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60-791: Qanu (咯努), a Hmu variety, had 11,450 speakers as of 2000, and is spoken just south of Kaili City , Guizhou. The Qanu are ethnoculturally distinct from the other Hmu. Autonyms include m̥ʰu33 in Kaili , mo33 in Jinping County , mu13 in Tianzhu County , m̥ə33 in Huangping County , qa33 nəu13 in some parts of Qiandongnan ( Miaoyu Jianzhi 苗语简志 1985), and ta11 mu11 in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County , Guangxi. Ná-Meo , spoken by

120-574: A branch of Hmongic since the 1950s. Wang (1985) recognized three varieties. Matisoff (2001) treated these as distinct languages, which is reflected in Ethnologue . Lee (2000) added a fourth variety, Western Hmu (10,000 speakers), among the Yao , and Matisoff (2006) lists seven (Daigong, Kaili [N], Lushan, Taijiang [N], Zhenfeng [N], Phö, Rongjiang [S]). Northern Qiandong Miao, also known as Central Miao and as Eastern Guizhou Hmu (黔东方言 Qián-Dōng fāngyán ),

180-425: A large number of rivers with continuous flow, and there are 984 rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers. Guizhou Province has a large number of rivers, with 984 rivers that are over 10 kilometers long. In 2002, the runoff volume of Guizhou's rivers reached 114.52 billion cubic meters. The mountainous characteristics of Guizhou's rivers are evident, with most rivers having broad valleys and gentle water flow in

240-427: A mountain tourism destination and a major mountain tourism province, a national ecological civilization pilot zone, and an inland open economic pilot zone. The representative historical culture is "Qian Gui culture"(黔贵文化). In addition, Guizhou is also one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese humans and ancient Chinese culture , with ancient humans living on this land since about half a million years ago. Guizhou

300-605: A number of uniquely scenic caves. Kaili City is home to a total of 136 ethnic festivals, earning it the title of the "Town of a Hundred Festivals." The main traditional festivals include the Miao New Year, Climbing Festival, Eating New Year's Food Festival, Sisters' Festival, June Sixth Festival, Gucang Festival, and Reed Pipe Festival. Kaili City is renowned for its diverse ethnic crafts, with notable specialties including embroidery, cross-stitching, brocade weaving, batik printing, and silver jewelry. Guizhou Guizhou

360-534: A province in 1413; the capital of the province was originally called "Guizhou", but it is currently known as Guiyang . Evidence of settlement by humans during the Middle Palaeolithic is indicated by stone artefacts, including Levallois pieces, found during archaeological excavations at Guanyindong Cave. These artefacts have been dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago using optically stimulated luminescence methods. From around 1046 BC to

420-466: A significant impact on agricultural production. Like in China's other southwest provinces, rural areas of Guizhou suffered severe drought during spring 2010. Beginning on 3 April 2010, China's premier Wen Jiabao went on a three-day inspection tour in the southwest drought-affected province of Guizhou, where he met villagers and called on agricultural scientists to develop drought-resistant technologies for

480-609: Is Southwestern Mandarin , a variety of Mandarin . The area was first organized as an administrative region of a Chinese empire under the Tang , when it was named Juzhou ( 矩州 ), pronounced Kjú-jyuw in the Middle Chinese of the period. During the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty , the character 矩 ( ju , "carpenter's square") was changed to the more refined 貴 ( gui , "precious or expensive"). The region formally became

540-427: Is 108,740 square kilometers, accounting for 61.7% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The hilly area is 54,197 square kilometers, accounting for 31.1% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The area of mountainous flatlands is 13,230 square kilometers, only accounting for 7.5% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. There is a limited amount of land resources available for agricultural development. Due to

600-677: Is 176,167 square kilometers, accounting for 1.8% of the total area of China. The easternmost point is in Di Lake Township, Tianzhu County, Qiandongnan Prefecture. The westernmost point is in Yulong Township(玉龙乡), Weining County, Bijie City. The southernmost point is in Luowan Township(洛万乡), Xingyi City, Qianxinan Prefecture. The northernmost point is in Yangxi Town(阳溪镇), Daozhen County, Zunyi City. Guizhou

