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61-462: Bornholm ( Danish pronunciation: [pɒːnˈhʌlˀm] ) is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea , to the east of the rest of Denmark , south of Sweden , northeast of Germany and north of Poland . Strategically located, Bornholm has been fought over for centuries. It has usually been ruled by Denmark, but also by Sweden and by Lübeck . The ruin of Hammershus , at the northwestern tip of

122-566: A Germanic people who were settled in the Rhone region by the Romans, and who the region of Burgundy in France is named after. Bornholm was pawned to Lübeck for 50 years starting in 1525. Its first militia, Bornholms Milits , was formed in 1624. Swedish forces conquered the island in 1645, but returned the island to Denmark in the following peace settlement. After the war in 1658, Denmark ceded

183-414: A Social Democrat, spoke out against the merger. It was required that each municipality had more "Yes" votes than "No" votes. Otherwise the merger would have to be abandoned altogether. The six municipal entities had up to 122 councillors (of which county clls were 18, from 1998 15), reduced to 89 in the municipalities from the 1990s, in the 1970s and the new regional municipality would have 27 councillors from

244-470: A declaration of war against the Soviet Union, and that Denmark should keep troops on it at all times to protect it from such foreign aggression. This policy remained in force after NATO was formed, with Denmark as a founding member. The Soviets accepted the stationing there of Danish troops, which were part of NATO but viewed as militarily inferior elements of the alliance, but they strongly objected to

305-470: A listening tower near Østermarie , almost 90 meters high, to intercept radio communications across the Baltic Sea and in parts of Russia. Bornholm Regional Municipality is the local authority ( Danish , kommune ) covering the entire island. Its formal name is Bornholm Municipality. It is given the right in the law establishing it to be called Bornholm Regional Municipality. (For explanation read on). It

366-541: A majority of the houses in Nexø , fully destroying roughly one-tenth. Ten Danes were killed and thirty-five wounded, considered a low number, owing to the fact that many civilians were evacuated to shelters outskirts of the respective towns beforehand before the worst raids hit. After the evacuation of their forces from Bornholm, the Soviets took the position that the stationing of foreign troops on Bornholm would be considered

427-680: A sailing sport where two identical yachts are raced in one-on-one events on the water. The Danish Open event was held in Bornholm in September 2010 at the port town of Rønne on the western coast of Bornholm. The five-day Danish Open is a key event in the World Match Racing Tour calendar which is one of only 3 events awarded 'special event' status by the International Sailing Federation . The Tour

488-477: A series of severe storms during that century, its area decreased to around 41 hectares, and by 1763 to around 18 hectares. By December 1999, the European windstorm Cyclone Anatol had destroyed the last piece of the island and Jordsand had ceased to exist. In other cases, islands are absorbed by larger neighbouring masses of dry land, as a result of either natural sedimentation or artificial land reclamation in

549-460: A strait at Vust had been open prior to the 12th century. This is a list of the 100 largest islands of Denmark (press the symbol after the headings in the table to rearrange the list according to population size, location or alphabetically): Peenem%C3%BCnde The village with its seaport is located on the westernmost extremity of a long sand-spit, where the Peene empties into the Baltic Sea, in

610-506: A sum of 56 million DKK (US$ 8.76 million (29 June 2018)) to the project. Among Bornholm's chief industrial activities are dairy farming and arts and crafts industries such as glass production and pottery using locally worked clay. Jensen-Group , an industrial washing and folding machine company, was founded on the island and has a factory in Rønne. It is headquartered in Belgium . Tourism

671-444: Is Rønne ; it is the seat, in the southwest on the westernmost point of the island. The other main towns (clockwise around the island) are Hasle , Sandvig, Allinge , Gudhjem , Svaneke and Nexø . Monday morning 22 September 2014 it was documented by Folkeregistret in the municipality that the number of people living in the municipality that day were 39,922, the lowest number in over 100 years. As of 2018, Statistics Denmark gave

