

1083-411: The Father alone was infinite and eternal. Arius maintained that the Son had a beginning. Thus, said Arius, only the Son was directly created and begotten of God; furthermore, there was a time that he had no existence. He was capable of his own free will, said Arius, and thus "were He in the truest sense a son, He must have come after the Father, therefore the time obviously was when He was not, and hence He

1140-415: The Father, meaning that the Father alone is infinite and eternal and almighty, and that therefore the Father's divinity must be greater than the Son's. Arius maintained that the Son possessed neither the eternity nor the true divinity of the Father but was rather made "God" only by the Father's permission and power. "Many summary accounts present the Arian controversy as a dispute over whether or not Christ

1197-843: The Great 's formal adoption of Christianity into the Roman Empire entailed the convention of ecumenical councils to remove theological divisions between opposing sects within the Church. Arius's theology was a prominent topic at the First Council of Nicaea , where Arianism was condemned in favor of Homoousian conceptions of God and Jesus. Opposition to Arianism remains embodied in the Nicene Creed , described as "a deliberately anti-Arian document." Nevertheless, despite concerted opposition, Arian churches persisted for centuries throughout Europe (especially in various Germanic kingdoms),

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1254-535: The Great. The Christological debate could no longer be contained within the Alexandrian diocese . By the time Bishop Alexander finally acted against Arius, Arius's doctrine had spread far beyond his own see; it had become a topic of discussion—and disturbance—for the entire Church. The Church was now a powerful force in the Roman world, with Emperors Licinius and Constantine I having legalized it in 313 through

1311-608: The Middle East, and North Africa. They were suppressed by military conquest or by voluntary royal conversion between the fifth and seventh centuries. Arius's role as the sole originator of Arian theology has been disputed by historians such as Rowan Williams , who stated that "Arius' role in 'Arianism' was not that of the founder of a sect. It was not his individual teaching that dominated the mid-century eastern Church." Richard Hanson writes that Arius' specific espousal of subordinationist theology brought "into unavoidable prominence

1368-556: The Northern Territory Land Corporation released 67,500 hectares for a planned conversion of the landscape towards the cultivation of rice, cotton and various fruits like mangoes and bananas. The effects of this major project on the natural ecology and Aboriginal sacred sites are not yet known. The traditional owners of the area are the Kadjerong and Duulngari peoples to the northern end and

1425-469: The Roman Empire. (Eusebius of Caesarea in The Life of Constantine ). "The Thalia appears ... to have circulated only in Alexandria; what is known of him elsewhere seems to stem from Athanasius' quotations." He also had the support of perhaps the two most important church leaders of that time: Eusebius of Nicomedia "was a supporter of Arius as long as Arius lived." "The conventional picture of Eusebius

1482-488: The Son was of the same essence ( homoousios ) with the Father (or one in essence with the Father), and was eternally generated from that essence of the Father. Those who instead insisted that the Son of God came after God the Father in time and substance were led by Arius the presbyter. For about two months, the two sides argued and debated, with each appealing to Scripture to justify their respective positions. Arius argued for

1539-498: The age requirements for a hierarch. Still committed to pacifying the conflict between Arians and Trinitarians, Constantine gradually became more lenient toward those whom the Council of Nicaea had exiled. Though he never repudiated the council or its decrees, the emperor ultimately permitted Arius (who had taken refuge in Palestine ) and many of his adherents to return to their homes, once Arius had reformulated his Christology to mute

1596-445: The church on the day following: but divine retribution overtook his daring criminalities. For going out of the imperial palace, attended by a crowd of Eusebian partisans like guards, he paraded proudly through the midst of the city, attracting the notice of all the people. As he approached the place called Constantine's Forum , where the column of porphyry is erected, a terror arising from the remorse of conscience seized Arius, and with

1653-719: The council became so heated that at one point, Nicholas struck Arius across the face. The majority of the bishops ultimately agreed upon a creed, known thereafter as the Nicene creed . It included the word homoousios , meaning "consubstantial", or "one in essence", which was incompatible with Arius's beliefs. On June 19, 325, council and emperor issued a circular to the churches in and around Alexandria: Arius and two of his unyielding partisans (Theonas and Secundus) were deposed and exiled to Illyricum , while three other supporters— Theognis of Nicaea , Eusebius of Nicomedia and Maris of Chalcedon—affixed their signatures solely out of deference to

1710-473: The distinction of nature between the Father and the Son by his emphasis on eternal generation". The Trinitarian historian Socrates of Constantinople reports that Arius sparked the controversy that bears his name when Alexander of Alexandria , who had succeeded Achillas as the Bishop of Alexandria , gave a sermon stating the similarity of the Son to the Father. Arius interpreted Alexander's speech as being