660-695: Is a major producer of rice. The name "Kaili" is from the Miao Hmu language , meaning "newly cultivated land". Kaili has a long history as an administrative center, earning the nickname "Little Capital" during the Ming and Qing dynasties. A significant population of Miao and Gejia (officially classified as Miao) live in Kaili. Kaili is host to more than 120 Miao festivals throughout the year. The Miao are known for arts and crafts, including jewelry , embroidery , brocade , batik , and papercutting . Kaili City

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720-465: Is a mountainous province, although its higher altitudes are in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of the Yungui Plateau . At 2,900 m (9,514 ft) above sea level, Jiucaiping is Guizhou's highest point. Guizhou Plateau is predominantly mountainous, and its topography can be generally divided into three basic types: plateau mountains, hills , and basins(盆地), with 92.5% of

780-622: Is a wetland that is an important overwintering site for many birds. It is a National Nature Reserve and an Important Bird Area identified by BirdLife International . Guizhou is one of the four major medicinal material-producing areas in China. The province boasts 4,419 species of medicinal plants and 301 medicinal animals. It is famous for its 50 "authentic medicinal materials" known both domestically and internationally. Over 350 types of Chinese medicinal resources have been developed and utilized, with Gastrodia elata , Eucommia ulmoides , Coptis chinensis , Evodia rutaecarpa , and Dendrobium being

840-462: Is abundant, with a distinct rainy season, many cloudy days, and less sunshine, with the number of cloudy days generally exceeding 150 days throughout the year, and the annual relative humidity above 70%. Influenced by atmospheric circulation and terrain, Guizhou's climate is diverse, with the saying. Additionally, the climate is unstable, with a variety of disastrous weather conditions such as droughts , autumn winds, freezing , and hail , which can have

900-630: Is also rich in wildlife resources, with 1,053 species of vertebrates, including 141 mammals, 509 birds, 104 reptiles, 74 amphibians, and 225 fish species. In broad terms, the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau is one of the vertebrate diversity hotspots of China. At the level of counties, Xingyi is one of nine Chinese vertebrate (excluding birds) diversity hotspots. Animals only known from Guizhou include Leishan moustache toad , Kuankuoshui salamander , Shuicheng salamander , Guizhou salamander , and Zhijin warty newt . Caohai Lake with its surroundings

960-637: Is an inland province in Southwestern China . Its capital and largest city is Guiyang , in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The Guizhou Province has a Humid subtropical climate . It covers a total area of 176,200 square kilometers and consists of six prefecture-level cities and three autonomous prefectures . The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among

1020-585: Is home to hundreds of species of wild animals, 428 species of medicinal plants, and mineral resources primarily consisting of coal, iron, quartz sandstone, petroleum, and natural gas, with one each of oil and gas mining sites. Kaili City is divided 7 subdistricts and 11 towns . Dashizhi subdistrict is the city seat which houses Kaili City Government and Kaili City Council. Kaili City is served by Kaili Huangping Airport located at Huangping County . The natural landscapes mainly include Xianglushan (Incense Burner Mountain), Jinquan Lake (Golden Spring Lake), and

1080-622: Is located on the eastern side of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, characterized by a terraced large slope zone. It has a subtropical humid monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 16.1°C, ranging from a maximum of 37°C to a minimum of -4 to -7°C. The city is traversed by 153 rivers and streams, including the Qingshui River, Chong'an River, and Bara River, with a total runoff of 3.989 billion cubic meters and theoretical hydropower resources of 54,000 kilowatts. Kaili

1140-589: Is looking to develop Guizhou as a data hub. Guizhou is a mountainous province, with its higher altitudes in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of the Yungui Plateau . Demographically, it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups account for more than 37% of the population, including sizable populations of the Miao , Bouyei , Dong , Tujia and Yi peoples, all of whom speak languages distinct from Chinese. The main language spoken in Guizhou