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732-463: Is a merger formed in June 2010 consisting of Bornholms Erhvervsskole (youth and adults), Bornholm High School (youth) and VUC Bornholm (adults), then occupying separate addresses. Learning institutions not part of this formalised collaboration will also be housed at Minervavej in Rønne. The building costs were over 300 million DKK (US$ 46.9 million (29 June 2018)). The A.P. Møller Foundation contributed

793-473: Is also important during the summer months. Bornholm is also home to a large internationally funded demonstration project to test the viability of novel energy market mechanisms to regulate energy networks with a high prevalence of renewables (such as wind turbines and photovoltaics). 50% of the EcoGrid project is EU-funded, with the remainder coming mainly from large corporations. Almegårds Kaserne on Bornholm

854-470: Is an island that rises high from the sea. Other names known for the island include Burgendaland (9th century), Hulmo / Holmus ( Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum ), Burgundehulm (1145), and Borghandæholm (14th century). The Old English translation of Orosius uses the form Burgenda land . There are scholars who believe that the Burgundians are named after Bornholm. The Burgundians were

915-497: Is called Bornholm Regional Municipality". The island had 21 municipalities until March 1970, of which 6 were market towns and 15 parishes. In addition to supervising parish municipalities, which was the responsibility of the counties in all of Denmark, the market town municipalities of Bornholm were supervised by Bornholm County as well and not by the Interior Ministry as was the case in the rest of Denmark. The seat of

976-494: Is defined by Statistics Denmark as a settlement with less than 200 inhabitants. On 22 September 2014 population numbers showed fewer than 40,000 inhabitants on the island for the first time in over 100 years. The Folkeregister in the municipality could document 39,922 inhabitants in the municipality on that date. Many inhabitants speak the Bornholmsk dialect , which is a dialect of Danish . Most inhabitants are members of

1037-666: Is from the Conservative party . This was after an agreement ( aftale om konstituering ) between the Red-Green Alliance, amongst whom Morten Riis will be deputy mayor, and the Danish People's Party with the Conservatives. Bornholm's municipal council today consists of 23 members, elected every four years. In the first four local elections in the newly created municipality there were 27 members elected to

1098-639: Is home to 15 medieval churches , four of which are round churches with unique artwork and architecture. The ancient site of Rispebjerg has remains of sun temples from the Neolithic and earthworks from the Iron Age . There are 14 European bison near Åkirkeby , attracting 100,000 visitors a year. Because of the dilapidated state of their buildings, all secondary educational facilities in Rønne, including adult evening classes, are being transferred to new facilities at Campus Bornholm in 2018. Campus Bornholm

1159-585: Is home to the III Reconnaissance Battalion (III/GHR) from the Guard Hussar Regiment . Bornholm has an oceanic climate relatively similar to southern Sweden and mainland Denmark, whose summer highs and winter lows are heavily moderated by its maritime and isolated position. Though intense heat is rare, the climate is sunny during summer and rainfall is generally sparse for a climate of this type. The winter of 2010 – 2011

1220-412: Is the result of a merger of the five former (1 April 1970 until 2002) municipalities on the island ( Allinge-Gudhjem , Hasle , Nexø , Rønne and Aakirkeby ) and the former Bornholm County . Bornholm Regional Municipality was also a county in its own right during its first four years from 1 January 2003 until 31 December 2006. From 1 January 2007 all counties were abolished, and Bornholm became part of

1281-756: Is the world's leading professional 'match racing' series and features a nine-event calendar which crosses three continents during the series. Points accrued during the Danish Open contribute directly to the World Match Racing Tour championship with the winner of the season finale at the Monsoon Cup in Malaysia claiming the ultimate match racing title ISAF World Match Racing Champion. There are two small stadiums: Nexø Stadion , in Nexø , where NB Bornholm association football club play; and