1767-526: The doctrines homoousios (of one substance) and homoiousios (of similar substance), that both were non-biblical; and that the Father is greater than the Son, a confession later dubbed the Blasphemy of Sirmium : But since many persons are disturbed by questions concerning what is called in Latin substantia , but in Greek ousia , that is, to make it understood more exactly, as to 'coessential', or what

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1824-428: The effusion of blood, so that he almost immediately died. The scene of this catastrophe still is shown at Constantinople, as I have said, behind the shambles in the colonnade: and by persons going by pointing the finger at the place, there is a perpetual remembrance preserved of this extraordinary kind of death. The death of Arius did not end the Arian controversy, which would not be settled for centuries in some parts of

1881-425: The emperor. The following is part of the ruling made by the emperor denouncing Arius's teachings with fervor. In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered to have hidden

1938-460: The empire." Pope Sylvester I , himself too aged to attend, sent two priests as his delegates. Arius himself attended the council, as did his bishop, Alexander. Also there were Eusebius of Caesarea , Eusebius of Nicomedia and the young deacon Athanasius , who would become the champion of the Trinitarian view ultimately adopted by the council and spend most of his life battling Arianism. Before

1995-454: The expansion of Christianity across the empire. That persecution came to an end when Christianity was legalized with Galerius' Edict of Toleration in 311 followed by Constantine's Edict of Milan in 313, after Emperor Constantine himself had become a Christian. The Arian Controversy began only 5 years later in 318 when Arius, who was in charge of one of the churches in Alexandria, publicly criticized his bishop Alexander for "carelessness in blurring

2052-584: The ideas found most objectionable by his critics. Athanasius was exiled following his condemnation by the First Synod of Tyre in 335 (though he was later recalled), and the Synod of Jerusalem the following year restored Arius to communion. The emperor directed Alexander of Constantinople to receive Arius, despite the bishop's objections; Bishop Alexander responded by earnestly praying that Arius might perish before this could happen. Modern scholars consider that

2109-476: The main conclave convened, Hosius initially met with Alexander and his supporters at Nicomedia . The council was presided over by the emperor himself, who participated in and even led some of its discussions. At this First Council of Nicaea , 22 bishops, led by Eusebius of Nicomedia, came as supporters of Arius. Nonetheless, when some of Arius's writings were read aloud, they are reported to have been denounced as blasphemous by most participants. Those who upheld

2166-402: The notion that Christ was co-eternal and consubstantial with the Father were led by the bishop Alexander . Athanasius was not allowed to sit in on the Council because he was only an arch-deacon. However, Athanasius is seen as doing the legwork and concluded (according to Bishop Alexander's defense of Athanasian Trinitarianism and also according to the Nicene Creed adopted at this Council) that

2223-459: The other, listen to the impartial exhortation of your fellow-servant." However, as the debate continued to rage despite Hosius's efforts, Constantine in AD 325 took an unprecedented step: he called a council to be composed of church prelates from all parts of the empire to resolve this issue, possibly at Hosius's recommendation. "Around 250–300 attended, drawn almost entirely from the eastern half of

2280-525: The persecution of Nicene bishops. However, Valens's successor Theodosius I ended Arianism once and for all among the elites of the Eastern Empire through a combination of imperial decree, persecution, and the calling of the First Council of Constantinople in 381 that condemned Arius anew while reaffirming and expanding the Nicene Creed. This generally ended the influence of Arianism among

2337-576: The river include Melaleuca , Barringtonia acutangula , Nauclea orientalis , reeds and taro are common in the upper reaches. In pools along the river sponges such as Spongillidae can be found on rocks. Toward the national park area aquatic vegetation such as species of Nymphea , Hydrilla verticillata and species of Chara become more frequent forming dense mats in some areas. Riparian vegetation includes Melaleuca , Barringtonia acutangula , Nauclea orientalis , Lysiphyllum cunninghamii and Pandanus spiralis . Marine fauna found along

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2394-427: The river include fish including freshwater sawfish , dwarf wawfish , ox-eye herring , bony bream , short-tail thryssa , several species of catfish such as Arius and Anodontiglanis dahli , freshwater longtom , species of rainbowfish , hardeyheads , species of glassfish , species of grunter , species of mullet , spotted archerfish , species of gudgeon , species of goby and baramundi . In February 2022,

2451-404: The river. The estuary formed at the river mouth is in near pristine condition. It occupies an area of 230 square kilometres (89 sq mi) of open water. It is tide dominated in nature with a tide dominated delta having multiple channels and is surrounded by an area of 55.5 square kilometres (21 sq mi) covered with mangroves . Riparian vegetation found along the margins in

2508-472: The significance which in our twentieth-century world it has acquired ... viz. the one and sole true God. The word could apply to many gradations of divinity and was not as absolute to Athanasius as it is to us." The Bishop of Alexandria exiled the presbyter following a council of local priests. Arius's supporters vehemently protested. Numerous bishops and Christian leaders of the era supported his cause, among them Eusebius of Nicomedia , who baptized Constantine