1200-719: Is low. The border mountains of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan have been identified as one of the eight plant diversity hotspots in China. Guizhou Province is home to 9,982 species of vascular plants (including subspecies and varieties, the same below)， The main ecosystem types include evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and montane elfin forest. more than 700 of which are edible, and over 2,000 that are used for greening, beautification, and for pollution resistance and environmental improvement. Plant species endemic to this region include Abies ziyuanensis , Cathaya argyrophylla , and Keteleeria pubescens ， Davidia involucrata , Guizhou Cycas . The province

1260-473: Is pronounced [w] . In Southern Hmu, words cognate with hni (and some with ni ) are pronounced [nʲʑ] ; those with r are [nz] ; and some words exchange s and x . Ai /ɛ/ does not occur after palatalized consonants. /en/ after palatalized consonants is spelled in . Additional diphthongs occur in Chinese loans. All dialects have eight tones. There is no sandhi . In the chart below, Northern Hmu

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1320-420: Is represented by Yanghao village ( Kaili City ), Eastern Hmu by 偶里 village ( Jinping County ), and Southern Hmu by 振民 ( Rongshui County ). The lowest tones—Northern tones 4 and 6, Eastern tones 3 and 8, and Southern tone 6—are said to make the preceding consonant murmured ( breathy voiced ), presumably meaning that these are murmured tones as in other Hmongic languages. They are marked with ⟨ ◌̤ ⟩ in

1380-415: Is rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Its natural industry includes timber and forestry, and the energy and mining industries constitute an important part of its economy. Notwithstanding, Guizhou is considered a relatively undeveloped province, with the fourth-lowest GDP per capita in China as of 2020. However, it is also one of China's fastest-growing economies. The Chinese government

1440-564: Is roughly 10 to 20 °C, with January temperatures ranging from 1 to 10 °C and July temperatures ranging from 17 to 28 °C. with annual rainfall ranging from 1,000 to 1,400 millimeters; the frost-free period lasts between 250 and 300 days. There is no severe cold in winter and no extreme heat in summer, with the coldest month of January averaging 4-6 degrees Celsius, and the hottest month of July averaging 15-23 degrees Celsius. The unique climatic characteristics make Guizhou an ideal place for leisure travel and summer retreats. Precipitation

1500-876: The Liupanshui Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Liupanshui was established, governing three special districts, with the municipal government located in Shuicheng Special District, becoming the second prefecture-level city in Guizhou Province. In September 1981, the Xingyi Special Area was abolished and the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, with its administrative center in Xingyi. In 1983, Kaili County in

1560-524: The Mieu people of Cao Minh Commune , Tràng Định District , Lạng Sơn Province , Vietnam, may be closely related. Wang Fushi (1985) groups the Qiandong Miao languages as follows. Wu Zhengbiao (2009) divides Hmu into seven different dialects. Past classifications usually included only three or four dialects. For example, Li Jinping & Li Tianyi (2012), based on past classifications, divide Hmu into

1620-704: The Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture and the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture were established, with their administrative centers in Kaili (the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was established in Zhenyuan on July 23 of the same year and later moved to Kaili in 1958). In 1956, two villages from Qijiang County (綦江县), Sichuan Province, were transferred to Xishui County (习水县), Guizhou Province. In 1960,

1680-567: The Xingyi Special Area, Liuzhi Industrial and Mining Area, Shuicheng Industrial and Mining Area, and Pan County Industrial and Mining Area were established. In 1970, the Wanshan Special District was established, under the jurisdiction of Tongren Special Area. The Liuzhi, Pan County, and Shuicheng industrial and mining areas and their original counties were merged into Liuzhi Special District , Pan County Special District, and Shuicheng Special District. In December 1978,