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1342-429: Is unknown but sometime between 2000 and 2005. It does not include Knudsker Sogn, which was also part of Rønne Municipality. Other localities (with approximate populations, not updated) include Aarsballe (86), Arnager (151), Olsker (67), Rutsker (64), Rø (181), Stenseby (?) and Vang (92). In 2010 and 2018 10,297 and 9,111 respectively lived in rural districts, and 88 and 71 had no fixed address. A rural district

1403-552: The Alum Shale Formation of Bornholm presented by all six superzones; three agnostoid and fourteen trilobite zones are defined by fossils . 8502 specimens, most of which are disarticulated sclerites , have been collected from these strata. Described gerena include Ctenopyge , Eurycare , Leptoplastus , Olenus , Parabolina , Peltura , Protopeltura , Sphaerophthalmus , Lotagnostus and Triangulopyge . Bornholm's numerous windmills include

1464-593: The Capital Region of Denmark whose main responsibility is the health service. In the bill (Danish forslag ) ( Bill of Law on merger of the municipalities of Bornholm ) presented 30 January 2002 by the Minister of Interior and Health to Folketinget , it says in §1 that (1st sentence) "The 1st of January 2003 Bornholm Municipality is established by a merger of (names of municipalities mentioned, and county's name mentioned), and (2nd sentence) Bornholm Municipality

1525-612: The Lutheran Church of Denmark ( Folkekirken ). Various Christian denominations have become established on the island, most during the 19th century. Geological formations are immediately visible in Bornholm in a way not common elsewhere in Denmark. The still-operated Stubbeløkken and Klippeløkken granite quarries in Knudsker parish just east of central Rønne are among the few remaining of many formerly active quarries on

1586-546: The post mill of Egeby and the well-kept Dutch mill at Aarsdale . The lighthouse at Dueodde is Denmark's tallest, while Hammeren Lighthouse stands at a height of 85 metres (279 ft) above sea level and Rønne Lighthouse rises over the waterfront. Examples of roads that have (very) steep climbs and descents are: (inland) Simblegårdsvej in Klemensker , which begins by the village inn Klemens Kro , and Slamrebjergvej just outside Nexø extending northward from

1647-702: The 10th and 11th centuries, Peenemünde was part of the region of Circipania , an area settled by the Circipanes, a West Slavic tribe constituent of the Lutici federation . Circipania was incorporated into the Billung March of the Holy Roman Empire in 936, but the Empire's influence in the region decayed by the end of that century after a successful Slavic uprising. During the late 12th century, in

1708-507: The 1950s), farmland in the middle and sandy beaches in the south. The island is home to many of Denmark's round churches . Occupying an area of 584.59 square kilometres (225.71 sq mi), the island had a total population of 39,332 as of January 2024. In Old Norse the island was known as Burgundaholmr , and in ancient Danish especially the island's name was Borghand or Borghund ; these names were related to Old Norse borg 'height' and bjarg/berg 'mountain, rock' because it

1769-785: The V-2 facility, were known as "Peenemünders". The resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier passed on plans for the V-1 , V-2 rockets , and the Peenemünde research station to the Allies. The resistance group, later discovered by the Gestapo , was in contact with Allen Dulles , the head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland. The allied bombers were able to carry out precise air attacks with

1830-706: The aftermath of the Wendish Crusade , the region fell under the rule of the Duchy of Pomerania . After the Treaty of Kremmen in 1236, most of Circipania was transferred to the Margraviate of Brandenburg . The settlement was first mentioned in 1282 under Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania . The settlement was captured by Sweden in 1630, confirmed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 1720, it passed to Prussia . It

1891-522: The beginning of the 20th century, forming a group now known as the Bornholm school of painters . In addition to Oluf Høst , they include Karl Isaksson (1878–1922) from Sweden, and the Danes Edvard Weie (1879–1943), Olaf Rude (1886–1957), Niels Lergaard (1893–1982), and Kræsten Iversen (1886–1955). On 22 August 1942 a V-1 flying bomb crashed on Bornholm during a test – the warhead