2565-469: The south-eastern end of the gulf. The Bonaparte Basin is a large sedimentary basin underlying the gulf and a large part of the Timor Sea , deriving its name from the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, which has several producing and potential oilfields . The traditional custodians of the areas around the gulf are the Menhdheyangal people. Keep River The Keep River is a river located in

2622-503: The spread of the Christian faith beyond the frontiers of the Roman Empire. The version of the Christian faith which the missionaries spread was that favoured by Eusebius and not Athanasius. This serves as evidence of his zeal." "Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine [the church historian] was certainly an early supporter of Arius." "He was universally acknowledged to be the most scholarly bishop of his day." "Eusebius of Caesarea ...

2679-405: The subsequent death of Arius may have been the result of poisoning by his opponents. In contrast, some contemporaries of Arius asserted that the circumstances of his death were a miraculous consequence of Arius's heretical views. The latter view was evident in the account of Arius's death by a bitter enemy, Socrates Scholasticus : It was then Saturday, and Arius was expecting to assemble with

2736-433: The supremacy of God the Father, and maintained that the Son of God was simply the oldest and most beloved creature of God, made from nothing, because of being the direct offspring. Arius taught that the pre-existent Son was God's first production (the very first thing that God actually ever did in his entire eternal existence up to that point), before all ages. Thus he insisted that only God the Father had no beginning, and that

2793-420: The terror a violent relaxation of the bowels: he therefore enquired whether there was a convenient place near, and being directed to the back of Constantine's Forum, he hastened thither. Soon after a faintness came over him, and together with the evacuations his bowels protruded, followed by a copious hemorrhage, and the descent of the smaller intestines: moreover portions of his spleen and liver were brought off in

2850-504: Was a Cyrenaic presbyter and ascetic . He has been regarded as the founder of Arianism , which holds that Jesus Christ was not coeternal with God the Father , but was rather created before time. Arian theology and its doctrine regarding the nature of the Godhead held in common a belief in subordinationism with most Christian theologians of the 3rd century, with the notable exception of Athanasius of Alexandria . Constantine

2907-425: Was a finite being." Arius appealed to Scripture, quoting verses such as John 14:28: "the Father is greater than I", as well as Colossians 1:15: "the firstborn of all creation." Thus, Arius insisted that the Father's Divinity was greater than the Son's, and that the Son was under God the Father, and not co-equal or co-eternal with him. According to some accounts in the hagiography of Nicholas of Myra , debate at

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2964-412: Was divine." "It is misleading to assume that these controversies were about 'the divinity of Christ'." "Many fourth-century theologians (including some who were in no way anti-Nicene) made distinctions between being 'God' and being 'true God' that belie any simple account of the controversy in these terms." "It must be understood that in the fourth century the word 'God' (theos, deus) had not acquired

3021-526: Was influenced by the writings of Origen , widely regarded as the first great theologian of Christianity. However, while both agreed on the subordination of the Son to the Father, and Arius drew support from Origen's theories on the Logos , the two did not agree on everything. For example: Hanson concluded: "Arius probably inherited some terms and even some ideas from Origen, ... he certainly did not adopt any large or significant part of Origen's theology." "He

3078-531: Was influenced in his thinking by the teachings of Lucian of Antioch , a celebrated Christian teacher and martyr. In a letter to Patriarch Alexander of Constantinople Arius's bishop, Alexander of Alexandria , wrote that Arius derived his theology from Lucian. The express purpose of the letter was to complain about the doctrines that Arius was spreading, but his charge of heresy against Arius is vague and unsupported by other authorities. Furthermore, Alexander's language, like that of most controversialists in those days,

3135-416: Was not without influence from Origen, but cannot seriously be called an Origenist." However, because Origen's theological speculations were often proffered to stimulate further inquiry rather than to put an end to any given dispute, both Arius and his opponents were able to invoke the authority of this revered (at the time) theologian during their debate. Arius emphasized the supremacy and uniqueness of God

3192-467: Was one of the most influential authors of the fourth century." "Neither Arius nor anti-Arians speak evil of him." "He was made bishop of Caesarea about 313, (and) attended the Council of Nicaea in 325." "We cannot accordingly describe Eusebius (of Caesarea) as a formal Arian in the sense that he knew and accepted the full logic of Arius, or of Asterius' position. But undoubtedly, he approached it nearly." Like many third-century Christian scholars, Arius

3249-435: Was still living but R.P.C. Hanson concluded that so little survived because "the people of his day, whether they agreed with him or not, did not regard him (Arius) as a particularly significant writer." Those works which have survived are quoted in the works of churchmen who denounced him as a heretic . This leads some—but not all—scholars to question their reliability. For example Bishop R.P.C. Hanson wrote: "Athanasius,

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