1740-597: The Yao and Miao minorities during the Miao Rebellions . Chinese-style agriculture flourished with the expertise of farmers from Sichuan, Hunan and its surrounding provinces into Guizhou. Wu Sangui was responsible for the ousting the Ming in Guizhou and Yunnan during the Manchu conquest of China . During the governorship-general of the Qing dynasty 's nobleman Ortai , the tusi system of indirect governance of

1800-573: The Chinese southwest in the process of defeating the Song during the Mongol invasion of China , and the newly established Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) saw the importation of Chinese Muslim administrators and settlers from Bukhara in Central Asia. It was during the following Ming dynasty , which was once again led by Han Chinese , that Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413. The Ming established many garrisons in Guizhou from which to pacify

1860-624: The Langdai County(朗岱县) in Anshun Special Area was abolished and Liuzhi City was established, which was later changed back to Liuzhi County. In 1965, the city status of Duyun was restored, serving as the capital of the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. In 1966, on the basis of Liuzhi County(六枝县) in the former Anshun Special Area, Shuicheng County (水城县) in the Bijie Special Area,and Pan County in

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1920-773: The Pan County Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Pan County was established. Qingzhen County in the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the county-level Qingzhen City was established, still under the jurisdiction of Anshun Special Area. In 1994, Renhuai County in the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the county-level Renhuai City was established. Bijie County in the Bijie Special Area

1980-467: The Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-level Kaili City was established, serving as the capital of the autonomous prefecture. In 1987, the Shuicheng Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Shuicheng County and Zhongshan District were established, with the Liupanshui municipal government moving to Zhongshan District; on August 21, Tongren County

2040-919: The Qing, in 1735 , from 1795–1806 and from 1854–1873 . After the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 and following Chinese Civil War , the Communists took refuge in Guizhou during the Long March (1934–1935). While the province was formally ruled by the warlord Wang Jialie , the Zunyi Conference in Guizhou established Mao Zedong as the leader of the Communist Party. As the Second Sino-Japanese War pushed China's Nationalist Government to its southwest base of Chongqing , transportation infrastructure improved as Guizhou

2100-643: The Second Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army liberated Guiyang ; on December 26, the People's Government of Guizhou Province was established. In the early period after liberation, the province had one directly managed city, eight special areas, and one special area city, totalling 79 counties. In April 1956, the Guiyang , Zhenyuan , and Duyun special areas were abolished, and

2160-549: The approval of the State Council, Xingren County in the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-level Xingren City was established. In July 2020, Shuicheng County in Liupanshui City was abolished and the district-level Shuicheng District was established. In March 2021, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed to abolish Qianxi County and establish

2220-535: The area being mountains and hills. There are numerous mountain ranges within the province, with overlapping ridges and peaks stretching across the landscape. In the north, there is the Dalou Mountain , which runs diagonally from the west to the northeast, with the important pass Loushan Pass at an altitude of 1444 meters; in the central and southern part, Miaoling Mountain(苗岭) Range stretches across, with its main peak, Leigong Mountain(雷公山), at 2178 meters; in

2280-468: The area. Because of its lesser development compared to many other provinces in China, Guizhou's environment is well-preserved. As of at least 2023, its environment and favorable climate have been assets in attracting the new, increasingly digital, economy. Guizhou Province's rivers are located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, with 69 counties falling within

2340-429: The chart. Kaili City Kaili ( simplified Chinese : 凯里 ; traditional Chinese : 凱里 ; pinyin : Kǎilǐ , Hmu : Kad Linx ) is a county-level city under the administration of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture , in southeastern Guizhou province, China. It is the center of Miao culture, hosting more than 120 festivals every year. Kaili has a population of 478,642 in 2010 and

2400-552: The county-level Qianxi City. Guizhou Province is located on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , between longitudes 103°36′ to 109°35′ east and latitudes 24°37′ to 29°13′ north. The average altitude is around 1100 meters. It borders Hunan to the east, Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, and Sichuan and Chongqing to the north. It stretches approximately 595 kilometers from east to west and about 509 kilometers from north to south. The total area of Guizhou Province