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1952-414: The catamaran. There are also flights from Bornholm Airport to Copenhagen and other locations. Because of its remote location Bornholm Regional Municipality has its own traffic company, BAT , and is its own employment region, and also performs other tasks normally carried out by the regions in the rest of Denmark. In some respects the municipality forms a region of its own. Bornholm Regional Municipality

2013-503: The channels separating them. Sometimes this means that an island becomes a cape or headland, or a peninsula as is the case of the former island of Reersø . Denmark's second largest island, the North Jutlandic Island , was not always an island. A storm on 3 February 1825 penetrated the narrow land mass, Agger Tange , and thus separated Northern Jutland from the rest of Jutland. The area had earlier been an island, when

2074-536: The crow flies) south of Copenhagen, Denmark ; the destination to Køge replaced the nighttime route directly to and from Copenhagen (for both cargo and passengers) from 1 October 2004; and catamaran services to Ystad ( Sweden ). Simrishamn ( Sweden ) has a ferry connection during the summer. There are also regular catamaran services between Nexø and the Polish ports of Kołobrzeg , Łeba and Ustka . There are direct bus connections Ystad-Copenhagen, coordinated with

2135-518: The island of Amager . The number of islands in Denmark changes from time to time. New islands are occasionally formed by sedimentation . Several examples of these new islands are found in the waters around Æbelø , north of Funen , including Drætlingen which formed in the late 1990s, and a still unnamed islet that was registered in 2008. These new islands are generally less stable than larger, morainic islands, and may later disappear again. Other islands are created artificially. Peberholm , formed in

2196-652: The island to Sweden under the Treaty of Roskilde along with the rest of the Skåneland , Bohuslän and Trøndelag , and it was occupied by Swedish forces. A revolt broke out the same year, culminating in Villum Clausen's shooting of the Swedish commander Johan Printzensköld on 8 December 1658. After the revolt, the inhabitants handed back their island to the Danish kings. Bornholm attracted many famous artists at

2257-503: The island, is the largest medieval fortress in northern Europe , testament to the importance of its location. Bornholm and Ertholmene comprise the last remaining Danish territory in Skåneland east of Øresund , having been surrendered to Sweden in 1658 , but regained by Denmark in 1660 after a local revolt. The island is known as solskinsøen ("sunshine island") because of its weather and klippeøen ("rock island") because of its geology, which consists of granite , except along

2318-633: The island. The island's varied geography and seascapes attract visitors to its many beauty spots from the Hammeren promontory in the northwest to the Almindingen forest in the centre and the Dueodde beaches in the southeast. Of special interest are the rocky sea cliffs at Jons Kapel and Helligdomsklipperne , the varied topography of Paradisbakkerne and rift valleys such as Ekkodalen and Døndalen . Furongian (late Cambrian period) sediments of

2379-486: The islands are named, not including the Faroe Islands or Greenland . Some 70 of them are populated while the rest are uninhabited. Some of the uninhabited islands have only become uninhabited in recent decades, for economic reasons, as lighthouses and other publicly run facilities either became automated, or relocated to main islands or Jutland peninsula. Others became uninhabited as living costs outpaced income for

2440-462: The last mayor of Rønne Municipality for five years from 1998 until 2002. He became a mayor again in 2021. Bjarne Kristiansen, who was the last mayor of Hasle 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 years from the summer of 2000 until 2002, representing the local Borgerlisten political party, served as mayor for four years from 1 January 2006 until 2009. From 1 January 2007, Bornholm became a part of the Capital Region of Denmark . From 1 January 2010 until 31 December 2020

2501-457: The main road from Rønne . Along the coast there are several steep roads, which is also the case in some parts of Denmark as a whole, for instance in and around Vejle . The island hosts examples of 19th- and early-20th-century architecture, and about 300 wooden houses in Rønne and Nexø , donated by Sweden after World War II , when the island was repairing damage caused by the war. The island

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2562-572: The mayor was Winni Grosbøll, a high school teacher and a member of the Social Democrats ( Socialdemokratiet ) political party . The deputy mayor Morten Riis was mayor for a short interlude from 1 January until 4 January 2021. He is from the Red-Green Alliance . Thomas Thors, who was elected again in 2017, became mayor again from 4 January 2021. After the 2021 Danish local elections Jacob Trøst became mayor from January 2022. He

2623-487: The municipal council is the island's main town, Rønne. The voters decided to merge the county with the municipalities in a referendum 29 May 2001, effective from 1 January 2003. The question on the ballot was, "Do you want the six municipal entities of Bornholm to be joined to form one municipal entity as of 1 January 2003?" 73.9% voted in favour. The lowest percentage for the merger was in Nexø municipality (966 more people voting "Yes" than "No"), whose mayor, Annelise Molin,

2684-510: The municipal council. The 2002 local election only took place on Bornholm. From the election in 2017 the number of councillors elected was reduced to 23 members, serving their term of office from 1 January 2018 until 31 December 2021. Below are the election results to the new merged municipal council beginning with the first election 29 May 2002 . Ferry services connect Rønne to Świnoujście ( Poland ), Sassnitz ( Germany ), Køge , 45 kilometres (28 miles) by road (34 kilometres or 21 miles as

2745-615: The northwestern part of Usedom Island. To the southeast it borders on the sea resort of Karlshagen . Peenemünde harbour can be reached by ferry boat across the Peene from Kröslin , liners also run along the Baltic coast to Rügen Island. The local railway station is the northern terminus of the Usedomer Bäderbahn line to Zinnowitz . Air service for the village is available at the Peenemünde Airfield . During

2806-656: The often fewer than 10 locals. Different lists of Danish islands vary, depending on how the word "island" is defined. According to the official Danish Government definition, an "island" needs to be surrounded by water at least one-half metre deep, and also to have land vegetation. Another common criterion is that an "island" needs to be surrounded by free-flowing, natural water and not just an artificial, narrow canal. According to this criterion, places such as Christianshavn and Holmen in Copenhagen, although sometimes referred to as artificial islands , are actually parts of

2867-470: The other regions The merger was approved in a law by the Folketing 19 (and signature by the head of state 25) March 2002, transferring the tasks of the abolished county and old municipalities to the new Bornholm Regional Municipality. The first regional mayor in the first three years from 2003 until 2005 was Thomas Thors (born 28 July 1949), a physician and member of the Social Democrats and previously

2928-411: The populations as follows: The town of Rønne after the merger of the island's administrative entities 1 January 2003 reached a low point of 13,568 inhabitants 1 January 2014. 15,957 people in 1965 (date unknown;number not registerbased) lived in the two parishes that would become Rønne municipality from 1 April 1970. In the table, numbers for Rønne are for the parish of Rønne, Rønne Sogn, alone. The year

2989-474: The presence of other NATO troops on Bornholm, US troops in particular. On 5 March 1953, the day of Stalin's death, Polish pilot Franciszek Jarecki defected from the Eastern Bloc and landed a MiG-15 fighter on the island. He was later granted asylum and rewarded for providing Western intelligence with the then-newest Soviet jet fighter. In 2017, Denmark's Defence Intelligence Service decided to build

3050-521: The process of construction of the Øresund Bridge , is a notable example. Other artificial Danish islands include a number of marine fortresses off Copenhagen , such as Middelgrundsfortet , Trekroner Fort and Flakfortet . Islands may also disappear. An example of this is Jordsand , one of the Danish Wadden Sea Islands . According to records from 1231, the island then had an area of about 2,000 hectares (8 square miles). After

3111-492: The sketches of the production facilities. The information was important for Operation Crossbow and Operation Hydra , both pre-missions for Operation Overlord . During Operation Hydra, the research facility was badly hit by the attack by the RAF bomber command on Peenemünde on the night of August 17–18, 1943. The attack was carried out by a total of 596 bombers (324 Avro Lancaster, 218 Handley Page Halifax, 54 Short Stirling). There