2460-815: The emergence of the State of Qin , northwest Guizhou was part of the State of Shu . During the Warring States period , the Chinese state of Chu conquered the area, and control later passed to the Dian Kingdom . During the Chinese Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), to which the Dian was tributary, Guizhou was home to the Yelang collection of tribes, which largely governed themselves before the Han consolidated control in

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2520-595: The establishment of the People's Republic of China , Mao Zedong promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them from potential foreign attacks. Located in the hinterland of the southwestern inland region, Guizhou is a transportation hub in the southwest area and an important part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It is the country's first national-level comprehensive pilot zone for big data,

2580-502: The increasing population and the growth of non-agricultural land use, the area of arable land is continuously decreasing. By the end of 2002, the actual area of arable land in Guizhou Province was 17,694 square kilometers, a reduction of 629 square kilometers compared to 2001. The per capita area of arable land is less than 0.05 hectares, which is significantly lower than the national average of China. The proportion of arable land with thick soil layers, high fertility, and good water conditions

2640-588: The northeastern part, there is the Wuling Mountain Range, which winds into Guizhou from Hunan, with its main peak, Fanjing Mountain , at 2572 meters; in the west, there is the towering Wumeng Mountain(乌蒙山), with the highest point in Guizhou being Jiucaiping(韭菜坪) in Zhushi Township(珠市乡), Hezhang County , at an altitude of 2900.6 meters. Guizhou has a humid subtropical climate . There are few seasonal changes. Its annual average temperature

2700-690: The original county-level Zunyi City being changed to Honghuagang District . In 2000, the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Anshun was established, with the original county-level Anshun City being changed to Xixiu District . In 2003, parts of the Honghuagang District in Zunyi City were divided to establish the Huichuan District of Zunyi City. In 2011, the Tongren Special Area

2760-547: The poorest province in China, with a GDP growth average of 9 percent from 1978 to 1993. Regional history In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Guizhou established six administrative supervision areas, each in charge of several counties. In the 30th year (1941), Guiyang City was established. By the 37th year (1948), Guizhou had one direct jurisdiction area, six administrative supervision areas, and 78 counties (cities) under its administration. On November 15, 1949,

2820-581: The province's total land area, with major rivers including: Wu River , Chishui River , Qingshuijiang , Hongzhou River(洪州河), Wuyang River , Jinjiang , Songtao River(松桃河)， Songkan River(松坎河), Niulan River(牛栏江), Hengjiang(横江), etc.; to the south of Miao Ridge lies the Pearl River basin, covering an area of 60,420 square kilometers, accounting for 34.3% of the province's total land area, with major rivers including: Nanpan River , Beipan River , Hongshui River , Duliu River , Dagou River(打狗河), etc. Guizhou has

2880-641: The provinces in China. The Dian Kingdom , which inhabited the present-day area of Guizhou, was annexed by the Han dynasty in 106 BC. Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413 during the Ming dynasty . After the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 and following the Chinese Civil War , the Chinese Communist Party took refuge in Guizhou during the Long March between 1934 and 1935. After

2940-530: The same year, Pingba County in Anshun City was abolished and Pingba District of Anshun City was established. In 2016, Zunyi County in Zunyi City was abolished and the district-level Bozhou District was established. In April 2017, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed to abolish Pan County in Liupanshui City and establish the county-level Panzhou City, managed by Liupanshui City. In August 2018, with

3000-606: The scope of the Yangtze River protective forest conservation area, making it an important ecological barrier for the upper reaches of both the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers. The water system of the province flows from the west and center towards the north, east, and south according to the terrain. Miao Ridge serves as the watershed between the Yangtze and Pearl River basins; to the north lies the Yangtze River basin, covering an area of 115,747 square kilometers, accounting for 65.7% of