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3172-489: The slightly larger multi-use stadium Rønne Stadion Nord in Rønne , which serves the Bornholm national football team , multi-section club most well known for athletics IK Viking, and several local football clubs. The DBU Bornholm is the local branch governing football on the island. List of islands of Denmark This is a list of islands of Denmark . There are around 1400 islands in Denmark , where about 409 of

3233-491: The southern coast. The heat from the summer is stored in the rock formations and the weather is quite warm until October. As a result of the climate, a local variety of the common fig , known as Bornholm's Diamond ( Bornholms Diamant ), can grow locally on the island. The island's topography consists of dramatic rock formations in the north (unlike the rest of Denmark, which is mostly gentle rolling hills) sloping down towards pine and deciduous forests (greatly affected by storms in

3294-560: The start 1 January 2003. They were reduced to 23 from 1 January 2018 ( election November 2017 ). From 1 January 2003 until 31 December 2006 the 27 cllrs were called Regional Council (Danish Regionsråd ), from 1 January 2007 changed to Municipal Board (Danish Kommunalbestyrelse ) as is the usual term in almost all Danish municipalities. This was to avoid confusion with the Regional Council in Region Hovedstaden, and in

3355-611: The two main towns on 7-8 May 1945, Danish radio was not allowed to broadcast the news because it was thought it would spoil the liberation festivities in Denmark. On 9 May, Soviet troops landed on the island, and after a short fight, the German garrison (about 12,000 strong) surrendered. Soviet forces would leave the island on 5 April 1946. Later research found that the Soviet bombing of Bornholm resulted in approximately three thousand Danish civilians in Rønne becoming homeless, while damaging

3416-655: Was a Soviet naval base until turned over to the armed forces of East Germany in 1952. The seaport facilities were used at first by the East German Seepolizei (sea police) after new facilities for police motorboats had been built. On 1 December 1956 the headquarters of the First Flotilla ( de:Erste Flottille (Volksmarine) ) of the East German People's Navy was established at Peenemünde. The Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum ,

3477-491: Was a dummy made of concrete. The wreckage was photographed and sketched by the Danish Naval Officer-in-Charge on Bornholm, Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen. This was one of the first signs British Intelligence saw of Germany's aspirations to develop flying bombs and rockets which were to become known as V-1. The Bornholm rocket turned out to be from Peenemünde . During the Soviet bombing of

3538-512: Was besieged by Sweden during the Pomeranian War in 1757. In World War II , the area was highly involved in the development and production of the V-1 and V-2 rockets, until the production's relocation to Nordhausen . The village's docks were used for the ships which recovered V-2 wreckage from test launches over the Baltic Sea . German scientists such as Wernher von Braun , who worked at

3599-553: Was exceptionally extreme with snow depth reaching at least 146 cm (58 inches ) and snowdrifts of six meters (20 feet), the highest in Northern Europe. Military assistance was needed to clear roadways. The DMI estimated the weight of snow to be 100 million tons . Bornholm's geography as an island and moderate climate makes Bornholm an ideal location for sailing and other water-based sports. Bornholm has also become an internationally recognised venue for 'match racing',

3660-474: Was extensive destruction and the rocket launch of the prototype V-2 was delayed by about two months. 123 people died, including the scientist Walter Thiel. Wernher von Braun was able to save himself in a bunker. The entire island was captured by the Soviet Red Army on 5 May 1945. The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemünde. The post-war port

3721-405: Was not merged with other municipalities on 1 January 2007 in the nationwide Municipal Reform of 2007 . The larger towns on the island are located on the coast and have harbours. There is however one exception, centrally placed Aakirkeby , which was also the name of the municipality from 1970 until 2002, but it included the harbour of Boderne, 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to the south. The largest town

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