3060-947: The southwest and established the Lingnan province. During the Three Kingdoms period, parts of Guizhou were governed by the Shu Han state based in Sichuan , followed by Cao Wei (220–266) and the Jin dynasty (266–420). During the 8th and 9th centuries in the Tang dynasty , Chinese soldiers moved into Guizhou (Kweichow) and married native women. Their descendants are known as Lǎohànrén ( 老汉人 ), in contrast to new Chinese who populated Guizhou at later times. They still speak an archaic dialect. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married these pre-Chinese women. Kublai Khan and Möngke Khan conquered

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3120-537: The southwest was abolished, prompting rebellions from disenfranchised chieftains and the further centralization of government. After the Second Opium War , criminal triads set up shop in Guangxi and Guizhou to sell British opium . For a time, Taiping Rebels took control of Guizhou, but they were ultimately suppressed by the Qing. Concurrently, Han Chinese soldiers moved into the Taijiang region of Guizhou, married Miao women, and their children were brought up as Miao. More unsuccessful Miao rebellions occurred during

3180-441: The three dialects of Northern, Southern, and Eastern. Datapoint locations of representative dialects are from Li Yunbing (2000). Andrew Hsiu (2018) proposes the following classification of the Qiandong Miao languages based on his 2015 computational analysis, classifying Ná-Meo as a Southern Qiandong Miao dialect: East Qiandong Miao North Qiandong Miao South Qiandong Miao West Qiandong Miao/ Raojia Hmu has been recognized as

3240-645: The upper reaches, with small water volume; the middle reaches have alternating tight and open valleys with rapid water flow; the lower reaches have deep and narrow valleys, with large water volume and abundant hydropower resources. The potential of hydropower resources is 18.745 million kilowatts, ranking sixth in China, of which 16.833 million kilowatts are exploitable, accounting for 4.4% of China's total, with many concentrated river sections with large water level drops, and favorable development conditions. Guizhou Province's land resources are predominantly mountainous and hilly, with relatively few plains. The mountainous area

3300-403: Was abolished and Tongren City was established; on November 6, with the approval of the State Council, Xingyi County was abolished and Xingyi City was established. In 1990, Chishui County in the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the county-level Chishui City was established. Anshun City and Anshun County were merged to serve as the administrative center of Anshun Special Area. In 1992,

3360-416: Was abolished and the county-level Bijie City was established, serving as the administrative center of Bijie Special Area. In 1996, Qingzhen City, Xiuwen County , Kaiyang County , and Xifeng County , originally belonging to the Anshun Special Area, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Guiyang City. In 1997, the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Zunyi was established, with

3420-428: Was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Tongren was established, with the original county-level Tongren City being changed to Bijiang District , and the original Wanshan Special District being changed to Wanshan District. Tongren City governs 2 districts and 8 counties. In the same year, the Bijie Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Bijie was established. The original county-level Bijie City

3480-421: Was changed to Qixingguan District . In 2013, a pilot model of provincial direct management of counties was implemented, with the county-level Renhuai City, originally belonging to Zunyi City, and Weining County , originally belonging to Bijie City, being designated as pilot counties for provincial direct management. On January 6, 2014, the State Council agreed to establish the Guizhou Gui'an New District. In

3540-613: Was chosen as the standard for Hmu-language textbooks in China, based on the pronunciation of Yǎnghāo (养蒿) village. The phonemic inventory and alphabetic transcription are as follows. [ ʔ ] is not distinct from a zero initial (that is, if we accept /ʔ/ as a consonant, there are no vowel-initial words in Hmu), and only occurs with tones 1, 3, 5, 7. The aspirated nasals and fricatives do not exist in Southern or Eastern Hmu; cognates words use their unaspirated homologues. Further, in Eastern Hmu, di, ti merge into j, q ; c merges into x ; r (Northern /z/ ) merges into ni ; and v

3600-435: Was linked with the Burma Road . After the end of the War, a 1949 Revolution swept Mao into power, who promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them from Soviet and American attacks. The 1957 influenza pandemic started in Guizhou and killed a million people around the world. After the Chinese economic reform began in 1978, geographical factors led Guizhou to become

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